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{{distinguish|West Wickham|West Wykeham}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
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{{distinguish|West Wickham}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=February 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{weasel|date=February 2015}}
{{weasel|date=February 2015}}
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{{infobox UK place
{{Infobox UK place
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|official_name= West Wycombe
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|country = England
|static_image=Image:Dashwood Mausoleum.JPG
|static_image_name= Dashwood Mausoleum.JPG
| static_image_caption= The Mausoleum on West Wycombe Hill
|static_image_caption= The Mausoleum on West Wycombe Hill
|coordinates = {{coord|51.643143|-0.799635|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates= {{coord|51.643143|-0.799635|display=inline,title}}
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|population= 1,345
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|official_name= West Wycombe
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|population_ref= ([[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 Census]])<ref name=NS2011>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11130418&c=West+Wycombe&d=16&e=13&g=6404731&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1373632618295&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 Neighbourhood Statistics 2011 Census]</ref>
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| population = 1,345
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| population_ref =(2011 Census)<ref name=NS2011>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11130418&c=West+Wycombe&d=16&e=13&g=6404731&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1373632618295&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 Neighbourhood Statistics 2011 Census]</ref>
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|civil_parish= West Wycombe
|shire_district= [[Wycombe (district)|Wycombe]]
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| shire_county = [[Buckinghamshire]]
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|region= South East England
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|constituency_westminster= [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]]
|post_town= High Wycombe
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|postcode_district = HP14
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|postcode_area= HP
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|dial_code= 01494
|os_grid_reference= SU830945
|os_grid_reference= SU830945
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|civil_parish= West Wycombe
|unitary_england= [[Buckinghamshire Council|Buckinghamshire]]
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|lieutenancy_england= [[Buckinghamshire]]
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|region= South East England
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|country= England
|post_town= HIGH WYCOMBE
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|postcode_area= HP
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|postcode_district= HP14
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|dial_code= 01494
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|constituency_westminster= [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]]
}}
}}


'''West Wycombe''' is a small village situated along the [[A40 road]], three miles west of [[High Wycombe]], Buckinghamshire, England.
'''West Wycombe''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in [[Buckinghamshire]], England, famed for its manor houses and its hills. It is {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of [[High Wycombe]].


The historic village is largely a [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] property and receives a large annual influx of tourists – being the site of [[West Wycombe Park]], [[West Wycombe Caves]] and the Mausoleum on top of West Wycombe Hill. The '''Mausoleum''' and '''Golden Ball''' above West Wycombe village are impressive local landmarks, visually dominating the village and local landscape for miles surrounding.
The historic village is largely a [[National Trust]] property and receives a large annual influx of tourists, being the site of [[West Wycombe Park]], [[West Wycombe Caves]] and the Mausoleum on top of West Wycombe Hill. The Mausoleum and Golden Ball above West Wycombe village are impressive local landmarks, visually dominating the village and local landscape for miles surrounding.


West Wycombe Park, Caves, Mausoleum and [[St Lawrence's Church, West Wycombe|St Lawrence's Church]] were all constructed in the mid-18th century by [[Sir Francis Dashwood]], founder of the [[Dilettanti Society]] and co-founder of the notorious [[Hellfire Club]].
West Wycombe Park, Caves, Mausoleum and [[St Lawrence's Church, West Wycombe|St Lawrence's Church]] were all constructed in the mid-18th century by [[Sir Francis Dashwood]], founder of the [[Dilettanti Society]] and co-founder of the notorious [[Hellfire Club]].
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=== Early history ===
=== Early history ===
[[File:Bronze Age, Possible ring money or jewellery (FindID 406667).jpg|thumb|left|A gold, [[British Bronze Age|Bronze Age]] penannular ring found in West Wycombe in 1985<ref>{{cite web |url= https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/406667 |title= Finds record for: BERK-1FC1E8 |author= Byard, A |access-date= 7 Sep 2022 |publisher= The Portable Antiquities Scheme}}</ref>]]
The hill above West Wycombe (now the site of St Lawrence's Church and the Mausoleum) has been continuously inhabited for centuries.<ref>E Brazil, Secret High Wycombe (Amberley Publishing, 2017)</ref> A Bronze Age settlement is widely believed to have existed here, and research suggests there was a pagan temple in a similar style to [[Stonehenge]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}. The earliest known settlement is an Iron Age ditch and rampart contour camp dating from the fourth or fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/west-wycombe-park-village-and-hill/features/explore-west-wycombe-hill |title=Explore West Wycombe Hill |publisher=National Trust |accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> A Roman settlement later occupied West Wycombe Hill, and local historians believe a temple was constructed here (though the exact site remains unknown){{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}.
The hill above West Wycombe (now the site of St Lawrence's Church and the Mausoleum) has been continuously inhabited for centuries.<ref>E Brazil, Secret High Wycombe (Amberley Publishing, 2017)</ref> A [[British Bronze Age|Bronze Age]] settlement is widely believed to have existed here, and research suggests there was a pagan temple in a similar style to [[Stonehenge]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://westwycombe.org.uk/history.html|title=History of the Parish|access-date=17 January 2019|website=West Wycombe Paris Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311130639/http://westwycombe.org.uk/history.html|archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> The earliest known settlement is an [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] ditch and rampart contour camp dating from the fourth or fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/west-wycombe-park-village-and-hill/features/explore-west-wycombe-hill |title=Explore West Wycombe Hill |publisher=National Trust |access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> A Roman settlement later occupied West Wycombe Hill, and local historians believe a temple was constructed here (though the exact site remains unknown).<ref name=":0" />{{clear|left}}


