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{{short description|Scientist}}
{{Short description|English–New Zealand scientist (1836–1905)}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick Hutton
| name = Frederick Hutton
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|FRS|size=100%}}
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FGS|size=100%}} CMZS
| image = Frederick Wollaston Hutton.gif
| image = Frederick Wollaston Hutton-BB.jpg
| birth_name = Frederick Wollaston Hutton
| birth_name = Frederick Wollaston Hutton
| birth_date = 16 November 1836
| birth_date = {{birth date |1836|11|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gate Burton]], [[Lincolnshire]], England
| birth_place = [[Gate Burton]], [[Lincolnshire]], England
| death_date = 27 October 1905
| death_date = {{death date and age |1905|10|27|1836|11|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = Died at sea
| death_place = Died at sea
| awards =
| awards = Fellow of the Royal Society (1892), Clarke Medal (1891)
* [[Indian Mutiny Medal]], Relief of Lucknow and Lucknow clasps<ref name="NoonanIMMR">{{cite web |title=Indian Mutiny Medal Medal Roll |website=Noonans |url=https://www.noonans.co.uk/services/resources/medal-rolls/4/results/?Surname=hutton&Forenames=&Number=&Unit=&Rank=&Clasps= |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[Clarke Medal]] (1891)
* {{nowrap|[[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (1892)}}
| resting_place = Buried at sea off [[Cape Town]], South Africa
| resting_place = Buried at sea off [[Cape Town]], South Africa
| workplaces =
| workplaces = Colonial Museum, Wellington (1871–1873); Otago Museum, Dunedin (1874–1879); and the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (1887–1905)
* [[Royal Society Te Apārangi|New Zealand Institute]]
* [[Auckland Institute and Museum|Auckland Institute]] · [[Auckland War Memorial Museum|Auckland Museum]], Auckland (1867–1869)<ref name="DSC18670510.2.13"/><ref name="NZH18670607.2.2.5"/>
* [[Te Papa|Colonial Museum]], Wellington (1871–1873)
* [[Otago Institute]] · [[Otago Museum]], Dunedin (1874–1879)
* [[Canterbury Museum, Christchurch|Canterbury Museum]], Christchurch (1887–1905)
}}
}}


Captain '''Frederick Wollaston Hutton''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FGS}} (16 November 1836&nbsp;– 27 October 1905) was an English-born New Zealand scientist who applied the theory of [[natural selection]] to explain the origins and nature of the [[natural history]] of [[New Zealand]]. Whilst an army officer, he embarked on an academic career in geology and biology, to become one of the most able and prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand.
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}


==Early life==
Captain '''Frederick Wollaston Hutton''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|FRS}} (16 November 1836&nbsp;– 27 October 1905) was an English-New Zealand scientist who applied the theory of [[natural selection]] to explain the origins and nature of the [[natural history]] of [[New Zealand]]. An army officer in early life, he then had an academic career in geology and biology. He became one of the most able and prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand.
Frederick Hutton's biographical accounts assert that he was born at [[Gate Burton]], [[Lincolnshire]], on 16 November 1836, and by parish records was baptised there on 27 January 1837; the second son of the Rev. Henry Frederick Hutton and his wife Louisa Wollaston, daughter of the Rev. Henry John Wollaston.<ref name="Burke1985">{{cite book |last=Burke |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke |editor-last=Burke |editor-first=Ashworth Peter |title=Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry |volume=2 |publisher=Harrison & Sons |location=London |date=1895 |pages=526–528 |url=https://ia600205.us.archive.org/5/items/genealogicalhera00burk/genealogicalhera00burk.pdf |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=34079 |first=Alan |last=Mason |title=Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1836–1905)}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Frederick Wollaston Hutton, 25 January 1857. England, Lincolnshire, Parish Registers, 1538–1990 |website=FamilySearch |date=4 August 2022 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPLQ-DVDT}}</ref> Paternal grandfather, William Hutton, was the owner of the Gate Burton estate.<ref>{{cite web |last=Best |first=Stephen |title=A Church's Year: Part 2: "A Great Religious Character": Victorian Sneinton Through the Eyes of its Parish Magazine |website=Notinghamshire History |date=1 June 2021 |url=http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/articles/sneinton/sm75_13-24.htm |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> His signed military statement of services, however, records that he was born at [[Bracknell]], [[Berkshire]], England, on 16 November 1836.<ref name="WO 76/221/145">{{citation |title=WO 76/221/145: WO 76. Royal Welch Fusiliers (1st Batn): Statement of the Services of Lieutenant F. W. Hutton of the 23" Regt. of R. W. Fusiliers with a Record of such other Particulars as may be useful in case of his Death |pages=145–146 |date=1855–1858 |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C178241}}</ref>


