Rotylenchulus reniformis: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m Typo fixing per WP:HYPHEN, replaced: well developed → well-developed, typos fixed: french → French using AWB (7794) |
→Host-parasite relationship: fix ref 14 url=doi=del & 2 Multiple Authors |
||
| (30 intermediate revisions by 24 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Species of roundworm}} |
|||
{{Taxobox |
|||
| name = Reniform nematode |
|||
{{Speciesbox |
|||
| image = |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| image_width = |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| image_caption = |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
|||
| phylum = [[Roundworm|Nematoda]] |
|||
| subphylum = [[Sarcodina]] |
|||
| classis = [[Secernentea]] |
|||
| ordo = [[Tylenchida]] |
|||
| subordo = [[Tylenchina]] |
|||
| superfamilia = [[Tylenchoidea]] |
|||
| familia = [[Hoplolaimidae]] |
|||
| subfamilia = [[Rotylenchulinae]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| species = '''''R. reniformis''''' |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
||
'''''Rotylenchulus reniformis''''', the '''reniform nematode''', is a species of [[parasitism|parasitic]] [[nematode]] of plants with a worldwide distribution in the [[tropics|tropical]] and [[subtropics|subtropical]] regions.<ref name=ucd>Ferris, H. [http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/g116s2.htm ''Rotylenchulus reniformis''.] Nemaplex. Department of Nematology. University of California, Davis. 2012.</ref> |
|||
==History and significance== |
|||
'''''Rotylenchulus reniformis''''' is a plant [[parasite]] [[nematode]] with a worldwide distribution in the tropical and subtropical regions.<ref>''Rotylenchulus reniformis'' http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/g116s2.htm</ref> This nematode has a wide host range infecting plants in many species around the word. It belongs to the [[family (biology)|Family]] [[Hoplolaimidae]]; it was first observed on the roots of cowpea in Hawaii. The reniform nematode was described as new species in 1940 by Linford and Oliver after four years of investigations [8]. It is called the reniform nematode because of the distinct kidney-shaped appearance of the mature female [2, 5]. ''R. reniformis'' is the only species of major economic importance to agriculture of the 10 ''Rotylenchulus'' species described [8]. |
|||
==Taxonomy== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
This nematode has a wide host range, infecting many species of plants around the world. It was first observed on the roots of [[cowpea]] in [[Hawaii]], and was described as new species and new genus in 1940.<ref name=rob>Robinson, A. F., et al. 1997. [http://journals.fcla.edu/nematropica/article/view/64190/61858 ''Rotylenchulus'' species: identification, distribution, host ranges, and crop plant resistance.] ''Nematropica'' 27(2), 127-80.</ref> Its [[Species name|specific epithet]], ''reniformis'', was inspired by the [[kidney]] shape of the adult female.<ref name=ucd/> There are now ten species classified in the genus, but ''R. reniformis'' is the only species of major economic importance to agriculture.<ref name=rob/> Recent studies have demonstrated ''[[Rotylenchulus macrosoma|R. macrosoma]]'' is the [[Sister group|sister species]] to ''R. reniformis.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Den Berg |first=Esther |last2=Palomares-Rius |first2=Juan E. |last3=Vovlas |first3=Nicola |last4=Tiedt |first4=Louwrens R. |last5=Castillo |first5=Pablo |last6=Subbotin |first6=Sergei A. |date=2016 |title=Morphological and molecular characterisation of one new and several known species of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus Linford & Oliveira, 1940 (Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae), and a phylogeny of the genus |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nemy/18/1/article-p67_7.xml |journal=Nematology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=67–107 |doi=10.1163/15685411-00002945 |issn=1388-5545}}</ref> |
|||
