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{{Short description|American ornithologist and evolutionary biologist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Richard Prum
| name = Richard Owen Prum
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961}}
| image_size =
| birth_place =
| alt =
| fields = [[Evolutionary biology]], [[Ornithology]]
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| workplaces = [[American Museum of Natural History]]<br>
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| caption =
[[University of Kansas]]<br>
| birth_date = 1961
[[Yale University]]
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])<br> [[University of Michigan]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
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| thesis_year = <!-- 1989 -->
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| doctoral_advisor =
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| academic_advisors =
| citizenship = United States
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| doctoral_students =
| nationality =
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| notable_students =
| fields = [[Evolutionary biology]], [[ornithology]]
⚫
| known_for = Avian biology
⚫
| workplaces = [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] at [[Yale University]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]]<br />[[University of Michigan]]
| awards = [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholar]] (2001)<br>
[[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (2007)<br>
| thesis_title =
⚫
[[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship]] (2009)<br>
| thesis_url =
[[Lewis Thomas Prize]] (2021)
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| thesis_year = 1989
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| website = https://prumlab.yale.edu/
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| doctoral_advisor =
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| footnotes =
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| academic_advisors =
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| spouse = Ann Johnson Prum
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| doctoral_students =
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| notable_students =
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| known_for = Evolution of feathers
| influences =
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'''Richard O. Prum''' (born 1961) is William Robertson Coe Professor of [[Ornithology]], and Head Curator of Vertebrate Zoology at the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] at [[Yale University]].<ref name=Prumprofile>{{citation |year=2003 |title=Richard O. Prum's profile |publisher=Yale University: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology |url=http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/ |access-date=July 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="NYT20190109">{{cite news |last=Jabr |first=Ferris |title=How Beauty Is Making Scientists Rethink Evolution - The extravagant splendor of the animal kingdom can't be explained by natural selection alone — so how did it come to be? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/magazine/beauty-evolution-animal.html |date=January 9, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 10, 2019 }}</ref>
'''Richard O. Prum''' (born 1961) is an [[Evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]] and [[Ornithology|ornithologist]]. He is the [[William Robertson Coe]] Professor of Ornithology, [[Ecology]] and Evolutionary Biology at [[Yale University]], as well as the head curator of [[vertebrate zoology]] at the university's [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]].<ref name="Prumprofile">{{Cite web |title=Yale Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology |url=http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621205226/http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/ |archive-date=2013-06-21 |website=[[Yale University]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT20190109">{{cite news |last=Jabr |first=Ferris |title=How Beauty Is Making Scientists Rethink Evolution – The extravagant splendor of the animal kingdom can't be explained by natural selection alone — so how did it come to be? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/magazine/beauty-evolution-animal.html |date=January 9, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 10, 2019 }}</ref> His 2017 book ''[[The Evolution of Beauty|The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us]]'' was named one of the 10 Best Books of 2017 by [[The New York Times]]<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=November 30, 2017 |title=The 10 Best Books of 2017 |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/books/review/10-best-books-2017.html |access-date=February 9, 2018}}</ref> and was a finalist for the 2018 [[Pulitzer Prize]] in General Nonfiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Pulitzer Prizes |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2018 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=pulitzer.org}}</ref>


==Life and work==
==Life and work==
⚫
Prum describes himself as "an [[Evolutionary biology|evolutionary]] ornithologist with broad interests in diverse topics, including [[phylogenetics]], behavior, feathers, [[structural coloration]], [[evolution]] and [[Developmental biology|development]], [[sexual selection]], and [[historical biogeography]]."<ref name=Prumprofile/>


{{external media
⚫
Prum describes himself as "an [[Evolutionary biology|evolutionary]] ornithologist with broad interests in diverse topics," including [[phylogenetics]], [[behavior]], [[feather]]s, [[structural coloration]], [[evolution]] and [[Developmental biology|development]], [[sexual selection]], and [[historical biogeography]].<ref name=Prumprofile/>
| width = 210px
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-b8p-D4AzY&t=8s Ornithologist Richard Prum: 2009 MacArthur Fellow &#124; MacArthur Foundation] (September 21, 2009).
|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=128-i8ulC7o The Evolution of Beauty: Richard Prum at TEDxYale] (June 2, 2013).|video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oszg0NAG4WQ Richard Prum: Evolution and Beauty] at the Chicago Humanities Festival (November 15, 2017).|video4=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8X4jIpiKKc Richard Prum on Birds, Beauty, and Finding Your Own Way (full) &#124; Conversations with Tyler] with the Mercatus Center (June 30, 2021).}}