He received his early education through Southwell Grammar School, Notinghamshire, and, with a view to entering the [[Royal Navy]], the Royal Naval Academy at [[Gosport]], Hampshire. After brief service as a midshipman in Green's Merchant Service, with three voyages to India in the ''Alfred'', he went on to civil engineer studies at the applied science department of [[King's College London]] in 1854–55.<ref name="T&PRSNZ1905">{{cite journal |editor-last=Hamilton |editor-first=A |title=In Memoriam |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=38 |date=June 1906 |pages=v–vii |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/transactions-and-proceedings-of-the-royal-society-of-new-zealand/1905/00/00/-38/13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Frederick W Hutton. 1851 England, Scotland and Wales Census: Alverstoke, Hampshire, England |website=FamilySearch |date=12 September 2019 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:SGY1-72Z |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Cox1886">{{cite book |editor-last=Cox |editor-first=Alfred |title=Men of Mark of New Zealand |publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs (Limited) |location=Christchurch, New Zealand |date=1886 |pages=109–111 |url=https://ia902204.us.archive.org/0/items/menofmarkofnewze00chriiala/menofmarkofnewze00chriiala.pdf |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
== Biography ==
[[File:Hutton plaque.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque to Hutton in [[ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch|ChristChurch Cathedral]]]]
Hutton was born in [[Gate Burton]], Lincolnshire, England and passed through [[Southwell, Nottinghamshire|Southwell]] [[Grammar school]] and the [[Royal Navy|Naval Academy]] at [[Gosport]], Hampshire. He studied [[applied science]] at [[King's College London]] before being commissioned in the [[Royal Welch Fusiliers]] and fighting in the [[Crimean War]] and the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]].<ref name="DNZB Hutton">{{DNZB|Parton|H. N.|2h59|Hutton, Frederick Wollaston|4 April 2011}}</ref>


==Career==
Hutton returned to England in 1860, and continued to study geology at [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Sandhurst]], being elected to the [[Geological Society of London]] in the same year. Hutton married Annie Gouger Montgomerie in 1863, and resigned his commission in 1866 to travel with his wife and two children to New Zealand, where four more children would follow. They lived initially in [[Waikato]], where Hutton tried his hand at [[flax]] milling, but he soon changed back to geology, joining the Geological Survey of New Zealand in 1866 and becoming Provincial Geologist of [[Otago]] in 1874. At the same time, he was made lecturer in geology at the [[University of Otago]] and curator of the museum there.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crane|first=Rosi|date=2020-05-13|title=What were they thinking? Tracing evolution in the Otago Museum, 1868–1936|journal=Museum History Journal|volume=13|language=en|pages=61–79|doi=10.1080/19369816.2020.1759005|s2cid=219420657|issn=1936-9816}}</ref> Hutton became professor of biology at [[University of Canterbury|Canterbury College]] in 1880, and was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1892.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=8&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27hutton%27%29 |title=The Royal Society - Fellow details|website=The Royal Society|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref> The following year, he also took on the curatorship of the [[Canterbury Museum, Christchurch|Canterbury Museum]]. Towards the end of his life, Hutton was made president of the [[Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union]]. He was awarded the [[Clarke Medal]] by the [[Royal Society of New South Wales]] in 1891. He was the first President of the New Zealand Institute (which later became the [[Royal Society of New Zealand]]), from 1904 to his death in 1905; he was followed by [[Sir James Hector]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-council/presidents/ |title=Royal Society Te Aparangi - Presidents |publisher=[[Royal Society of New Zealand]] |date=2017 |access-date=2017-07-08}}</ref> He was one of the inaugural vice-chairmen of the [[New Zealand Alpine Club]], which was founded in July 1891.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alpine Club |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/LT18910729.2.10 |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=[[Lyttelton Times]] |volume=LXXVI |issue=9478 |date=29 July 1891 |page=3}}</ref>
===Military===
At the age of 18.5 years, Hutton purchased a commission as ensign in the [[Royal Welch Fusiliers|23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]] on 18 May 1855.<ref>{{cite news |title=War-Office, 18th May, 1855 |work=The London Gazette |date=18 May 1855 |issue=21714 |page=1917 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21714/page/1917}}</ref> Stationed at [[Malta]], November 1855–8 March 1856, he moved on to take part in the [[Crimean War]], 9 March–21 July 1856, and [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]], 28 September 1857–22 May 1858.<ref name="DNZB Hutton">{{DNZB|Parton|H. N.|2h59|Hutton, Frederick Wollaston|4 April 2011}}</ref> Following Crimea, and having advanced to rank of lieutenant by purchase on 27 March 1857,<ref>{{cite news |title=War-Office, Pall-Mall, 27th March, 1857 |work=The London Gazette |date=27 March 1857 |issue=21982 |page=1135 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21982/page/1135}}</ref> the regiment embarked for the [[Second Opium War|war in China]] but as with other forces, was diverted at [[Singapore]] to [[Calcutta]] for the mutiny in India.<ref name="Cox1886"/> Joining the army at [[Lucknow]] on 14 November, Hutton was present at the [[Siege of Lucknow|second relief of Lucknow]], the defeat of the Gwalior Contingent in the [[Second Battle of Cawnpore|second battle of Cawnpore]] and the retaking of Lucknow in March 1858, under the command of General Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]].<ref name="WO 76/221/145"/> He was issued the [[Indian Mutiny Medal]] with two clasps—Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow.<ref name="NoonanIMMR"/>