''R. reniformis'' has been found associated with hundreds of species of plants in tropical and subtropical areas. It has been reported in thousands of localities in South America, Central America, North America, the Caribbean Basin, Africa, Europe, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, China, Japan and the Philippines [8, 11]. Its wide distribution is due to the wide range of host it infects; including fruit trees, lentil, cotton, cowpea, pigeonpea, tea, tobacco, soybean, pineapple, bananas, okra, coconut, cabbage, sweet potato, alfalfa, corn, asparagus, palm, cucumber, tomato, pumpkin, squash, cassava, radish, eggplant, guava, melon and ginger [2, 5, 8]. |
|||
Certain species of plants such as wild barley, mustard, oats, barnyard grass, pangola grass, red-hot and sweet pepper, spinach have been reported as non-host to reniform nematode [2, 5]. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
''R. reniformis'' has been reported from thousands of localities in the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.<ref name=rob/><ref name=fl>Wang, K. [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in367 Reniform Nematode, ''Rotylenchulus reniformis'' Linford and Oliveira (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Tylenchoidea: Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae).] EENY-210 (IN367). Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 2001, revised 2007.</ref> It has a wide host range that includes fruit trees, [[lentil]], [[cotton]], [[pigeon pea]], [[Camellia sinensis|tea]], [[tobacco]], [[soybean]], [[pineapple]], [[banana]], [[okra]], [[coconut]], [[cabbage]], [[sweet potato]], [[alfalfa]], [[maize|corn]], [[asparagus]], [[arecaceae|palm]], [[cucumber]], [[tomato]], [[Squash (plant)|squash]], [[cassava]], [[radish]], [[eggplant]], [[guava]], [[melon]], [[chickpea]], and [[ginger]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diseases of Chickpea |url=https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Chickpea.aspx |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Diseases of Chickpea |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=rob/><ref name=mac>MacGowan, J. B. [http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/nema/nemacirc/nem032.pdf The Reniform Nematode.] Nematology Circular No. 32. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 1977.</ref> Certain plants are considered to be non-hosts of the nematode, such as [[Hordeum pusillum|little barley]], [[Echinochloa crus-galli|common barnyard grass]], [[digitaria eriantha|pangola grass]], [[Capsicum annuum|peppers]], and some [[cultivar]]s of [[Brassica nigra|black mustard]], [[oat]], [[spinach]], and [[Saccharum officinarum|sugarcane]].<ref name=mac/> |
|||
==Morphology== |
==Morphology== |
||
The reniform nematode has [[esophagus|esophageal]] glands overlapping the intestine and a short [[Stylet (anatomy)|stylet]]. The dorsal esophageal gland orifice is located posterior to the stylet knobs.<ref name=mac/><ref name=shurt>Shurtleff, M. C. and C. W. Averre. ''Diagnosing Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes''. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society Press. 2000. {{ISBN|0890542546}}</ref> The immature female is slender and may be spiral- or C-shaped in death.<ref name=drop>Dropkin, V. ''Introduction to Plant Nematology''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1980. 293p.</ref> It is about 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters long.<ref>[http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpotato%20Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblems/Nematodes/ReniformNematode/Reniform%20nematode.htm Reniform Nematode.] Sweetpotato DiagNotes. Centre for Biological Information Technology. University of Queensland.</ref> The mature female has a swollen, kidney-shaped body with a short tail, a short, thin stylet with rounded stylet knobs, a three-part esophagus, a long and narrow isthmus, and a well-developed metacarpus. The vulva is just behind the middle of the body.<ref name=shurt/> The male is [[vermiform]]: with a wormlike appearance. It has a weak stylet, curved [[spicule (nematode)|spicule]]s, and a pointed tail. The esophagus is reduced.<ref name=shurt/><ref name=drop/> |
|||
Males are vermiform; they have a weak stylet and knobs, curved spicules and pointed tail; the esophagus is degenerate, with a reduced median bulb [2, 10]. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