Prum grew up in rural Vermont. He received his bachelor's degree at [[Harvard University]] in 1983 and completed his doctorate at the [[University of Michigan|University of Michigan at Ann Arbor]] in 1989. He then worked at the [[American Museum of Natural History]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prum |first=R.O. |date=1990-12-20 |title=A test of the monophyly of the manakins (Pipridae) and of the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on morphology |url=https://prumlab.yale.edu/sites/default/files/prum_1990_occ_pap.pdf |journal=Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan |volume=723 |pages=1–44}}</ref> until 1991, when he became a professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the [[University of Kansas]].<ref name="macfound= name=:0" /> After gradually losing his hearing throughout the early 1990s due to illness, Prum moved from primarily doing field work to conducting research on plumage pigmentation, feather evolution, and [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]'s sexual selection theory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Veronique |date=2013-04-01 |title=Ornithologist is Reshaping Ideas of How Beauty Evolves |url=https://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/11-ornithologist-is-reshaping-ideas-of-how-beauty-evolves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404002618/https://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/11-ornithologist-is-reshaping-ideas-of-how-beauty-evolves |archive-date=2013-04-04 |website=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]}}</ref> Prum was a [[Fulbright scholar]] to Brazil in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MacArthur Fellowship Recipients {{!}} Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs |url=https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters/macarthur-fellowship-recipients |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=eca.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> and he was awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] in 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Owen Prum |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/richard-owen-prum/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> and a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship]] in 2009.<ref name="macfound= name=:0">{{Cite web |title=Richard Prum |url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-2009/richard-prum |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.macfound.org |language=en}}</ref>
Prum holds that birds are the living descendants of [[theropod dinosaurs]], a once disputed finding that is now almost universally accepted in the [[ornithological]] and [[evolutionary biology]] scientific communities.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AGTffepPccC&q=Richard+Prum&pg=PA128 | title=How to Build a Dinosaur: Extinction Doesn't Have to be Forever| isbn=9780525951049| last1=Horner| first1=John R.| last2=Gorman| first2=James| year=2009}}</ref><ref name=Prum2003>{{citation |date=April 2003 |author=Prum, Richard O |title=Are current critiques of the theropod origin of birds science? Rebuttal to Feduccia (2002) |journal=[[The Auk]] |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=550–561 |url=http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum%202003%20Auk.pdf |access-date=7 July 2010 |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0550:ACCOTT]2.0.CO;2}}[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200304/ai_n9166691/ See also BNet version]</ref>


Prum grew up in rural Vermont and took his bachelor's degree at [[Harvard]] in 1983, and received his Ph.D. in 1989 from the [[University of Michigan]]. After gradually losing his hearing throughout the early 1990s due to illness, Prum moved from primarily doing field work to conducting research on plumage pigmentation, feather evolution, and [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]'s sexual selection theory.<ref>http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/11-ornithologist-is-reshaping-ideas-of-how-beauty-evolves "Ornithologist Is Reshaping Ideas Of How Beauty Evolves" by Veronique Greenwood, [[Discover Magazine]], 05 April 2015</ref> He released a book in 2017 on the role of beauty in natural selection: ''The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin's Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World – And Us''.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dobbs |first1=David |title=Survival of the Prettiest |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2017-09-18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/18/books/review/evolution-of-beauty-richard-prum-charles-darwin.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
He released [[The Evolution of Beauty|''The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin's Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World – And Us'']], a book on the role of beauty in natural selection, in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dobbs |first1=David |title=Survival of the Prettiest |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 18, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/18/books/review/evolution-of-beauty-richard-prum-charles-darwin.html |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> In 2021, he received the [[Lewis Thomas Prize]] for his "exceptional writing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-26 |title=Evolutionary biologist and ornithologist Richard Prum receives the 2021 Lewis Thomas Prize |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/30393-evolutionary-biologist-ornithologist-richard-prum-receives-2021-lewis-thomas-prize/ |access-date= |website=[[The Rockefeller University]] |language=en}}</ref>