Transferred to 2nd Battalion of his regiment on 22 May 1858, he returned home in June 1858 to help raise it. After passing, through the [[Small Arms School Corps|School of Musketry]], [[Hythe, Kent]], he was appointed Instructor of Musketry to his battalion on 2 November 1858,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Henry George |title=The New Army List and Militia List for 1859 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |volume=20 |date=1859 |page=227 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/107473123 |via=[[National Library of Scotland|NLS]]}}</ref> and accompanied his regiment to Malta.
He worked successively at the [[Colonial Museum]], Wellington (1871–1873); [[Otago Museum]], Dunedin (1874–1879);<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutton|first=F.W.|date=1874|title=Otago Museum|journal=Appendix to Votes & Proceedings of the Otago Provincial Council. Session XXXIII|volume=1874|pages=79}}</ref> and the [[Canterbury Museum, Christchurch|Canterbury Museum]], Christchurch (1887–1905).


Back in England in 1860, and having devoted some study to geology, Hutton was elected a Fellow of the [[Geological Society of London]] (FGS). Over the next few years he completed military training at Staff College, Sandhurst, and Woolwich.<ref name="T&PRSNZ1905"/> He'd also taken a six month chemistry course in inorganic analysis with Professor [[George Downing Liveing]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], then teaching at Sandhurst.<ref name="GSNZ133F2013">{{citation |last1=Mildenhall |first1=Esme |last2=Burns |first2=Rowan |last3=Nathan |first3=Simon |title=Transcriptions of Selected Letters from Frederick Wollaston Hutton to James Hector and Julius Haast |work=Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133F |edition=2 |publisher=Geoscience Society of New Zealand Inc |date=2013 |pages= |url=https://gsnz.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Shop/Products/MP133/MP133F_2nd_ed.pdf |issn=2230-4495}}</ref><ref name="Campbell1984">{{cite magazine |last=Campbell |first=J. D. |title=F. W. Hutton: The Auckland Years, 1866–1871 |magazine=Newsletter. Geological Society of New Zealand |issue=64 |publisher=Geological Society of New Zealand |location= |date=May 1984 |pages=22–29 |url= |issn=0431-2163}}</ref>
Hutton died on the return voyage on the [[SS Rimutaka (1900)|SS ''Rimutaka'']] from England on 27 October 1905, and was [[burial at sea|buried at sea]] off [[Cape Town]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealanders and Science, 6 — Hutton|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-JenNewZ-t1-body-d6.html#n97|last=Jenkinson|first=Sidney Hartley|date=1940|website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223060052/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-JenNewZ-t1-body-d6.html#n97|archive-date=2019-12-23|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> He is commemorated in the [[Hutton Memorial Medal and Research Fund]], awarded for scientific works bearing on the [[zoology]], [[botany]] or geology of New Zealand. [[Hutton's shearwater]] (''Puffinus huttoni''), a sea bird, was named after him.