''R. reniformis'' is sedentary semi-endoparasite on roots of many plants [2, 3, 4]. Mature females penetrate partly into roots, leaving the posterior portion of their bodies projecting at the surface [2, 8]. Juveniles, males and immature females are found in soil [10]. The immature female is the infective stage penetrating roots [2, 4]. Males are not parasites, they do not feed but they are important for reproduction [10]. Under drought conditions, ''R. reniformis'' can survives 1–2 years without host by entering an anhydrobiotic state [11]. |
|||
''R. reniformis'' is sexually [[Sexual dimorphism|dimorphic]]; its life cycle is completed in 17 to 23 days under favorable temperatures [6]. The developing juvenile (J1) molt once while still inside the egg shell [3, 8]; the eggs hatch in 8–10 days, then a J2 develops molting 3 times (J3 and J4) in the soil to become immature males and females [3, 6]. The anterior one-third of the young female body penetrates roots and forms a feeding site ([[syncytium]]) in the endodermis. The female continue to develop, swelling and becoming kidney-shaped [3]. The female deposits eggs in a gelatinous matrix containing about 50 eggs on surface of the root after 7–10 days [6, 10]. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
Infective stage penetrates the epidermis and cortical parenchyma of the host [[root]], only the anterior part of the body is embedded within root tissue. Penetration is stopped when lips reach the [[endodermis]], resulting in formation of a trophic site that consist of a [[syncytium]] structure, which forms from an endodermal cell and enlarge by incorporation of adjacent [[parenchyma]] cells of the pericycle and vascular parenchyma [8]. A feeding tube forms from stylet secretions [2]. |
|||
''R. reniformis'' can induce symptoms resembling those of moisture and nutrient deficiencies on above ground plant parts. Reniform nematode can causes hypertrophy in the pericycle cells of root seedlings and in the periderm cells of the roots of 4-5 week old plants [7]. Generally root growth is reduced with limited secondary root development. It can produce root necrosis in pineapple and banana. Shoot growth suppression is observed and reduction of fruit quality in infected crops such as pineapple [4]. Infected plants can become severely stunted and chlorotic, and may wilt. Wilting is often caused by opportunistic parasites such as the ''Fusarium'' and ''Verticillium'' wilts on cotton [10, 11]. Root decay can be caused by secondary fungi infection. |
|||
Damage from ''R. reniformis'' is directly related to the number of nematodes present when the crop is planted. Variation among nematode populations, host, environmental conditions and soil types may alter the threshold or economic injury level across the geographic distribution of this nematode [3, 11]. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
Genetic resistance to reniform nematode has not been found in pineapple and cotton [3, 4]. Certain soybean and tomato cultivars are resistant to this nematode [2, 9]. Chemical control is one of the most common management practices against reniform nematode; [[nematicides]] prior and post planting are effective and increase yield [3, 9, 11]. Intercropping cover crops and crop rotation with resistant or non-host plants is used as a cultural practices to enhance soil physical characteristics, increase antagonistic microorganism, and reduce nematode populations to low levels prior to planting because some of them have allelopathic effects towards nematode. Rotations with species such as French marigold (''Tagetes patula''), Sunn hemp (''Crotalaria juncea''), are recommended [4, 11]. Moist fallow with weed control is also recommended to declines reniform nematode in crops like pineapple [4]. Use of ''Paecilomyces lilacinus'' as a biocontrol agent, has been reported in Chickpea [1]. |
|||
==References== |
|||
1. Ashraf, M.S and Khan, T.A. 2008. Biomanagement of reniform nematode, ''Rotylenchulus reniformis'' by fruit wastes and ''Paecilomyces lilacinus'' on Chickpea. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (4): 492-494. |
|||
2. Dropkin, V. 1980. Introduction to plant nematology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 293p. |
|||
3. Lawrence, G.W. and McLean. 2001. Pag 42-44 In Compendium of Cotton Diseases 2ed. Kirkpatrick, T.L. and Rothrock, C.S. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota. |
|||
4. Luc, M., Sikora, R. and Bridge, J. 2005. Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. 2 ed. CABI Publishing. pp 38, 39, 709-720. |