==Reception==
==Reception==
In his book ''Survival of the Beautiful'', [[David Rothenberg]] reflects on Prum's analysis of [[sexual selection in birds]], considering whether female birds are exercising an [[aesthetics|aesthetic sense]] when they choose a mate. In a chapter titled "It could be anything", Rothenburg argues Prum's position, that the females' aesthetic choice is essentially arbitrary and decoupled from natural selection: anything the females begin to choose becomes what the males must have if they are to have any offspring.<ref>Rothenberg, 2011. pp 74–101.</ref> The aesthetic aspect of sexual selection has been debated since the start of Darwinism in the [[Nineteenth Century|nineteenth century]]. Prum is following [[Edward Bagnall Poulton]], who was roundly criticised by [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] for asserting "female preferences based on aesthetic considerations".<ref>Wallace, Alfred Russel. Nature, 24 July 1890. pp 289–291.</ref> In Rothenberg's words, Wallace "had no place for Darwin's love of beauty, caprice, and feminine whim".<ref>Rothenberg, 2011. p 36.</ref> Prum on the other hand considers art and male sexual display to be "[[coevolution]] of the work and its appreciation".<ref>Rothenberg, 2011. p 101.</ref>
In his book ''Survival of the Beautiful'', [[David Rothenberg]] reflects on Prum's analysis of [[sexual selection in birds]], considering whether female birds are exercising an [[aesthetics|aesthetic sense]] when they choose a mate. Rothenburg argues Prum's position, that the females' aesthetic choice is essentially arbitrary and decoupled from natural selection: anything the females begin to choose becomes what the males must have if they are to have any offspring.{{efn|Rothenberg, 2011. pp 74–101.<ref name="Rothenberg2011">{{Cite book |last=Rothenberg |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707329321 |title=Survival of the beautiful : art, science, and evolution |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-60819-216-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=707329321}}</ref>}} The aesthetic aspect of sexual selection has been debated since the start of Darwinism in the nineteenth century. Prum is following [[Edward Bagnall Poulton]], who was criticised by [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] for asserting "female preferences based on aesthetic considerations".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Alfred R. |date=1890-07-24 |title=The Colours of Animals |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/042289a0 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1082 |pages=289–291 |doi=10.1038/042289a0 |s2cid=27117910 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> In Rothenberg's words, Wallace "had no place for Darwin's love of beauty, caprice, and feminine whim".{{efn|Rothenberg, 2011. pp 36.<ref name="Rothenberg2011" />}} Prum, on the other hand, considers art and male sexual display to be "[[coevolution]] of the work and its appreciation".{{efn|Rothenberg, 2011. pp. 101.<ref name="Rothenberg2011" />}}

==Awards==

* 2007 - 2008 Guggenheim Fellowship
⚫
* 2009 [[MacArthur Fellows Program]]
* 2021 [[Lewis Thomas Prize]]<ref>https://www.rockefeller.edu/lewis-thomas-prize/</ref>

==Works==

From 1985 onwards, Prum has authored research papers including:<ref name=PrumPublications>[http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pubs80.htm Lists of Prum's published works]</ref>