In 1862, he was attached first to the [[Royal Horse Artillery]] and thereafter to the [[9th Queen's Royal Lancers|9th Lancers]]. Following elevation to rank of captain by purchase on 2 December 1862,<ref>{{cite news |title=War Office, Pall Mall, 2nd December, 1862 |work=The London Gazette |issue=22686 |date=2 December 1862 |page=6147 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22686/page/6147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Henry George |title=The New Army List, and Militia List, for 1865 |volume=26 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |date=1865 |page=273 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/104599598}}</ref> he married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, at [[Holy Trinity, Paddington]], London, on 4 February 1863.<ref name="HTC1863">{{cite web |title=Parish Registers of Holy Trinity Church (Paddington, Middlesex), Marriages, 1847–1863 |date=1863 |page=213 |website=FamilySearch |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:68F7-J8G5 |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> He re-joined his regiment at Malta but was appointed to the staff of Ireland from 11 September 1863, as Brigade Major, 2nd Infantry Brigade, at the [[Curragh Camp|Curragh]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Henry George |title=The New Army List, and Militia List, for 1864 |volume=25 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |date=1864 |page=495 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/107485579}}</ref><ref name="Cox1886"/> That year he published the paper, ''The Importance of a Knowledge of Geology to Military Men'', in the Journal of the Royal United Service Institution.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=The Importance of a Knowledge of Geology to Military Men |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution |volume=6 |publisher=W. Mitchell and Son |location=London |date=1863 |issue=24 |pages=342–360 |doi=10.1080/03071846209418194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hykmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA342}}</ref> After some nine months at the Curragh, Hutton moved to head quarters in [[Dublin]] as Deputy Assistant Quarter Master General from 1 July 1864,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Henry George |title=The New Army List, and Militia List, for 1865 |volume=26 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |date=1865|page=494 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/104602226}}</ref> then, in November 1865, resigned and sold out of the army.<ref name="Cox1886"/>
==Evolution==


During those years he had "geologised, more or less, in the [[British Isles]], parts of [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Sicily]], [[Crimea]], [[Gibraltar]], and [[Switzerland]] in Europe; [[Madeira]], [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|St. Vincent]] (one of the C de Verde Isls) and [[Cape Colony]] in Africa; and in some parts of the Province of Bengal as far north as [[Lucknow]] and [[Fatehgarh|Futteghur]]".<ref name="GSNZ133F2013"/><ref name="Campbell1984"/> His latest work on [[Malta]], "Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Maltese Islands", was published by ''The Geological Magazine'' in April 1866, following his service.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=I. Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Maltese Islands |journal=The Geological Magazine |volume=3 |issue=22–April |date=1866 |pages=145–151|doi=10.1017/S0016756800162545 |s2cid=128974700 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96123#page/179/mode/1up}} Accompanied by Plates VIII and IX, Figures 1–9.</ref>
In 1860, he wrote a supportive review of [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' for the journal, ''[[The Geologist]]''.<ref name="Stenhouse">Stenhouse, John. (1990). ''Darwin's Captain: F. W. Hutton and the Nineteenth-Century Darwinian Debates''. ''[[Journal of the History of Biology]]'' 23 (3): 411-442.</ref> In 1861, he wrote an article defending Darwinism in the same journal.<ref name=Geologist1961>{{cite journal|last1=Hutton|first1=Frederick Wollaston|title=Some remarks on Mr. Darwin's theory.|journal=The Geologist|date=1861|volume=4|issue=4|pages=132–136|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/174362#page/142/mode/1up|access-date=21 January 2016|doi=10.1017/S1359465600004597}}</ref> Hutton defended Darwin from the criticisms of creationist [[Adam Sedgwick]], which he described as "gross ironical misrepresentations". He wrote that creationism was a "mere assertion, an evasion of the question, a cloak for ignorance."<ref name="Stenhouse"/>

===Science===
The Huttons—Frederick, Annie, their children Alice and Gilbert, and two servants—left [[Gravesend]], on the clipper ''Queen of the North'', on 17 January 1866, bound for new opportunities in New Zealand. After a tedious voyage, passing [[Tristan da Cunha]], [[Cape of Good Hope]], [[Île Saint-Paul]], [[South East Cape|South Cape of Tasmania]], [[Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands|Three Kings]] and [[North Cape (New Zealand)|North Cape]] of New Zealand, the clipper came to anchor off [[Queens Wharf, Auckland|Queen Street wharf]], [[Auckland]], on Monday, 11 June.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shipping Intelligence |work=The New Zealand Herald |volume=3 |issue=804 |date=12 June 1866 |page=3 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18660612.2.4}}</ref>

