Rotylenchulus reniformis: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of roundworm}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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| color = pink |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| image =Reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis.jpg |
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| authority = Linford and Oliveira, 1940 |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Roundworm|Nematoda]] |
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| subphylum = [[Sarcodina]] |
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| classis = [[Secernentea]] |
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| ordo = [[Tylenchida]] |
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| subordo = [[Tylenchina]] |
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| superfamilia = [[Tylenchoidea]] |
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| familia = [[Hoplolaimidae]] |
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| subfamilia = [[Rotylenchulinae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Rotylenchulus]]'' |
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| species = '''''R. reniformis''''' |
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| binomial = ''Rotylenchulus reniformis'' <small>Linford and Oliveira, 1940</small> |
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'''''Rotylenchulus reniformis''''', the '''reniform nematode''', is a species of [[parasitism|parasitic]] [[nematode]] of plants with a worldwide distribution in the [[tropics|tropical]] and [[subtropics|subtropical]] regions.<ref name=ucd>Ferris, H. [http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/g116s2.htm ''Rotylenchulus reniformis''.] Nemaplex. Department of Nematology. University of California, Davis. 2012.</ref> |
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'''''Rotylenchulus reniformis''''' is a [[nematode]], a type of roundworm, in the [[Family (biology)|Family]] [[Hoplolaimidae]]. It is called the reniform (kidney-shaped) nematode because the female curls her exposed posterior as she feeds. It is an important [[parasite]] that attacks a wide variety of crops and other plants. It is classified in [[parasitology]] as a cyst-forming nematode that prefers to attack the roots of its host plant. ''R. reniformis'' favors sandy loamy soils. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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This nematode has a wide host range, infecting many species of plants around the world. It was first observed on the roots of [[cowpea]] in [[Hawaii]], and was described as new species and new genus in 1940.<ref name=rob>Robinson, A. F., et al. 1997. [http://journals.fcla.edu/nematropica/article/view/64190/61858 ''Rotylenchulus'' species: identification, distribution, host ranges, and crop plant resistance.] ''Nematropica'' 27(2), 127-80.</ref> Its [[Species name|specific epithet]], ''reniformis'', was inspired by the [[kidney]] shape of the adult female.<ref name=ucd/> There are now ten species classified in the genus, but ''R. reniformis'' is the only species of major economic importance to agriculture.<ref name=rob/> Recent studies have demonstrated ''[[Rotylenchulus macrosoma|R. macrosoma]]'' is the [[Sister group|sister species]] to ''R. reniformis.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Den Berg |first=Esther |last2=Palomares-Rius |first2=Juan E. |last3=Vovlas |first3=Nicola |last4=Tiedt |first4=Louwrens R. |last5=Castillo |first5=Pablo |last6=Subbotin |first6=Sergei A. |date=2016 |title=Morphological and molecular characterisation of one new and several known species of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus Linford & Oliveira, 1940 (Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae), and a phylogeny of the genus |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nemy/18/1/article-p67_7.xml |journal=Nematology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=67–107 |doi=10.1163/15685411-00002945 |issn=1388-5545}}</ref> |