* {{citation |date=December 15, 1999 |author=Prum, R.O |title=Development and Evolutionary Origin of Feathers |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution |volume=285 |issue=4 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<291::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-9 |pmid=10578107 |url=http://www.ncsce.org/PDF_files/feathers/Prum%20feather.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409103417/http://ncsce.org/PDF_files/feathers/Prum%20feather.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2011 | ref=none}}
* {{citation |doi=10.1038/35065589 |author=Xu, X., H. H. Zhou, and R. O. Prum |title=Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers |journal=Nature |volume=410 |issue=6825 |year=2001 |pages=200–204 |pmid=11242078 | ref=none|bibcode=2001Natur.410..200X |s2cid=4426803 }}
* {{citation |year=2002 |author1=Matthew P. Harris |author2=John F. Fallon |author3=Richard O. Prum |title=Shh-Bmp2 signaling module and the evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution |volume= 294 |issue= 2 |pages=160–176 | doi=10.1002/jez.10157 |pmid=12210117 | ref=none|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|author1=Prum, Richard O. |author2=AH Brush |name-list-style=amp |year=2002|title=The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers|journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]]|volume=77|issue=3|pages=261–295|doi=10.1086/341993|pmid=12365352 |s2cid=6344830 |url=http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2002.pdf | ref=none}}
* {{citation |date=March 2003 |author=Prum, R.O., & Brush, A.H. |title=Which Came First, the Feather or the Bird? |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=288 |issue=3 |pages=84–93 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0303-84 |url=http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2003.pdf |pmid=12616863 | ref=none|bibcode=2003SciAm.288c..84P }}
* {{citation |title=Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers |author1=Bostwick, Kimberly S. |author2=Richard O. Prum |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=309 |issue=5735 |pages=736 |doi=10.1126/science.1111701|pmid=16051789 |s2cid=22278735 |url=http://cumv.bio.cornell.edu/pdf/Bostwick_Prum_2005_manuscript.pdf | ref=none}}
* {{cite book| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnJ8cSoXRMIC&q=Richard+Prum&pg=PA295| chapter=Anatomy, Physics, and Evolution of Structural Colors| title=Bird Coloration: Mechanisms and measurements|editor1=Geoffrey Edward Hill |editor2=Kevin J. McGraw| publisher=Harvard University Press| year= 2006| isbn= 978-0-674-01893-8 | ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last=Vinther|first=Jakob|author2=Derek E. G. Briggs|author3-link=Julia Clarke|author3=Julia Clarke|author4-link=Gerald Mayr|author4=Gerald Mayr|author5=Richard O. Prum|year=2009|pages=128–31|issue=1|volume=6|title=Structural coloration in a fossil feather|journal=Biology Letters|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0524|pmc=2817243|pmid=19710052|url=http://www.eeb.yale.edu/prum/pdf/Vinther%20et%20al%202010.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621083621/http://www.eeb.yale.edu/prum/pdf/Vinther%20et%20al%202010.pdf|archive-date=2010-06-21| ref=none}}

==Books==
Prum's 2017 book ''[[The Evolution of Beauty|The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us]]'' was named by [[The New York Times]] as one of the 10 Best Books of 2017.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The 10 Best Books of 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/books/review/10-best-books-2017.html |work= New York Times|date=30 November 2017 |access-date= 9 February 2018}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* Rothenberg, David. ''Survival of the Beautiful: Art, Science and Evolution''. Bloomsbury, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-4088-2882-3}}


==External links==
==External links==
* Shufro, Cathy (Nov/Dec 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220809020605/https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/3318-the-bird-filled-world-of-richard-prum "The bird-filled world of Richard Prum"]. yalealumnimagazine.org. Archived from [https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/3318-the-bird-filled-world-of-richard-prum the original] on 2022-08-09.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100302081805/http://www.yaledailynews.com/scene/scene-cover/2009/10/09/the-nature-of-genius/ "The nature of genius", ''Yale Daily News'', Vivian Yee, Esther Zuckerman, October 9, 2009]
* Yee, Vivian; Zuckerman, Esther (October 9, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100302081805/http://www.yaledailynews.com/scene/scene-cover/2009/10/09/the-nature-of-genius/ "The nature of genius"]. ''Yale Daily News''. Archived from [http://www.yaledailynews.com/scene/scene-cover/2009/10/09/the-nature-of-genius/ the original] on March 2, 2010.


{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}

<references group="lower-alpha" />


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[[Category:Charles Darwin biographers]]
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[[Category:Evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:American evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
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Latest revision as of 09:14, 7 April 2024

Richard Owen Prum
Born1961 (age 62–63)
Alma materHarvard University (AB)
University of Michigan (PhD)
Known forAvian biology
SpouseAnn Johnson Prum
AwardsFulbright Scholar (2001)

Guggenheim Fellowship (2007)
MacArthur Fellowship (2009)

Lewis Thomas Prize (2021)
Scientific career
FieldsEvolutionary biology, Ornithology
InstitutionsAmerican Museum of Natural History