=== The lost village of Haveringdon ===
=== The lost village of Haveringdon ===


The next major influence on West Wycombe was the [[Saxons]]. The hillside was once again occupied, and the newly established settlement was named ''Hæferingdune'' (''Hill of Hæfer's people'' in [[Old English]]). The name later evolved into '''Haveringdon'''.
The next major influence on West Wycombe was the [[Saxons]]. The hillside was once again occupied, and the newly established settlement was named ''Hæferingdune'' (''Hill of Hæfer's people'' in [[Old English]]). The name later evolved into '''Haveringdon'''.
The site retained religious importance: a church is said to have been erected by St Birnius (who later became the bishop of the '''West Saxons''' in AD 635).
The site retained religious importance: a church is said to have been erected by [[Birinus|St Birinus]] (who had become the bishop of the '''West Saxons''' in AD 634).


A [[Normans|Norman]] watch tower is also said to have been built on top of the hill.
A [[Normans|Norman]] watch tower is also said to have been built on top of the hill.
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Haveringdon's population is believed to have been greatly reduced by the Bubonic Plague ([[Black Death]]) in the 1340s. By the 18th century the village had been resited in the valley along the Oxford Road, and renamed due to its geographical features and position: "West" because it was west of [[High Wycombe]]. Both settlements are in the Wye Valley and the word "Combe" derives from the Old English/Brythonic word for "valley". According to local records there were just two ratepayers left in Haveringdon in the 19th century.
Haveringdon's population is believed to have been greatly reduced by the Bubonic Plague ([[Black Death]]) in the 1340s. By the 18th century the village had been resited in the valley along the Oxford Road, and renamed due to its geographical features and position: "West" because it was west of [[High Wycombe]]. Both settlements are in the Wye Valley and the word "Combe" derives from the Old English/Brythonic word for "valley". According to local records there were just two ratepayers left in Haveringdon in the 19th century.


=== Georgian Era ===
=== The era of Georgians ===


In the mid 18th century Sir Francis Dashwood commissioned an ambitious project to supply chalk for a three-mile straight road between West Wycombe and High Wycombe, now part of the [[A40 road]], then a prominent trade route between London, Oxford, and Gloucester and onward to South Wales. The local chalk cave which had been in the village since prehistoric times was expanded into an elaborate network of tunnels and passages. The design of the caves was mostly inspired by Dashwood's Grand Tour of Italy, [[Greece]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]].
In the mid 18th century Sir Francis Dashwood commissioned an ambitious project to supply chalk for a three-mile straight road between West Wycombe and High Wycombe, now part of the [[A40 road]], then a prominent trade route between London, Oxford, and Gloucester and onward to South Wales. The local chalk cave which had been in the village since prehistoric times was expanded into an elaborate network of tunnels and passages. The design of the caves was mostly inspired by Dashwood's Grand Tour of Italy, [[Greece]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]].
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In 1929 West Wycombe village was put up for sale by the Dashwood family to raise cash following that year's [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Wall Street Crash]]. It was bought in its entirety by the [[Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce]] (better known as the Royal Society of Arts, or simply the RSA) as part of the Society's "Campaign for the Preservation of Ancient Cottages". In 1934, after extensive repairs, the Society handed the property over to the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]. The National Trust markets this property under the name 'West Wycombe Village and Hill'. The property features many buildings of architectural value which were built between the 16th and 18th centuries.
In 1929 West Wycombe village was put up for sale by the Dashwood family to raise cash following that year's [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Wall Street Crash]]. It was bought in its entirety by the [[Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce]] (better known as the Royal Society of Arts, or simply the RSA) as part of the Society's "Campaign for the Preservation of Ancient Cottages". In 1934, after extensive repairs, the Society handed the property over to the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]. The National Trust markets this property under the name 'West Wycombe Village and Hill'. The property features many buildings of architectural value which were built between the 16th and 18th centuries.