[[File:The Northern Club, ca 1900.jpg|thumb|right|325px|[[Auckland War Memorial Museum|Auckland Museum]] occupied the basement of the Provincial Government offices from 1867 to 1869; [[The Northern Club]] from 1869]]
In May 1867, Captain Hutton volunteered to take charge of [[Auckland War Memorial Museum|Auckland Museum]], articles of which had been suffering in its Grafton Road cottage, and sought to put the institution in good order with its relocation to the very large basement room of the new Provincial Government offices on the corner of Princes Street and Victoria Quadrant—[[The Northern Club]] building.<ref>{{cite news |title=Provincial Council |work=The New Zealand Herald |volume=4 |issue=1121 |date=18 June 1867 |page=5 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18670618.2.23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stackpoole |first=John |title=Beyond the Ivy Curtain: The Story of the Northern Club |publisher=The Northern Club |location=Auckland |date=2009 |page=18}}</ref> Accepted as Honorary Curator by the Superintendent of Auckland Province, [[John Williamson (New Zealand politician)|John Williamson]], he worked his way through arranging and classifying the confused and inconsistently recorded collections. Additionally, he prepared exhibition of the objects, received further specimens, artefacts etc. and worked towards establishing a museum library.<ref name="DSC18670510.2.13">{{cite news |title=The Daily Southern Cross |volume=23 |issue=3054 |date=10 May 1867 |page=4 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DSC18670510.2.13}}</ref><ref name="NZH18670607.2.2.5">{{cite news |title=The Auckland Museum |work=The New Zealand Herald |volume=4 |issue=1112 |date=7 June 1867 |page=1 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18670607.2.2.5}}</ref><ref name="Park1998">{{citeq|Q58623224}}</ref>
Hutton and [[Thomas Gillies]] initiated the inaugural public meeting of 6 November 1867, held in the Board Room of the Auckland Board of Commissioners, to establish the Auckland Philosophical Society; soon renamed [[Auckland Institute and Museum|Auckland Institute]]. The meeting was called immediately following a conversation they'd had in relation to the action taken by the [[General Assembly of New Zealand]] in constituting the [[Royal Society Te Apārangi|New Zealand Institute]]. [[James Hector]], manager of the Institute in Wellington, had recently suggested to Gillies the propriety of establishing branches throughout New Zealand, especially in Auckland. Auckland Institute was formally incorporated with the New Zealand Institute on 10 June 1868. Auckland Museum was transferred to the Auckland Institute in October 1869.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand Society |work=The Daily Southern Cross |volume=23 |issue=3217 |date=7 November 1867 |page=3 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DSC18671107.2.15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Philosophical Society |work=The Daily Southern Cross |volume=24 |issue=3295 |date=7 February 1868 |page=3 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DSC18680207.2.24}}</ref><ref name="AI&M1869">{{citation |title=The Annual Meeting of the Members held at the Museum Feb 15th–1869: First Annual Report |publisher=Auckland Institute |date=1869 |url=https://ia801005.us.archive.org/14/items/AklMuseum_AnnualReport_1868/aim_ann_report_1868.ocr.pdf}}</ref><ref name="NZH18691019.2.14">{{cite news |title=Auckland Institute |work=The New Zealand Herald |volume=6 |issue=1798 |date=19 October 1869 |page=3 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18691019.2.14}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Annual Report: Auckland Institute |publisher=Auckland Institute |date=1870 |url=https://ia903105.us.archive.org/20/items/AklMuseum_AnnualReport_1869/aim_ann_report_1869.ocr.pdf}}</ref>

In 1867 he was employed by the Superintendent of Auckland to carry out a geological survey of the lower Waikato.<ref>{{citation |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Geological Report on the Lower Waikato District |work=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1867 Session I, D-05 |location=Wellington |date=1867 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1867-I.2.1.5.5}}</ref> On 8 June 1869, he reported the discovery of substantial coalfields between the Maramarua and Whangamarino rivers, which another settler intended to work for his flax mill.<ref>{{citation |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Report of the Discovery of a Coal Field Between the Thames and Waikato, Province of Auckland |work=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1869 Session I, D-01 |location=Wellington |date=1869 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1869-I.2.2.4.1}}</ref> Later in 1869, Hutton and family sold their [[Epsom, New Zealand|Epsom]] home in Auckland and moved to the Waikato, where he'd erected a steam-powered flax mill at Churchill, a station on the western bank of the [[Waikato River]], near Whangape Stream.<ref name="GSNZ133F2013"/><ref name="Campbell1984"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Death of Captain Hutton |work=The Otago Daily Times |issue=13428 |date=31 October 1905 |page=5 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19051031.2.46}}</ref> Hutton's venture, however, proved uneconomic and in consequence his flax mill with 500 acres of flax land, along with a farm of 2,000 acres situated on [[Lake Whangape]], were put up for sale in March 1872.<ref>{{cite news |title=For Sale |work=The Daily Southern Cross |volume=28|issue=4541 |date=15 March 1872 |page=1 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DSC18720315.2.2.2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Lady's Trip Up Waikato |work=The New Zealand Herald |volume=10 |issue=3639 (Supplement) |date=10 July 1873 |page=2 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18730710.2.45.8}}</ref>