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''R. reniformis'' has been reported from thousands of localities in the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.<ref name=rob/><ref name=fl>Wang, K. [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in367 Reniform Nematode, ''Rotylenchulus reniformis'' Linford and Oliveira (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Tylenchoidea: Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae).] EENY-210 (IN367). Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 2001, revised 2007.</ref> It has a wide host range that includes fruit trees, [[lentil]], [[cotton]], [[pigeon pea]], [[Camellia sinensis|tea]], [[tobacco]], [[soybean]], [[pineapple]], [[banana]], [[okra]], [[coconut]], [[cabbage]], [[sweet potato]], [[alfalfa]], [[maize|corn]], [[asparagus]], [[arecaceae|palm]], [[cucumber]], [[tomato]], [[Squash (plant)|squash]], [[cassava]], [[radish]], [[eggplant]], [[guava]], [[melon]], [[chickpea]], and [[ginger]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diseases of Chickpea |url=https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Chickpea.aspx |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Diseases of Chickpea |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=rob/><ref name=mac>MacGowan, J. B. [http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/nema/nemacirc/nem032.pdf The Reniform Nematode.] Nematology Circular No. 32. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 1977.</ref> Certain plants are considered to be non-hosts of the nematode, such as [[Hordeum pusillum|little barley]], [[Echinochloa crus-galli|common barnyard grass]], [[digitaria eriantha|pangola grass]], [[Capsicum annuum|peppers]], and some [[cultivar]]s of [[Brassica nigra|black mustard]], [[oat]], [[spinach]], and [[Saccharum officinarum|sugarcane]].<ref name=mac/> |
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==Morphology== |
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The reniform nematode has [[esophagus|esophageal]] glands overlapping the intestine and a short [[Stylet (anatomy)|stylet]]. The dorsal esophageal gland orifice is located posterior to the stylet knobs.<ref name=mac/><ref name=shurt>Shurtleff, M. C. and C. W. Averre. ''Diagnosing Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes''. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society Press. 2000. {{ISBN|0890542546}}</ref> The immature female is slender and may be spiral- or C-shaped in death.<ref name=drop>Dropkin, V. ''Introduction to Plant Nematology''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1980. 293p.</ref> It is about 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters long.<ref>[http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpotato%20Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblems/Nematodes/ReniformNematode/Reniform%20nematode.htm Reniform Nematode.] Sweetpotato DiagNotes. Centre for Biological Information Technology. University of Queensland.</ref> The mature female has a swollen, kidney-shaped body with a short tail, a short, thin stylet with rounded stylet knobs, a three-part esophagus, a long and narrow isthmus, and a well-developed metacarpus. The vulva is just behind the middle of the body.<ref name=shurt/> The male is [[vermiform]]: with a wormlike appearance. It has a weak stylet, curved [[spicule (nematode)|spicule]]s, and a pointed tail. The esophagus is reduced.<ref name=shurt/><ref name=drop/> |
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==Life cycle== |
== Life cycle == |
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''R. reniformis'' is sedentary [[parasitism|semi-endoparasite]] on the roots of plants.<ref name=fl/> The female penetrates the root and remains in one position at a permanent feeding site with its posterior end projecting from the root.<ref name=fl/> The immature female is the infective agent, attacking the root and growing to maturity at its feeding site.<ref name=luc>Luc, M., et al. (Eds.) [http://bookshop.cabi.org/Uploads/Books/PDF/9780851997278/9780851997278.pdf ''Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture''. 2nd Edition.] CABI Publishing. 2005. pp 38, 39, 709-20.</ref> Males and juveniles live in the soil; males are not parasites and do not feed.<ref name=shurt/> Under [[drought]] conditions the nematode can persist up to two years outside a host by entering an [[Cryptobiosis|anhydrobiotic]] state.<ref name=fl/> |
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''R. reniformis'' is both an ectoparasite (on the surface of the plant) and a semiendoparasite (partially inside the plant). The males are ectoparasitic and do not seem to affect the plant very much, texts classify them as nonpathogenic.<ref>Nyvall, Robert F. (1999) ''Field Crop Diseases'' Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, p. 164, ISBN 0-585-16534-3</ref> The females borrow into the roots and form a cysts, but leave part of their body (the posterior) outside the root, for copulation and egg-laying. After mating, the female lays some 30 to 75 eggs outside the root in a gelatinous mass containing. The matrix keeps the eggs moist and inhibits other animals from consuming the eggs. The eggs hatch in 8-10 days and the larvae molt three or four times and then develop into male and females; however, only females have been observed feeding. The life cycle is completed in 17 to 23 days.<ref>Nyvall, Robert F. (1999) ''Field Crop Diseases'' Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, p.216, ISBN 0-585-16534-3</ref> |