Between 1906 and 1958 the village was served by [[West Wycombe railway station]], to the east of the village, on the [[Chiltern Main Line]] between London and Birmingham.
Between 1862 and 1958 the village was served by [[West Wycombe railway station]], to the east of the village, on the [[Chiltern Main Line]] between London and Birmingham.


In the late 1940s and early 1950s the caves underwent extensive repairs under the auspices of the Dashwood family and turned into a tourist attraction. The profit earned was used to renovate the dilapidated West Wycombe Park. The caves continue to thrive as a popular tourist attraction today and have received over 2 million visitors since their reopening in 1951.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s the caves underwent extensive repairs under the auspices of the Dashwood family and turned into a tourist attraction. The profit earned was used to renovate the dilapidated West Wycombe Park. The caves continue to thrive as a popular tourist attraction today and have received over 2 million visitors since their reopening in 1951.


==West Wycombe today==
==West Wycombe today==
[[File:St Lawrence West Wycombe.jpg|thumb|St Lawrence's Church]]
[[File:St Lawrence West Wycombe.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|St Lawrence's Church with its golden ball]]
[[File:West Wycombe, The Swan Inn - geograph.org.uk - 888606.jpg|thumb|The Swan]]
[[File:West Wycombe, The Swan Inn - geograph.org.uk - 888606.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[The Swan, West Wycombe|''The Swan'']] pub]]
Although it is on the busy A40, the village centre retains much of its historical charm. It is mainly owned by the National Trust, and so has resisted modernisation. The High Street has a number of 'old-fashioned' shops (in appearance at least), as well as three pubs, some small offices and a well-used village hall. Just off the High Street are the village Combined School (ages 4–11) and a traditional garden centre. The population is around 1,300.<ref name=NS2011 />
Although it is on the busy A40, the village centre retains much of its historical charm. It is mainly owned by the National Trust, and so has resisted modernisation. The High Street has a number of 'old-fashioned' shops (in appearance at least), as well as three pubs, some small offices and a well-used village hall. Just off the High Street is the village primary school (Reception to Year 6), a traditional furniture maker and a band hall. The population is around 1,300.<ref name=NS2011 />


[[St Lawrence's Church, West Wycombe|St Lawrence’s Church]] was until the mid 18th century a medieval building. Between 1752 and 1762 it was rebuilt for Sir Francis Dashwood by the architect [[John Donowell]]. The interior was inspired by the Temple of the Sun at Palmyra; the church tower is topped by a large golden globe which originally contained seating for eight people.<ref>Goodall, John (2015). ''Parish Church Treasures''. London: Bloomsbury; p. 212</ref>
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[[The Swan, West Wycombe|The Swan]] is a [[listed building|Grade II listed]] [[public house]].<ref name=EnglishHeritage>{{cite web|title=The Swan public house|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1125166|work=[[National Heritage List for England]]|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> It is on the [[Campaign for Real Ale]]'s [[National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors]].<ref name=Brandwood>{{cite book|last1=Brandwood|first1=Geoff|title=Britain's best real heritage pubs|date=2013|publisher=CAMRA|location=St. Albans|isbn=9781852493042|page=20}}</ref> Built in the 18th century, The Swan was refitted and extended in 1932 by Wheelers Wycombe brewery.<ref name=Heritagepubs>heritagepubs.org.uk: [http://www.heritagepubs.org.uk/pubs/historic-pub-interior-entry.asp?pubid=5 Historic Pub Interiors], accessdate=17 August 2014</ref>

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[[The Swan, West Wycombe|The Swan]] is a [[listed building|Grade II listed]] [[public house]].<ref name=EnglishHeritage>{{NHLE|desc=The Swan public house|num=1125166|access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> It is on the [[Campaign for Real Ale]]'s [[National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors]].<ref name=Brandwood>{{cite book|last1=Brandwood|first1=Geoff|title=Britain's best real heritage pubs|date=2013|publisher=CAMRA|location=St. Albans|isbn=9781852493042|page=20}}</ref> Built in the 18th century, The Swan was refitted and extended in 1932 by Wheelers Wycombe brewery.<ref name=Heritagepubs>heritagepubs.org.uk: [http://www.heritagepubs.org.uk/pubs/historic-pub-interior-entry.asp?pubid=5 Historic Pub Interiors], accessdate=17 August 2014</ref>


West Wycombe is also a [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Wycombe district]].
West Wycombe is also a [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Wycombe district]].

