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{{Short description|Putative group of Sino-Tibetan languages of southern China}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Greater Bai
| name = Macro-Bai
| acceptance = tentative
⚫
|altname=Macro-Bai
|region=[[Guizhou]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
| region = [[Guizhou]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
⚫
| child1 = [[Bai language|Bai]]
|fam2=[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]?
| child2 = [[Cai–Long languages|Cai–Long]]?
⚫
|child1=[[Bai language|Bai]]
⚫
| glotto = macr1275
|child2=[[Caijia language|Caijia]]
⚫
| glottorefname = Macro-Bai
|child3=[[Longjia language|Longjia]]
|child4=[[Luren language|Luren]]
|child5=[[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]]?
⚫
|glotto=macr1275
|glottorefname=Macro-Bai
}}
}}


The '''Greater Bai''' or simply '''Bai languages''' ({{zh|白语支}}) are a group of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] proposed by Zhengzhang (2010), who argues that [[Bai language|Bai]] and [[Caijia language|Caijia]] are [[sister group|sister]] languages.<ref name="Zhengzhang2010">Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng [郑张尚芳]. 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào [蔡家话白语关系及词根比较]. In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi [潘悟云、沈钟伟] (eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research [研究之乐-庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集], II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.</ref> Sagart (2011)<ref name="Sagart2011"/> also considers [[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]] to form a branch with [[Caijia language|Caijia]]. Additionally, [[Longjia language|Longjia]] and [[Luren language|Luren]] are two extinct languages of western [[Guizhou]] closely related to Caijia (Guizhou 1984).<ref>Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. ''The language of the Caijia'' [''Caijia de yuyan'' 蔡家的语言]. m.s.</ref><ref name="Guizhou1984">Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. ''Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia)'' [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.</ref><ref name="Gazetteer">Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://222.210.17.136/mzwz/news/21/z_21_46506.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017095638/http://222.210.17.136/mzwz/news/21/z_21_46506.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2014-10-17 |title=白族家园-讲义寨 |publisher=222.210.17.136 |date=2011-01-28 |accessdate=2013-11-27 }}</ref>
The '''Macro-Bai''' or simply '''Bai languages''' ({{zh|白语支}}) are a putative group of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] proposed in 2010 by the linguist [[Zhengzhang Shangfang|Zhengzhang]], who argued that [[Bai language|Bai]] and [[Caijia language|Caijia]] are [[sister group|sister language]]s.<ref name="Zhengzhang2010">Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng [郑张尚芳]. 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào [蔡家话白语关系及词根比较]. In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi [潘悟云、沈钟伟] (eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research [研究之乐-庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集], II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.</ref> In contrast, [[Laurent Sagart|Sagart]] (2011) argues that Caijia and the [[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]] language of northwestern [[Hunan]] constitute an early split off from [[Old Chinese]].<ref name="Sagart2011">Sagart, Laurent. 2011. [https://www.academia.edu/19534510/Chinese_dialects_classified_on_shared_innovations Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations]. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.</ref> Additionally, [[Longjia language|Longjia]] and [[Luren language|Luren]] are two extinct languages of western [[Guizhou]] closely related to Caijia (Guizhou 1984).<ref>Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. ''The language of the Caijia'' [''Caijia de yuyan'' 蔡家的语言]. m.s.</ref><ref name="Guizhou1984">Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. ''Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia)'' [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.</ref><ref name="Gazetteer">Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://222.210.17.136/mzwz/news/21/z_21_46506.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017095638/http://222.210.17.136/mzwz/news/21/z_21_46506.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-10-17 |title=白族家园-讲义寨 |publisher=222.210.17.136 |date=2011-01-28 |access-date=2013-11-27 }}</ref>


==Languages==
==Languages==
The languages are:
The languages are:
*[[Bai language|Bai]]<ref name="Zhengzhang2010"/>
*[[Bai language|Bai]]<ref name="Zhengzhang2010"/>
*[[Cai–Long languages]]:<ref name="Holzl2021">Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. [http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/20/ldd20_02.pdf Longjia (China) - Language Contexts]. ''Language Documentation and Description'' 20, 13-34.</ref> [[Caijia language|Caijia]], [[Longjia language|Longjia]], [[Luren language|Luren]]<ref name="Guizhou1984"/>
*Caijia-Waxiang<ref name="Sagart2011"/>
**[[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]]
**[[Caijia language|Caijia]], [[Longjia language|Longjia]], [[Luren language|Luren]]<ref name="Guizhou1984"/>


Hölzl (2021) shows that [[Caijia language|Caijia]], [[Longjia language|Longjia]], and [[Luren language|Luren]] are all closely related to each other as part of a linguistic group that he calls ''Ta–Li'' or ''Cai–Long''.<ref name="Holzl2021"/>
⚫
Bai has over a million speakers, but Longjia and Luren may both be extinct, while Caijia is highly endangered with approximately 1,000 speakers. The [[Qixingmin people]] of [[Weining County]], Guizhou may have also spoken a Greater Bai language, but currently speak [[Luoji language|Luoji]].