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The life cycle is 17 to 29 days long.<ref name=mac/> The juvenile [[moulting|molts]] once while still inside the egg.<ref name=cotton>Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. Reniform Nematodes. In: Kirkpatrick, T. L. and C. S. Rothrock. (Eds.) ''Compendium of Cotton Diseases''. 2nd edition. St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press. 2001. pp. 42–44.</ref> The eggs hatch in 8 to 10 days. The juvenile molts three times to reach the immature stage.<ref name=cotton/> The immature female parasitizes the root for one to two weeks.<ref name=fl/> During this time the male deposits sperm, which the female stores until her gonads mature. The nematode can also reproduce via [[parthenogenesis]], without fertilization.<ref name=fl/> Upon maturity the female exits the root and lays up to 200 eggs in a gelatinous matrix.<ref name=fl/> |
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==Disease Symptoms== |
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''R. reniformis'' causes hypertrophy in the pericycle cells of root seedlings and in the periderm cells of the roots of 4-5 week old plants.<ref name="Oteifa">Oteifa, Bakir A. (Aug., 1970) "The reniform nematode problem of Egyptian cotton production" ''The Journal of Parasitology'' 56(4): Section 2, Part 1: Supplement: Second International Congress of Parasitology, Resumes Nos. 1-702., pp. 1-389, p.255</ref> Generally root growth is reduced and there are few large roots, instead numerous coarse and stubby lateral roots are present. Diseased plants can become severely stunted and chlorotic (yellow), and may wilt. Wilting is often caused by opportunistic parasites such as the ''Fusarium '' wilt on cotton. Root decay is usually caused by secondary fungi infection. |
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==Host-parasite relationship== |
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==Control== |
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[[File:Sweetpotato infected by reniform nematodes14618951783.jpg|thumb|Sweetpotato infected by reniform nematodes]] |
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Chemical control prior to planting is effective. Crop rotation is relatively ineffective since ''R. reniformis'' lives on most crop roots. In irrigated areas, drying out the field for a year will significantly reduce the presence of ''R. reniformis'' and other nematodes.<ref name="Oteifa"/><ref>Whitehead, A. G. (1998) ''Plant Nematode Control '' CAB International, New York, ISBN 0-85199-188-2</ref> |
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When the immature female penetrates the root, a feeding tube forms from stylet secretions.<ref name=drop/> Reniform nematode infestations can be hard to detect, as they do not cause galls or other obvious symptoms.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Clark|first1=C.A. |last2=Ferrin|first2=D.M.|last3=Smith|first3=T.P.|last4=Holmes|first4=G.J|title=Compendium of Sweetpotato Diseases, Pests, and Disorderes, Second Edition.|publisher=The American Phytopathological Society|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89054-495-2|pages=67-69}}</ref> Instead, it causes symptoms in the host plant that resembles those of moisture and nutrient deficiencies. Reniform nematode cause hypertrophy in the [[pericycle]] cells of seedling roots and in the [[Bark (botany)|periderm]] cells of the roots of older plants.<ref name=ote>Oteifa, B. A. (1970). The reniform nematode problem of Egyptian cotton production. ''Journal of Parasitology'' 56, 255.</ref> Root growth slows and secondary root development is limited. Root [[necrosis]] has been observed in pineapple and banana. Shoot growth suppression and reduction of fruit quality has been observed in crops such as pineapple.<ref name=luc/> In sweet potato, early infection of reniform nematodes results in tuber cracking leading to poor storage quality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|first1=Craig A.|last1=Abel|first2=Larry C.|last2=Adams|first3=Salliana R.|last3=Stetina|date=13 September 2007|title=Sweet Potato Yield Reduction Caused by Reniform Nematode in the Mississippi Delta|journal=Plant Health Progress|volume=8 |doi=10.1094/PHP-2007-1115-01-RS }}</ref> Infested plants can become stunted and [[chlorosis|chlorotic]]. [[Wilt disease]] can follow when opportunistic [[fungus|fungi]] such as ''[[Fusarium]]'' and ''[[Verticillium]]'' infect the plants, a process observed in cotton.<ref name=fl/><ref name=shurt/> Secondary fungal infection can also cause root decay. Damage from ''R. reniformis'' is directly related to the number of nematodes present when the crop is planted. Variation among nematode populations, hosts, environmental conditions, and soil types may alter the threshold or economic injury level across the geographic distribution of the nematode.<ref name=fl/><ref name=cotton/> |