==In popular culture==

The village and [[West Wycombe Park]] have been used as a location for numerous films, most notably ''[[The Duchess (film)|The Duchess]]'', ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', ''[[I Capture the Castle]]'' and ''[[Dead Man's Folly]]''. The BBC TV adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell's novel ''[[Cranford (novel)|Cranford]]'' was partly filmed at West Wycombe Park, along with TV series ''[[Inspector Morse (TV series)|Inspector Morse]]''. The Mausoleum was used as the set of a Roman town in an episode of the BBC Children's show [[Chucklevision]] and was used as a location in the biblical fantasy scenes for ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]''. The television show ''[[Ghost Adventures]]'' filmed an episode in the caves.


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|West Wycombe}}
{{Commons category|West Wycombe}}
* [https://www.westwycombevillage.co.uk West Wycombe Village website, listing all business for tourism and information]
*[https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/west-wycombe-park-village-and-hill West Wycombe Village and Hill information at the National Trust]
*[https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/west-wycombe-park-village-and-hill West Wycombe Village and Hill information at the National Trust]
*[http://www.west-wycombe-estate.co.uk/sub/sawmill.htm West Wycombe Estate] Sawmill House and others. Accessed July 2007
* {{OpenDomesday|SU8394|west-wycombe|West Wycombe}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060509204647/http://www.blather.net/shitegeist/2006/02/the_hellfire_club_tunnels_and.htm Photographs of Dashwood's tunnels in West Wycombe]
*[http://www.westwycombe.org.uk West Wycombe Parish Council]
*[http://www.westwycombe.org.uk West Wycombe Parish Council]


{{Wycombe}}
{{Wycombe}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:National Trust properties in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Buckinghamshire]]

Latest revision as of 17:08, 5 April 2024

Not to be confused with West Wickham or West Wykeham.

West Wycombe
The Mausoleum on West Wycombe Hill
West Wycombe is located in Buckinghamshire
West Wycombe
West Wycombe
Location within Buckinghamshire
Population1,345 (2011 Census)[1]
OS grid referenceSU830945
Civil parish
  • West Wycombe
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
LandEngland
Sovereign stateVereinigtes Königreich
Post townHIGH WYCOMBE
Postcode districtHP14
Dialling code01494
PoliceThames Valley
FireBuckinghamshire
AmbulanceSouth Central
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Buckinghamshire
51°38′35″N 0°47′59″W / 51.643143°N 0.799635°W / 51.643143; -0.799635

West Wycombe is a small village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England, famed for its manor houses and its hills. It is 3 miles (4.8 km) west of High Wycombe.

The historic village is largely a National Trust property and receives a large annual influx of tourists, being the site of West Wycombe Park, West Wycombe Caves and the Mausoleum on top of West Wycombe Hill. The Mausoleum and Golden Ball above West Wycombe village are impressive local landmarks, visually dominating the village and local landscape for miles surrounding.

West Wycombe Park, Caves, Mausoleum and St Lawrence's Church were all constructed in the mid-18th century by Sir Francis Dashwood, founder of the Dilettanti Society and co-founder of the notorious Hellfire Club.

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]
A gold, Bronze Age penannular ring found in West Wycombe in 1985[2]

The hill above West Wycombe (now the site of St Lawrence's Church and the Mausoleum) has been continuously inhabited for centuries.[3] A Bronze Age settlement is widely believed to have existed here, and research suggests there was a pagan temple in a similar style to Stonehenge.[4] The earliest known settlement is an Iron Age ditch and rampart contour camp dating from the fourth or fifth century BC.[5] A Roman settlement later occupied West Wycombe Hill, and local historians believe a temple was constructed here (though the exact site remains unknown).[4]

The lost village of Haveringdon

[edit]

The next major influence on West Wycombe was the Saxons. The hillside was once again occupied, and the newly established settlement was named Hæferingdune (Hill of Hæfer's people in Old English). The name later evolved into Haveringdon. The site retained religious importance: a church is said to have been erected by St Birinus (who had become the bishop of the West Saxons in AD 634).

A Norman watch tower is also said to have been built on top of the hill.