He'd joined the Geological Survey of New Zealand in 1866, becoming Provincial Geologist of [[Otago]] in 1874. At the same time, he was made lecturer in geology at the [[University of Otago]] and curator of the museum there.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crane |first=Rosi |date=13 May 2020 |title=What were they thinking? Tracing evolution in the Otago Museum, 1868–1936 |journal=Museum History Journal |volume=13 |language=en |pages=61–79 |doi=10.1080/19369816.2020.1759005 |s2cid=219420657 |issn=1936-9816}}</ref> After the [[1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera]] he wrote one of the official reports and postulated the eruption was due to moltern material reaching the surface in a [[Dike (geology)|volcanic dyke]].<ref>{{cite book| first1=F.W.| last1=Hutton| title=Report on the Tarawera Volcanic District |publisher=Government Printer |location=Wellington, New Zealand |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout67-t17.html |access-date=30 August 2023| year=1887}}</ref>{{rp|16-18}} <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hutton |first1=Frederick Wollaston |title=The Eruption of Mount Tarawera |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society |date= February 1887 |volume=43 |issue=1–4 |pages=178–189 |doi=10.1144/gsl.jgs.1887.043.01-04.16 |s2cid=128945495 |access-date=30 August 2023 |url=https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/43/1-4/178.short}}</ref> Hutton became professor of biology at [[University of Canterbury |Canterbury College]] in 1880, and was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1892.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=8&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27hutton%27%29|title=The Royal Society – Fellow details|website=The Royal Society|access-date=4 May 2019}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The following year, he also took on the curatorship of the [[Canterbury Museum, Christchurch|Canterbury Museum]]. Towards the end of his life, Hutton was made president of the [[Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union]]. He was awarded the [[Clarke Medal]] by the [[Royal Society of New South Wales]] in 1891. He was the first President of the New Zealand Institute (which later became the [[Royal Society Te Apārangi|Royal Society of New Zealand]]), from 1904 to his death in 1905; he was followed by [[Sir James Hector]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-council/presidents/ |title=Royal Society Te Aparangi – Presidents |publisher=[[Royal Society of New Zealand]] |date=2017 |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> He was one of the inaugural vice-chairmen of the [[New Zealand Alpine Club]], which was founded in July 1891.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alpine Club |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/LT18910729.2.10 |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=[[Lyttelton Times]] |volume=76 |issue=9478 |date=29 July 1891 |page=3}}</ref>

He worked successively at the Colonial Museum, Wellington (1871–1873) (now called [[Te Papa]] Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand); [[Otago Museum]], Dunedin (1874–1879);<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |date=1874 |title=Otago Museum |journal=Appendix to Votes & Proceedings of the Otago Provincial Council. Session XXXIII |volume=1874 |pages=79}}</ref> and the [[Canterbury Museum, Christchurch|Canterbury Museum]], Christchurch (1887–1905).<ref>{{cite news |title=In the Public Eye |work=The New Zealand Illustrated Magazine |volume=6 |issue=5 |date=1 August 1902 |pages=323–324 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/new-zealand-illustrated-magazine/1902/08/01/5}}</ref>

[[File:Hutton plaque.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Plaque to Hutton in [[ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch|ChristChurch Cathedral]]]]
Hutton died on the return voyage on the [[SS Rimutaka (1900)|SS ''Rimutaka'']] from England on 27 October 1905, and was [[burial at sea|buried at sea]] off [[Cape Town]], South Africa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkinson |first=Sidney Hartley |title=New Zealanders and Science |publisher=Department of Internal Affairs |location=Wellington |chapter=6. Hutton |date=1940 |pages=60–69 |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-JenNewZ-t1-body-d6.html#n97 |via=NZETC}}</ref>

He is commemorated in the [[Hutton Medal|Hutton Medal and Hutton Memorial Fund]], awarded for scientific works bearing on the [[zoology]], [[botany]] or geology of New Zealand. [[Hutton's shearwater]] (''Puffinus huttoni''), a sea bird, was named after him and the cave wētā ''[[Neonetus]] huttoni.''