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''R. reniformis'' has worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas, including Texas and the southeastern United States. It has numerous [[host (biology)|hosts]], including fruit trees, lentil, cotton, cowpea, pigeonpea, tea, tobacco, soybean, pineapple, bananas, sweet potato, alfalfa, corn, asparagus, palm, cucumber, squash, melon and ginger. |
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== Management == |
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Management can be challenging, as reniform nematodes have been found in depths greater than 1m in soil and appear to become dominant over other nematodes such as southern root knot nematode (''M. incognita).''<ref name=":0" /> Some plants are resistant to this nematode.<ref name=mac/> In susceptible taxa, chemical control is one of the most common management practices. [[Nematicide]]s before and after planting can be effective.<ref name=fl/><ref name=cotton/> [[Intercropping]] and [[crop rotation]], especially with resistant or non-host plants, is used as [[cultural control]] to improve soil, increase antagonistic microorganisms, and reduce nematode populations. [[Tagetes patula|French marigold]] (''Tagetes patula'') and [[Crotalaria juncea|sunn hemp]] (''Crotalaria juncea'') are recommended for these uses.<ref name=fl/><ref name=luc/> [[Fallow|Fallowing]] the land is another cultural practice that can be utilized, but it is much less effective than rotating resistant species, as nematodes can persist in the soil for a long time and feed off of weeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotlight Magazine - Winter 2015 {{!}} CRDC |url=https://www.crdc.com.au/publications/spotlight-magazine-winter-2015 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.crdc.com.au}}</ref> The fungus'' [[Purpureocillium|Purpureocillium lilacinum]]'' and bacteria ''[[Bacillus firmus]]'' have shown potential to become commercial agents of [[biological pest control]] against the nematode in cotton.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Castillo |first1=J. D. |last2=Lawrence |first2=K. S. |last3=Kloepper |first3=J.W. |date=7 June 2013 |title=Biocontrol of the reniform nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on cotton |journal=Plant Disease |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=967-976 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-10-12-0978-RE |via=The American Phytopathological Society Journals}}</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* [http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/pt5/nemato/27632.pdf Maggen, Armand R. (1987) "A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata): 2. Classification of the suborder Tylenchina (Nemata : Diplogasteria)" ''Revue Nématologie'' 10(2): pp. 135-142] |
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* Siddiqi, Mohammad Rafiq (1985) ''Tylenchida parasites of plants and insects'' Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, UK, ISBN 0-85199-943-3 |
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* Geraert, Etienne (2006) ''Functional and detailed morphology of the Tylenchida (Nematoda)'' Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-14895-7 |
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*Oteifa, Bakir A. (Aug., 1970) "The reniform nematode problem of Egyptian cotton production" ''The Journal of Parasitology'' 56(4): Section 2, Part 1: Supplement: Second International Congress of Parasitology, Resumes Nos. 1-702., pp. 1-389, p.255 |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q7370726}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/ent156html/nemas/rotylenchulusreniformis ''Rotylenchulus reniformis'' description from University of California at Davis] |
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* [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN367 Wang, Koon-Hui "Reniform Nematode, ''Rotylenchulus reniformis''" University of Florida IFAS Extension] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Tylenchida]] |
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[[Category:Plant |