Haveringdon's population is believed to have been greatly reduced by the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) in the 1340s. By the 18th century the village had been resited in the valley along the Oxford Road, and renamed due to its geographical features and position: "West" because it was west of High Wycombe. Both settlements are in the Wye Valley and the word "Combe" derives from the Old English/Brythonic word for "valley". According to local records there were just two ratepayers left in Haveringdon in the 19th century.

The era of Georgians

[edit]

In the mid 18th century Sir Francis Dashwood commissioned an ambitious project to supply chalk for a three-mile straight road between West Wycombe and High Wycombe, now part of the A40 road, then a prominent trade route between London, Oxford, and Gloucester and onward to South Wales. The local chalk cave which had been in the village since prehistoric times was expanded into an elaborate network of tunnels and passages. The design of the caves was mostly inspired by Dashwood's Grand Tour of Italy, Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Local villagers, impoverished after a series of harvest failures, were paid a shilling per day to tunnel underground to mine chalk. The caves were all excavated by hand and even today they are viewed as an incredible feat of engineering.

Dashwood's family home, West Wycombe House, also underwent major alterations at this time. Although Haveringdon had all but disappeared by then, the church and tower had remained and a centre section was built to join the two together. The Mausoleum was also constructed, based on the design of the Constantine Arch in Rome. The new church was named Saint Lawrence's, as it was common for churches built on Pagan sites to have this name. The church and Mausoleum were also built using chalk and flint from the caves.

During this time, Dashwood and other high-powered politicians and society members formed a club then known as The Knights of St. Francis (which was later named as the Hellfire Club by a London newspaper). They first used Medmenham Abbey, eight miles away from West Wycombe on the River Thames, but the caves were later used for the club's meetings. The club was notorious in its day for orgies and black magic, but had disbanded by 1763 (according to church records). The caves fell into disuse and disrepair.

West Wycombe in the 20th century

[edit]

In 1929 West Wycombe village was put up for sale by the Dashwood family to raise cash following that year's Wall Street Crash. It was bought in its entirety by the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (better known as the Royal Society of Arts, or simply the RSA) as part of the Society's "Campaign for the Preservation of Ancient Cottages". In 1934, after extensive repairs, the Society handed the property over to the National Trust. The National Trust markets this property under the name 'West Wycombe Village and Hill'. The property features many buildings of architectural value which were built between the 16th and 18th centuries.

Between 1862 and 1958 the village was served by West Wycombe railway station, to the east of the village, on the Chiltern Main Line between London and Birmingham.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s the caves underwent extensive repairs under the auspices of the Dashwood family and turned into a tourist attraction. The profit earned was used to renovate the dilapidated West Wycombe Park. The caves continue to thrive as a popular tourist attraction today and have received over 2 million visitors since their reopening in 1951.

West Wycombe today

[edit]
St Lawrence's Church with its golden ball
The Swan pub

Although it is on the busy A40, the village centre retains much of its historical charm. It is mainly owned by the National Trust, and so has resisted modernisation. The High Street has a number of 'old-fashioned' shops (in appearance at least), as well as three pubs, some small offices and a well-used village hall. Just off the High Street is the village primary school (Reception to Year 6), a traditional furniture maker and a band hall. The population is around 1,300.[1]

St Lawrence’s Church was until the mid 18th century a medieval building. Between 1752 and 1762 it was rebuilt for Sir Francis Dashwood by the architect John Donowell. The interior was inspired by the Temple of the Sun at Palmyra; the church tower is topped by a large golden globe which originally contained seating for eight people.[6]

The Swan is a Grade II listed public house.[7] It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.[8] Built in the 18th century, The Swan was refitted and extended in 1932 by Wheelers Wycombe brewery.[9]

West Wycombe is also a civil parish in Wycombe district.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Neighbourhood Statistics 2011 Census
  2. ^ Byard, A. "Finds record for: BERK-1FC1E8". The Portable Antiquities Scheme. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  3. ^ E Brazil, Secret High Wycombe (Amberley Publishing, 2017)
  4. ^ a b "History of the Parish". West Wycombe Paris Council. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  5. ^ "Explore West Wycombe Hill". National Trust. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  6. ^ Goodall, John (2015). Parish Church Treasures. London: Bloomsbury; p. 212
  7. ^ Historic England. "The Swan public house (1125166)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  8. ^ Brandwood, Geoff (2013). Britain's best real heritage pubs. St. Albans: CAMRA. p. 20. ISBN 9781852493042.
  9. ^ heritagepubs.org.uk: Historic Pub Interiors, accessdate=17 August 2014
[edit]
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