|||
5. MacGowan, J.B. 1977. The reniform nematode. Nematology Circular No. 32. Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. Division of Plant Industry. |
|||
6. Nyvall, R.F. 1999. Field Crop Diseases. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, p. 216, ISBN 0-585-16534-3. |
|||
7. Oteifa, Bakir A. 1970. The reniform nematode problem of Egyptian cotton production. The Journal of Parasitology 56(4): Section 2, Part 1: Supplement: Second International Congress of Parasitology, Resumes Nos. 1-702., pp. 1–389, p. 255. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
8. Robinson, A.F., Inserra, R.N., Caswell-Chen, E.P., Vovlvas, N. and Troccoli, A. 1997. ''Rotylenchulus'' species: identification, distribution, host ranges, and crop plant resistance. Nematropica 27 (2): 127-180. |
|||
''R. reniformis'' is sedentary [[parasitism|semi-endoparasite]] on the roots of plants.<ref name=fl/> The female penetrates the root and remains in one position at a permanent feeding site with its posterior end projecting from the root.<ref name=fl/> The immature female is the infective agent, attacking the root and growing to maturity at its feeding site.<ref name=luc>Luc, M., et al. (Eds.) [http://bookshop.cabi.org/Uploads/Books/PDF/9780851997278/9780851997278.pdf ''Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture''. 2nd Edition.] CABI Publishing. 2005. pp 38, 39, 709-20.</ref> Males and juveniles live in the soil; males are not parasites and do not feed.<ref name=shurt/> Under [[drought]] conditions the nematode can persist up to two years outside a host by entering an [[Cryptobiosis|anhydrobiotic]] state.<ref name=fl/> |
|||
The life cycle is 17 to 29 days long.<ref name=mac/> The juvenile [[moulting|molts]] once while still inside the egg.<ref name=cotton>Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. Reniform Nematodes. In: Kirkpatrick, T. L. and C. S. Rothrock. (Eds.) ''Compendium of Cotton Diseases''. 2nd edition. St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press. 2001. pp. 42–44.</ref> The eggs hatch in 8 to 10 days. The juvenile molts three times to reach the immature stage.<ref name=cotton/> The immature female parasitizes the root for one to two weeks.<ref name=fl/> During this time the male deposits sperm, which the female stores until her gonads mature. The nematode can also reproduce via [[parthenogenesis]], without fertilization.<ref name=fl/> Upon maturity the female exits the root and lays up to 200 eggs in a gelatinous matrix.<ref name=fl/> |
|||
9. Rohrbach, K.G. and Schmitt, D.P. 1994. Reniform Nematode. Pag 53-54 In Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. Ploetz, R.C., Zentmyer, G.A., Nishijima, W.T., Rohrbach, K.G. and Ohr, H.D. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
10. Shurtleff, M. and Averre, C.W. 2000. Diagnosis plant diseases caused by nematodes. APS Press. The American Phytopathologycal Society. St. Paul, Minnesota. pp 127–129. |
|||
[[File:Sweetpotato infected by reniform nematodes14618951783.jpg|thumb|Sweetpotato infected by reniform nematodes]] |
|||
When the immature female penetrates the root, a feeding tube forms from stylet secretions.<ref name=drop/> Reniform nematode infestations can be hard to detect, as they do not cause galls or other obvious symptoms.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Clark|first1=C.A. |last2=Ferrin|first2=D.M.|last3=Smith|first3=T.P.|last4=Holmes|first4=G.J|title=Compendium of Sweetpotato Diseases, Pests, and Disorderes, Second Edition.|publisher=The American Phytopathological Society|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89054-495-2|pages=67-69}}</ref> Instead, it causes symptoms in the host plant that resembles those of moisture and nutrient deficiencies. Reniform nematode cause hypertrophy in the [[pericycle]] cells of seedling roots and in the [[Bark (botany)|periderm]] cells of the roots of older plants.<ref name=ote>Oteifa, B. A. (1970). The reniform nematode problem of Egyptian cotton production. ''Journal of Parasitology'' 56, 255.</ref> Root growth slows and secondary root development is limited. Root [[necrosis]] has been observed in pineapple and banana. Shoot growth suppression and reduction of fruit quality has been observed in crops such as pineapple.