[[Category:Plant pathogenic nematodes]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Nematodes described in 1940]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:55, 8 April 2024
| Rotylenchulus reniformis | |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nematoda |
| Class: | Secernentea |
| Order: | Tylenchida |
| Family: | Hoplolaimidae |
| Genus: | Rotylenchulus |
| Species: | R. reniformis
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| Binomial name | |
| Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira, 1940
| |
Rotylenchulus reniformis, the reniform nematode, is a species of parasitic nematode of plants with a worldwide distribution in the tropical and subtropical regions.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]This nematode has a wide host range, infecting many species of plants around the world. It was first observed on the roots of cowpea in Hawaii, and was described as new species and new genus in 1940.[2] Its specific epithet, reniformis, was inspired by the kidney shape of the adult female.[1] There are now ten species classified in the genus, but R. reniformis is the only species of major economic importance to agriculture.[2] Recent studies have demonstrated R. macrosoma is the sister species to R. reniformis.[3]
Distribution and host range
[edit]R. reniformis has been reported from thousands of localities in the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.[2][4] It has a wide host range that includes fruit trees, lentil, cotton, pigeon pea, tea, tobacco, soybean, pineapple, banana, okra, coconut, cabbage, sweet potato, alfalfa, corn, asparagus, palm, cucumber, tomato, squash, cassava, radish, eggplant, guava, melon, chickpea, and ginger.[5][2][6] Certain plants are considered to be non-hosts of the nematode, such as little barley, common barnyard grass, pangola grass, peppers, and some cultivars of black mustard, oat, spinach, and sugarcane.[6]
Morphology
[edit]The reniform nematode has esophageal glands overlapping the intestine and a short stylet. The dorsal esophageal gland orifice is located posterior to the stylet knobs.[6][7] The immature female is slender and may be spiral- or C-shaped in death.[8] It is about 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters long.[9] The mature female has a swollen, kidney-shaped body with a short tail, a short, thin stylet with rounded stylet knobs, a three-part esophagus, a long and narrow isthmus, and a well-developed metacarpus. The vulva is just behind the middle of the body.[7] The male is vermiform: with a wormlike appearance. It has a weak stylet, curved spicules, and a pointed tail. The esophagus is reduced.[7][8]
Life cycle
[edit]R. reniformis is sedentary semi-endoparasite on the roots of plants.[4] The female penetrates the root and remains in one position at a permanent feeding site with its posterior end projecting from the root.[4] The immature female is the infective agent, attacking the root and growing to maturity at its feeding site.[10] Males and juveniles live in the soil; males are not parasites and do not feed.[7] Under drought conditions the nematode can persist up to two years outside a host by entering an anhydrobiotic state.[4]
The life cycle is 17 to 29 days long.[6] The juvenile molts once while still inside the egg.[11] The eggs hatch in 8 to 10 days. The juvenile molts three times to reach the immature stage.[11] The immature female parasitizes the root for one to two weeks.[4] During this time the male deposits sperm, which the female stores until her gonads mature. The nematode can also reproduce via parthenogenesis, without fertilization.[4] Upon maturity the female exits the root and lays up to 200 eggs in a gelatinous matrix.[4]
Host-parasite relationship
[edit]
When the immature female penetrates the root, a feeding tube forms from stylet secretions.[8] Reniform nematode infestations can be hard to detect, as they do not cause galls or other obvious symptoms.[12] Instead, it causes symptoms in the host plant that resembles those of moisture and nutrient deficiencies. Reniform nematode cause hypertrophy in the pericycle cells of seedling roots and in the periderm cells of the roots of older plants.[13] Root growth slows and secondary root development is limited. Root necrosis has been observed in pineapple and banana. Shoot growth suppression and reduction of fruit quality has been observed in crops such as pineapple.[10] In sweet potato, early infection of reniform nematodes results in tuber cracking leading to poor storage quality.[14] Infested plants can become stunted and chlorotic. Wilt disease can follow when opportunistic fungi such as Fusarium and Verticillium infect the plants, a process observed in cotton.[4][7] Secondary fungal infection can also cause root decay. Damage from R. reniformis is directly related to the number of nematodes present when the crop is planted. Variation among nematode populations, hosts, environmental conditions, and soil types may alter the threshold or economic injury level across the geographic distribution of the nematode.[4][11]