⚫
Bai has over a million speakers, but Longjia and Luren may both be extinct, while Caijia is highly endangered with approximately 1,000 speakers. The [[Qixingmin people]] of [[Weining County]], Guizhou may have also spoken a Macro-Bai language, but currently speak [[Luoji language|Luoji]].
Gong Xun (2015)<ref>Gong Xun (2015). ''[https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction]''. Paper presented at the Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology workshop, SOAS, London.</ref> has suggested that Bai may be an outlier Sinitic language with a [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]] [[substratum]], noting that Bai has both a Sino-Bai vocabulary layer and a pre-Bai vocabulary layer. Gong (2015) also notes that the Old Chinese layer in Bai is more similar to central varieties of Old Chinese than to the eastern [[Shandong]] varieties ([[Qing Province|Qingzhou]] 青州 and [[Xuzhou (ancient China)|Xuzhou]] 徐州) which later became ancestral to [[Middle Chinese]].


⚫
Similarities among [[Old Chinese]], [[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]], Caijia, and Bai have been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010).<ref>Wu Yunji, Shen Ruiqing [伍云姬、沈瑞清]. 2010. ''An Investigative Report of Waxianghua of Guzhang County, Xiangxi Prefecture'' [湘西古丈瓦乡话调查报告]. Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社].</ref>
==Waxiang==
Gong Xun (2015) notes that Bai has both a Sino-Bai vocabulary layer and a non-Sinitic vocabulary layer, which may be [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]].<ref>Gong Xun (2015). ''[https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212734/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf |date=2021-03-05 }}''. Paper presented at the Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology workshop, SOAS, London.</ref> Gong also suggested that the [[Old Chinese]] layer in Bai is more similar to early [[Han dynasty|3rd-century]] central varieties of Old Chinese in [[Ji Province|Ji]], [[Yan Province|Yan]], Si, and [[Yuzhou (ancient China)|Yu]] that display the phonological innovation from [[Old Chinese]] *l̥ˤ- > *xˤ-, than to the eastern Old Chinese varieties (i.e. [[Qing Province|Qingzhou]] and [[Xuzhou (ancient China)|Xuzhou]], etc.) that later impacted [[Middle Chinese]], which show [[Old Chinese|OC]] *l̥ˤ- > *tʰˤ- > [[Middle Chinese|MC]] th-. This east-west dialectal division in Old Chinese has also been noted by Baxter & Sagart (2014:113-114).<ref>{{citation
As noted by [[Laurent Sagart]] (2011)<ref name="Sagart2011">Sagart, Laurent. 2011. [https://www.academia.edu/19534510/Chinese_dialects_classified_on_shared_innovations Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations]. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.</ref> and others,<ref name="deSousa2015">de Sousa, Hilário. 2015. [http://hilario.bambooradical.com/downloadables/de-Sousa-2015-Far-Southern-Sinitic-as-MSEA-draft-20140919.pdf The Far Southern Sinitic Languages as part of Mainland Southeast Asia]. In Enfield, N.J. & Comrie, Bernard (eds.), Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The state of the art (Pacific Linguistics 649), 356–439. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781501501685-009.</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_8967627a0101rnbv.html 湘西瓦乡话“吃饭”【柔摸】读音来历考]</ref><ref>[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_8967627a0101du6j.html 沅陵乡话（船溪）与白语蔡家话个别读音对比]</ref> [[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]], spoken in northwestern [[Hunan]] province, China, appears to share some words with [[Caijia language|Caijia]]. Noting that Caijia is clearly connected to Waxiang, Sagart (2011) considers Caijia to be a [[sister group|sister]] of Waxiang, and that the two languages were the first to split off from [[Old Chinese]]. Currently, Waxiang is classified as a divergent Chinese variety rather than as a non-Sinitic language.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
| title = Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
| first1 = William | last1 = Baxter | author1-link = William H. Baxter
| given1 = William H. | surname1 = Baxter
| first2 = Laurent | last2 = Sagart | author2-link = Laurent Sagart
| given2 = Laurent | surname2 = Sagart
| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-19-994537-5
| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-19-994537-5
| page = 34
| postscript = .
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
}}</ref>
| first = Maria | last = Kurpaska
| title = Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"
| publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]] | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-11-021914-2
| page = 73
⚫
}}</ref> Similarities among [[Old Chinese]], [[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]], Caijia, and Bai have also been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010).<ref>Wu Yunji, Shen Ruiqing [伍云姬、沈瑞清]. 2010. ''An Investigative Report of Waxianghua of Guzhang County, Xiangxi Prefecture'' [湘西古丈瓦乡话调查报告]. Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社].</ref>