<ref name=luc/> In sweet potato, early infection of reniform nematodes results in tuber cracking leading to poor storage quality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|first1=Craig A.|last1=Abel|first2=Larry C.|last2=Adams|first3=Salliana R.|last3=Stetina|date=13 September 2007|title=Sweet Potato Yield Reduction Caused by Reniform Nematode in the Mississippi Delta|journal=Plant Health Progress|volume=8 |doi=10.1094/PHP-2007-1115-01-RS }}</ref> Infested plants can become stunted and [[chlorosis|chlorotic]]. [[Wilt disease]] can follow when opportunistic [[fungus|fungi]] such as ''[[Fusarium]]'' and ''[[Verticillium]]'' infect the plants, a process observed in cotton.<ref name=fl/><ref name=shurt/> Secondary fungal infection can also cause root decay. Damage from ''R. reniformis'' is directly related to the number of nematodes present when the crop is planted. Variation among nematode populations, hosts, environmental conditions, and soil types may alter the threshold or economic injury level across the geographic distribution of the nematode.<ref name=fl/><ref name=cotton/> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
11. [http://edis.ifas.Ufl.edu/IN367 Wang, Koon-Hui. Reniform Nematode. ''Rotylenchulus reniformis'' University of Florida IFAS Extension] |
|||
Management can be challenging, as reniform nematodes have been found in depths greater than 1m in soil and appear to become dominant over other nematodes such as southern root knot nematode (''M. incognita).''<ref name=":0" /> Some plants are resistant to this nematode.<ref name=mac/> In susceptible taxa, chemical control is one of the most common management practices. [[Nematicide]]s before and after planting can be effective.<ref name=fl/><ref name=cotton/> [[Intercropping]] and [[crop rotation]], especially with resistant or non-host plants, is used as [[cultural control]] to improve soil, increase antagonistic microorganisms, and reduce nematode populations. [[Tagetes patula|French marigold]] (''Tagetes patula'') and [[Crotalaria juncea|sunn hemp]] (''Crotalaria juncea'') are recommended for these uses.<ref name=fl/><ref name=luc/> [[Fallow|Fallowing]] the land is another cultural practice that can be utilized, but it is much less effective than rotating resistant species, as nematodes can persist in the soil for a long time and feed off of weeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotlight Magazine - Winter 2015 {{!}} CRDC |url=https://www.crdc.com.au/publications/spotlight-magazine-winter-2015 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.crdc.com.au}}</ref> The fungus'' [[Purpureocillium|Purpureocillium lilacinum]]'' and bacteria ''[[Bacillus firmus]]'' have shown potential to become commercial agents of [[biological pest control]] against the nematode in cotton.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Castillo |first1=J. D. |last2=Lawrence |first2=K. S. |last3=Kloepper |first3=J.W. |date=7 June 2013 |title=Biocontrol of the reniform nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on cotton |journal=Plant Disease |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=967-976 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-10-12-0978-RE |via=The American Phytopathological Society Journals}}</ref> |
|||
== |
== References == |
||
{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7370726}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/nematode/r_reniformis.htm Reniform Nematode, ''Rotylenchulus reniformis'' University of Florida Department of Entomology and Nematology] |
|||
* [http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpotato%20Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblems/Nematodes/ReniformNematode/Reniform%20nematode.htm Gapasin, Ruben "Reniform nematode" Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research] |
|||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Tylenchida]] |
||
[[Category:Plant |
[[Category:Plant pathogenic nematodes]] |
||
[[Category:Nematodes]] |
[[Category:Nematodes described in 1940]] |
||
Latest revision as of 19:55, 8 April 2024
| Rotylenchulus reniformis | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nematoda |
| Class: | Secernentea |
| Order: | Tylenchida |
| Family: | Hoplolaimidae |
| Genus: | Rotylenchulus |
| Species: | R. reniformis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira, 1940
| |