Management
[edit]Management can be challenging, as reniform nematodes have been found in depths greater than 1m in soil and appear to become dominant over other nematodes such as southern root knot nematode (M. incognita).[14] Some plants are resistant to this nematode.[6] In susceptible taxa, chemical control is one of the most common management practices. Nematicides before and after planting can be effective.[4][11] Intercropping and crop rotation, especially with resistant or non-host plants, is used as cultural control to improve soil, increase antagonistic microorganisms, and reduce nematode populations. French marigold (Tagetes patula) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) are recommended for these uses.[4][10] Fallowing the land is another cultural practice that can be utilized, but it is much less effective than rotating resistant species, as nematodes can persist in the soil for a long time and feed off of weeds.[15] The fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum and bacteria Bacillus firmus have shown potential to become commercial agents of biological pest control against the nematode in cotton.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Ferris, H. Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nemaplex. Department of Nematology. University of California, Davis. 2012.
- ^ a b c d Robinson, A. F., et al. 1997. Rotylenchulus species: identification, distribution, host ranges, and crop plant resistance. Nematropica 27(2), 127-80.
- ^ Van Den Berg, Esther; Palomares-Rius, Juan E.; Vovlas, Nicola; Tiedt, Louwrens R.; Castillo, Pablo; Subbotin, Sergei A. (2016). "Morphological and molecular characterisation of one new and several known species of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus Linford & Oliveira, 1940 (Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae), and a phylogeny of the genus". Nematology. 18 (1): 67–107. doi:10.1163/15685411-00002945. ISSN 1388-5545.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wang, K. Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Tylenchoidea: Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae). EENY-210 (IN367). Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 2001, revised 2007.
- ^ "Diseases of Chickpea". Diseases of Chickpea. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ^ a b c d e MacGowan, J. B. The Reniform Nematode. Nematology Circular No. 32. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 1977.
- ^ a b c d e Shurtleff, M. C. and C. W. Averre. Diagnosing Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society Press. 2000. ISBN 0890542546
- ^ a b c Dropkin, V. Introduction to Plant Nematology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1980. 293p.
- ^ Reniform Nematode. Sweetpotato DiagNotes. Centre for Biological Information Technology. University of Queensland.
- ^ a b c Luc, M., et al. (Eds.) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. 2nd Edition. CABI Publishing. 2005. pp 38, 39, 709-20.
- ^ a b c d Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. Reniform Nematodes. In: Kirkpatrick, T. L. and C. S. Rothrock. (Eds.) Compendium of Cotton Diseases. 2nd edition. St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press. 2001. pp. 42–44.
- ^ Clark, C.A.; Ferrin, D.M.; Smith, T.P.; Holmes, G.J (2013). Compendium of Sweetpotato Diseases, Pests, and Disorderes, Second Edition. The American Phytopathological Society. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-89054-495-2.
- ^ Oteifa, B. A. (1970). The reniform nematode problem of Egyptian cotton production. Journal of Parasitology 56, 255.
- ^ a b Abel, Craig A.; Adams, Larry C.; Stetina, Salliana R. (13 September 2007). "Sweet Potato Yield Reduction Caused by Reniform Nematode in the Mississippi Delta". Plant Health Progress. 8. doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-1115-01-RS.
- ^ "Spotlight Magazine - Winter 2015 | CRDC". www.crdc.com.au. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ^ Castillo, J. D.; Lawrence, K. S.; Kloepper, J.W. (7 June 2013). "Biocontrol of the reniform nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on cotton". Plant Disease. 97 (3): 967–976. doi:10.1094/PDIS-10-12-0978-RE – via The American Phytopathological Society Journals.