Sagart (2011) lists the following innovations shared by Caijia and Waxiang.
*[[Old Chinese|OC]] *lˤ- and *lr- > Caijia and Waxiang l-, as in OC *lˤiŋ > Caijia len³¹, Waxiang lɛ¹³ 'field' ({{linktext|田}})
*[[Old Chinese|OC]] *r- > Caijia ɣ- and Waxiang z-, as in OC *mə.rˤək > Caijia ɣɯ³¹, Waxiang zɛ¹³ 'to come' ({{linktext|來}})
*'two': OC *[ts]ˤə(ʔ)-s > Caijia ta⁵⁵, Waxiang tso⁵³ ({{linktext|再}})
*'milk': Caijia mi⁵⁵, Waxiang mi⁵⁵, which Sagart (2011) suggests is a non-Sinitic word


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou]]
*[[List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou]]
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Greater Bai comparative vocabulary list|Greater Bai comparative vocabulary list]] (Wiktionary)
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list|Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list]] (Wiktionary)


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}


[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]]

Latest revision as of 20:06, 4 April 2024

Macro-Bai
(tentative)
Geographic
distribution		Guizhou, China
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
  • Macro-Bai
Subdivisions
Glottologmacr1275

The Macro-Bai or simply Bai languages (Chinese: 白语支) are a putative group of Sino-Tibetan languages proposed in 2010 by the linguist Zhengzhang, who argued that Bai and Caijia are sister languages.[1] In contrast, Sagart (2011) argues that Caijia and the Waxiang language of northwestern Hunan constitute an early split off from Old Chinese.[2] Additionally, Longjia and Luren are two extinct languages of western Guizhou closely related to Caijia (Guizhou 1984).[3][4][5][6]

Languages

[edit]

The languages are:

Hölzl (2021) shows that Caijia, Longjia, and Luren are all closely related to each other as part of a linguistic group that he calls Ta–Li or Cai–Long.[7]

Bai has over a million speakers, but Longjia and Luren may both be extinct, while Caijia is highly endangered with approximately 1,000 speakers. The Qixingmin people of Weining County, Guizhou may have also spoken a Macro-Bai language, but currently speak Luoji.

Similarities among Old Chinese, Waxiang, Caijia, and Bai have been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010).[8] Gong Xun (2015) notes that Bai has both a Sino-Bai vocabulary layer and a non-Sinitic vocabulary layer, which may be Qiangic.[9] Gong also suggested that the Old Chinese layer in Bai is more similar to early 3rd-century central varieties of Old Chinese in Ji, Yan, Si, and Yu that display the phonological innovation from Old Chinese *l̥ˤ- > *xˤ-, than to the eastern Old Chinese varieties (i.e. Qingzhou and Xuzhou, etc.) that later impacted Middle Chinese, which show OC *l̥ˤ- > *tʰˤ- > MC th-. This east-west dialectal division in Old Chinese has also been noted by Baxter & Sagart (2014:113-114).[10]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng [郑张尚芳]. 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào [蔡家话白语关系及词根比较]. In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi [潘悟云、沈钟伟] (eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research [研究之乐-庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集], II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
  2. ^ Sagart, Laurent. 2011. Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.
  3. ^ Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. The language of the Caijia [Caijia de yuyan 蔡家的语言]. m.s.
  4. ^ a b Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.
  5. ^ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
  6. ^ "白族家园-讲义寨". 222.210.17.136. 2011-01-28. Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  7. ^ a b Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. Longjia (China) - Language Contexts. Language Documentation and Description 20, 13-34.
  8. ^ Wu Yunji, Shen Ruiqing [伍云姬、沈瑞清]. 2010. An Investigative Report of Waxianghua of Guzhang County, Xiangxi Prefecture [湘西古丈瓦乡话调查报告]. Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社].
  9. ^ Gong Xun (2015). How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction Archived 2021-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Paper presented at the Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology workshop, SOAS, London.
  10. ^ Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014), Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
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