Rotylenchulus reniformis, the reniform nematode, is a species of parasitic nematode of plants with a worldwide distribution in the tropical and subtropical regions.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]This nematode has a wide host range, infecting many species of plants around the world. It was first observed on the roots of cowpea in Hawaii, and was described as new species and new genus in 1940.[2] Its specific epithet, reniformis, was inspired by the kidney shape of the adult female.[1] There are now ten species classified in the genus, but R. reniformis is the only species of major economic importance to agriculture.[2] Recent studies have demonstrated R. macrosoma is the sister species to R. reniformis.[3]
Distribution and host range
[edit]R. reniformis has been reported from thousands of localities in the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.[2][4] It has a wide host range that includes fruit trees, lentil, cotton, pigeon pea, tea, tobacco, soybean, pineapple, banana, okra, coconut, cabbage, sweet potato, alfalfa, corn, asparagus, palm, cucumber, tomato, squash, cassava, radish, eggplant, guava, melon, chickpea, and ginger.[5][2][6] Certain plants are considered to be non-hosts of the nematode, such as little barley, common barnyard grass, pangola grass, peppers, and some cultivars of black mustard, oat, spinach, and sugarcane.[6]
Morphology
[edit]The reniform nematode has esophageal glands overlapping the intestine and a short stylet. The dorsal esophageal gland orifice is located posterior to the stylet knobs.[6][7] The immature female is slender and may be spiral- or C-shaped in death.[8] It is about 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters long.[9] The mature female has a swollen, kidney-shaped body with a short tail, a short, thin stylet with rounded stylet knobs, a three-part esophagus, a long and narrow isthmus, and a well-developed metacarpus. The vulva is just behind the middle of the body.[7] The male is vermiform: with a wormlike appearance. It has a weak stylet, curved spicules, and a pointed tail. The esophagus is reduced.[7][8]
Life cycle
[edit]R. reniformis is sedentary semi-endoparasite on the roots of plants.[4] The female penetrates the root and remains in one position at a permanent feeding site with its posterior end projecting from the root.[4] The immature female is the infective agent, attacking the root and growing to maturity at its feeding site.[10] Males and juveniles live in the soil; males are not parasites and do not feed.[7] Under drought conditions the nematode can persist up to two years outside a host by entering an anhydrobiotic state.[4]
The life cycle is 17 to 29 days long.[6] The juvenile molts once while still inside the egg.[11] The eggs hatch in 8 to 10 days. The juvenile molts three times to reach the immature stage.[11] The immature female parasitizes the root for one to two weeks.[4] During this time the male deposits sperm, which the female stores until her gonads mature. The nematode can also reproduce via parthenogenesis, without fertilization.[4] Upon maturity the female exits the root and lays up to 200 eggs in a gelatinous matrix.[4]
Host-parasite relationship
[edit]
When the immature female penetrates the root, a feeding tube forms from stylet secretions.[8] Reniform nematode infestations can be hard to detect, as they do not cause galls or other obvious symptoms.[12] Instead, it causes symptoms in the host plant that resembles those of moisture and nutrient deficiencies. Reniform nematode cause hypertrophy in the pericycle cells of seedling roots and in the periderm cells of the roots of older plants.[13] Root growth slows and secondary root development is limited. Root necrosis has been observed in pineapple and banana. Shoot growth suppression and reduction of fruit quality has been observed in crops such as pineapple.[10] In sweet potato, early infection of reniform nematodes results in tuber cracking leading to poor storage quality.[14] Infested plants can become stunted and chlorotic. Wilt disease can follow when opportunistic fungi such as Fusarium and Verticillium infect the plants, a process observed in cotton.[4][7] Secondary fungal infection can also cause root decay. Damage from R. reniformis is directly related to the number of nematodes present when the crop is planted. Variation among nematode populations, hosts, environmental conditions, and soil types may alter the threshold or economic injury level across the geographic distribution of the nematode.[4][11]