==Evolution==
In 1860, he wrote a supportive review of [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' for the journal, ''[[The Geologist]]''.<ref name="Stenhouse">Stenhouse, John. (1990). ''Darwin's Captain: F. W. Hutton and the Nineteenth-Century Darwinian Debates''. ''[[Journal of the History of Biology]]'' 23 (3): 411–442.</ref> In 1861, he wrote an article defending Darwinism in the same journal.<ref name=Geologist1961>{{cite journal|last1=Hutton |first1=Frederick Wollaston |title=Some Remarks on Mr Darwin's Theory |journal=The Geologist; A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Geology |volume=4 |issue=4 |publisher="Geologist" Office |location=London |date=1861 |pages=132–136, 183–188 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/174362#page/142/mode/1up|access-date=21 January 2016|doi=10.1017/S1359465600004597 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library |BHL]]}}</ref> Hutton defended Darwin from the objections of creationist [[Adam Sedgwick]], which he described as "gross ironical misrepresentations". He wrote that [[creationism]] was a "mere assertion, an evasion of the question, a cloak for ignorance."<ref name="Stenhouse"/>


Throughout his life, Hutton remained a staunch exponent of Darwin's theories of [[natural selection]], and Darwin himself expressed his appreciation in a letter to Hutton.<ref name="Stenhouse"/>
Throughout his life, Hutton remained a staunch exponent of Darwin's theories of [[natural selection]], and Darwin himself expressed his appreciation in a letter to Hutton.<ref name="Stenhouse"/>


== Taxa ==
==Taxa==
Taxa described and named by Hutton include:
Taxa described and named by Hutton include:
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
Line 48: Line 79:
*''[[Dentalium nanum]]'' Hutton, 1873
*''[[Dentalium nanum]]'' Hutton, 1873
*''[[Herpetopoma bella]]'' (Hutton, 1873)&nbsp;– a marine snail
*''[[Herpetopoma bella]]'' (Hutton, 1873)&nbsp;– a marine snail

*''Leptonotus elevatus'' [[high-body pipefish]] Leptonotus elevatus <small> ([[Frederick Hutton (scientist)|F. W. Hutton]], 1872)</small>

*''[[Margarella antipoda rosea]]'' (Hutton, 1873)&nbsp;– a subspecies of marine snail
*''[[Margarella antipoda rosea]]'' (Hutton, 1873)&nbsp;– a subspecies of marine snail
*''[[Margarella fulminata]]'' (Hutton, 1873)&nbsp;– a marine snail
*''[[Margarella fulminata]]'' (Hutton, 1873)&nbsp;– a marine snail
Line 68: Line 102:
*''[[Anomia trigonopsis]]'' Hutton, 1877&nbsp;– a marine [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]
*''[[Anomia trigonopsis]]'' Hutton, 1877&nbsp;– a marine [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]
*''Notolabrus cinctus'' (Hutton, 1877)&nbsp;– the [[girdled wrasse]]
*''Notolabrus cinctus'' (Hutton, 1877)&nbsp;– the [[girdled wrasse]]
*''Eudyptes filholi'' Hutton, 1878&nbsp;– the [[eastern rockhopper penguin]]
*''Eudyptes filholi'' Hutton, 1879&nbsp;– the [[eastern rockhopper penguin]]
*''[[Leuconopsis obsoleta]]'' (Hutton, 1878)&nbsp;– a land snail
*''[[Leuconopsis obsoleta]]'' (Hutton, 1878)&nbsp;– a land snail
*''[[Proxiuber australe]]'' (Hutton, 1878)&nbsp;– a marine snail
*''[[Proxiuber australe]]'' (Hutton, 1878)&nbsp;– a marine snail
Line 93: Line 127:
*''[[Argosarchus]]'' Hutton, 1898&nbsp;– a [[stick insect]] genus
*''[[Argosarchus]]'' Hutton, 1898&nbsp;– a [[stick insect]] genus
*''[[Hemideina ricta]]'' (Hutton, 1896)&nbsp;– a tree weta
*''[[Hemideina ricta]]'' (Hutton, 1896)&nbsp;– a tree weta
*''[[Isoplectron armatus]]'' (Hutton, 1896)&nbsp;– a cave wētā
*''[[Sigaus australis|Paprides armillaus]]'' (Hutton, 1897)&nbsp;– an alpine grasshopper
*''[[Sigaus australis|Paprides armillaus]]'' (Hutton, 1897)&nbsp;– an alpine grasshopper
*''[[Sigaus australis|Paprides australis]]'' (Hutton, 1897)&nbsp;– an alpine grasshopper
*''[[Sigaus australis|Paprides australis]]'' (Hutton, 1897)&nbsp;– an alpine grasshopper
Line 99: Line 134:
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