University of Kansas

Yale University
Websitehttps://prumlab.yale.edu/

Richard O. Prum (born 1961) is an evolutionary biologist and ornithologist. He is the William Robertson Coe Professor of Ornithology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Yale University, as well as the head curator of vertebrate zoology at the university's Peabody Museum of Natural History.[1][2] His 2017 book The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us was named one of the 10 Best Books of 2017 by The New York Times[3] and was a finalist for the 2018 Pulitzer Prize in General Nonfiction.[4]

Life and work

[edit]

Prum describes himself as "an evolutionary ornithologist with broad interests in diverse topics, including phylogenetics, behavior, feathers, structural coloration, evolution and development, sexual selection, and historical biogeography."[1]

External videos
video icon Ornithologist Richard Prum: 2009 MacArthur Fellow | MacArthur Foundation (September 21, 2009).
video icon The Evolution of Beauty: Richard Prum at TEDxYale (June 2, 2013).
video icon Richard Prum: Evolution and Beauty at the Chicago Humanities Festival (November 15, 2017).
video icon Richard Prum on Birds, Beauty, and Finding Your Own Way (full) | Conversations with Tyler with the Mercatus Center (June 30, 2021).

Prum grew up in rural Vermont. He received his bachelor's degree at Harvard University in 1983 and completed his doctorate at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1989. He then worked at the American Museum of Natural History[5] until 1991, when he became a professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Kansas.[6] After gradually losing his hearing throughout the early 1990s due to illness, Prum moved from primarily doing field work to conducting research on plumage pigmentation, feather evolution, and Darwin's sexual selection theory.[7] Prum was a Fulbright scholar to Brazil in 2001,[8] and he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2007[9] and a MacArthur Fellowship in 2009.[6]

He released The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin's Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World – And Us, a book on the role of beauty in natural selection, in 2017.[10] In 2021, he received the Lewis Thomas Prize for his "exceptional writing".[11]

Reception

[edit]

In his book Survival of the Beautiful, David Rothenberg reflects on Prum's analysis of sexual selection in birds, considering whether female birds are exercising an aesthetic sense when they choose a mate. Rothenburg argues Prum's position, that the females' aesthetic choice is essentially arbitrary and decoupled from natural selection: anything the females begin to choose becomes what the males must have if they are to have any offspring.[a] The aesthetic aspect of sexual selection has been debated since the start of Darwinism in the nineteenth century. Prum is following Edward Bagnall Poulton, who was criticised by Alfred Russel Wallace for asserting "female preferences based on aesthetic considerations".[13] In Rothenberg's words, Wallace "had no place for Darwin's love of beauty, caprice, and feminine whim".[b] Prum, on the other hand, considers art and male sexual display to be "coevolution of the work and its appreciation".[c]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Yale Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology". Yale University. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013.
  2. ^ Jabr, Ferris (January 9, 2019). "How Beauty Is Making Scientists Rethink Evolution – The extravagant splendor of the animal kingdom can't be explained by natural selection alone — so how did it come to be?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  3. ^ "The 10 Best Books of 2017". New York Times. November 30, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  4. ^ "2018 Pulitzer Prizes". pulitzer.org. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  5. ^ Prum, R.O. (December 20, 1990). "A test of the monophyly of the manakins (Pipridae) and of the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on morphology" (PDF). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan. 723: 1–44.
  6. ^ a b "Richard Prum". www.macfound.org. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  7. ^ Greenwood, Veronique (April 1, 2013). "Ornithologist is Reshaping Ideas of How Beauty Evolves". Discover. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013.
  8. ^ "MacArthur Fellowship Recipients | Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs". eca.state.gov. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  9. ^ "Richard Owen Prum". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  10. ^ Dobbs, David (September 18, 2017). "Survival of the Prettiest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  11. ^ "Evolutionary biologist and ornithologist Richard Prum receives the 2021 Lewis Thomas Prize". The Rockefeller University. April 26, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Rothenberg, David (2011). Survival of the beautiful : art, science, and evolution (1st ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-60819-216-8. OCLC 707329321.
  13. ^ Wallace, Alfred R. (July 24, 1890). "The Colours of Animals". Nature. 42 (1082): 289–291. doi:10.1038/042289a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 27117910.
[edit]
  1. ^ Rothenberg, 2011. pp 74–101.[12]
  2. ^ Rothenberg, 2011. pp 36.[12]
  3. ^ Rothenberg, 2011. pp. 101.[12]
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