Management
[edit]Management can be challenging, as reniform nematodes have been found in depths greater than 1m in soil and appear to become dominant over other nematodes such as southern root knot nematode (M. incognita).[14] Some plants are resistant to this nematode.[6] In susceptible taxa, chemical control is one of the most common management practices. Nematicides before and after planting can be effective.[4][11] Intercropping and crop rotation, especially with resistant or non-host plants, is used as cultural control to improve soil, increase antagonistic microorganisms, and reduce nematode populations. French marigold (Tagetes patula) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) are recommended for these uses.[4][10] Fallowing the land is another cultural practice that can be utilized, but it is much less effective than rotating resistant species, as nematodes can persist in the soil for a long time and feed off of weeds.[15] The fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum and bacteria Bacillus firmus have shown potential to become commercial agents of biological pest control against the nematode in cotton.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Ferris, H. Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nemaplex. Department of Nematology. University of California, Davis. 2012.
- ^ a b c d Robinson, A. F., et al. 1997. Rotylenchulus species: identification, distribution, host ranges, and crop plant resistance. Nematropica 27(2), 127-80.
- ^ Van Den Berg, Esther; Palomares-Rius, Juan E.; Vovlas, Nicola; Tiedt, Louwrens R.; Castillo, Pablo; Subbotin, Sergei A. (2016). "Morphological and molecular characterisation of one new and several known species of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus Linford & Oliveira, 1940 (Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae), and a phylogeny of the genus". Nematology. 18 (1): 67–107. doi:10.1163/15685411-00002945. ISSN 1388-5545.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wang, K. Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Tylenchoidea: Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae). EENY-210 (IN367). Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 2001, revised 2007.
- ^ "Diseases of Chickpea". Diseases of Chickpea. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ^ a b c d e MacGowan, J. B. The Reniform Nematode. Nematology Circular No. 32. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 1977.
- ^ a b c d e Shurtleff, M. C. and C. W. Averre. Diagnosing Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society Press. 2000. ISBN 0890542546
- ^ a b c Dropkin, V. Introduction to Plant Nematology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1980. 293p.
- ^ Reniform Nematode. Sweetpotato DiagNotes. Centre for Biological Information Technology. University of Queensland.
- ^ a b c Luc, M., et al. (Eds.) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. 2nd Edition. CABI Publishing. 2005. pp 38, 39, 709-20.
- ^ a b c d Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. Reniform Nematodes. In: Kirkpatrick, T. L. and C. S. Rothrock. (Eds.) Compendium of Cotton Diseases. 2nd edition. St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society Press. 2001. pp. 42–44.
- ^ Clark, C.A.; Ferrin, D.M.; Smith, T.P.; Holmes, G.J (2013). Compendium of Sweetpotato Diseases, Pests, and Disorderes, Second Edition. The American Phytopathological Society. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-89054-495-2.
- ^ Oteifa, B. A. (1970). The reniform nematode problem of Egyptian cotton production. Journal of Parasitology 56, 255.
- ^ a b Abel, Craig A.; Adams, Larry C.; Stetina, Salliana R. (13 September 2007). "Sweet Potato Yield Reduction Caused by Reniform Nematode in the Mississippi Delta". Plant Health Progress. 8. doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-1115-01-RS.
- ^ "Spotlight Magazine - Winter 2015 | CRDC". www.crdc.com.au. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- ^ Castillo, J. D.; Lawrence, K. S.; Kloepper, J.W. (7 June 2013). "Biocontrol of the reniform nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on cotton". Plant Disease. 97 (3): 967–976. doi:10.1094/PDIS-10-12-0978-RE – via The American Phytopathological Society Journals.