* {{cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Bruce A. |title=Molluscan and Brachiopod Taxa Introduced by F. W. Hutton in ''The New Zealand Journal of Science'' |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=25 |issue=4 |date=1995 |pages=495–500 |doi=10.1080/03014223.1995.9517499 |bibcode=1995JRSNZ..25..495M |doi-access=free }}
== Hutton's publications ==
* {{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Barry C. |title=Type Specimens of New Zealand Fishes Described by Captain F.W. Hutton, F.R.S. (1836–1905) |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=26 |issue=2 |date=1996 |pages=215–236 |doi=10.1080/03014223.1996.9517511 |bibcode=1996JRSNZ..26..215R |doi-access=free }}
* 1871: ''[[iarchive:catalogueofbirds00newz/|Catalogue of the Birds of New Zealand, with Diagnoses of the Species]]''
* {{cite journal |last1=Brook |first1= Fred J. |last2=Kennedy |first2= Martyn |last3=King |first3= Tania M. |last4=Ridden |first4=Johnathon |last5=Shaw |first5= Matthew D. |last6=Spencer |first6=Hamish G. |title= Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4865 |issue=1 |publisher=Magnolia Press |location=Auckland |date=2020 |pages= zootaxa.4865.1.1 |url=https://www.mapress.com/zt/issue/view/zootaxa.4865.1 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1 |pmid= 33311199 |isbn=978-1-77688-071-3|s2cid= 226352941 }}
*1872: ''[[iarchive:fishesofnewzeala00domi|Fishes of New Zealand, Catalogue with Diagnoses of the Species]]'' (by Hutton) and also includes ''Notes on the Edible Fishes of New Zealand'' (by [[James Hector]])
*1873: ''[[iarchive:catalogueofmarin00well|Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New Zealand, with Diagnoses of the Species]]''
*1873: [[iarchive:catalogueofterti00colo/|''Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of New Zealand in the Collection of the Colonial Museum'']]
*1875: ''[[iarchive:ReportonGeology00Hutt/|Report on the geology & gold fields of Otago]]'' by Hutton and [[George Henry Frederick Ulrich]], with appendices by J.G. Black and [[James McKerrow]]
*1880: ''[[iarchive:manualofnewzeala00domi/|Manual of the New Zealand Mollususca]]''. A systematic and descriptive catalogue of the marine and land shells, and of the soft mollusks and Polyzoa of New Zealand and the adjacent islands.
* 1881: ''[https://archive.org/details/cataloguesofnewz00domi Catalogues of the New Zealand Diptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera; with descriptions of the species]''
* 1887: ''Darwinism''
* 1896: ''[http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/HUTT1896.htm Theoretical Explanations of the Distribution of Southern Faunas]''
* 1899: [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000164214 ''Darwinism and Lamarckism: Old and New'']
* 1902: ''[https://archive.org/details/lessonofevolutio00huttrich The Lesson of Evolution]'' 1st Edition
* 1902: ''Nature in New Zealand'' (a popular work co-written with [[James Mackay Drummond|James Drummond]])
* 1904: ''[https://archive.org/details/indexfaunnov00hutt Index Faunae Nova-Zealandiae]'' (a complete list of all animals recorded in New Zealand)
* 1904: ''The Animals of New Zealand,'' 1st Edition (a popular work co-written with James Drummond)
* 1905: ''Revision of the Tertiary Brachiopoda of New Zealand.'' John Mackay, Government Printer.
* 1905: ''The Animals of New Zealand: An Account of the Colony's Air-breathing Vertebrates''. 2nd Edition. Hutton, Frederick Wollaston, and James Drummond, Whitcombe and Tombs.
* 1905: ''The formation of the Canterbury Plains.'' John Mackay, Government Printer.
* 1905: ''Ancient Antarctica''. Nature 72 (1905): 244–245.
* 1907: ''[[iarchive:lessonofevolutio00huttuoft|The Lesson of Evolution]]''. 2nd Edition, Printed for private circulation.
*1909: ''[[iarchive:animalsofnewzeal00hutt/|The Animals of New Zealand]]'' 3rd Edition (a popular work co-written with James Drummond)


== References ==
==Publications==
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Notes and Queries: Heterostegina-bed |journal=The Geologist; A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Geology |volume=3 |page=137 |publisher="Geologist" Office |location=London |date=1860 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/174322#page/161/mode/1up}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Notes and Queries: Fossiliferous Localities in Malta |journal=The Geologist; A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Geology |volume=3 |pages=275–276 |date=1860 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/174322#page/319/mode/1up}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Some Remarks on Mr Darwin's Theory |journal=The Geologist; A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Geology |volume=4 |pages=132–136, 183–188 |publisher="Geologist" Office |location=London |date=1861 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/174362#page/142/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library |BHL]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=The Importance of a Knowledge of Geology to Military Men |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution |volume=6 |publisher=W. Mitchell and Son |location=London |date=1863 |issue=24 |pages=342–360 |doi=10.1080/03071846209418194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hykmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA342}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=I. Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Maltese Islands |journal=The Geological Magazine |volume=3 |issue=22–April |date=1866 |pages=145–151|doi=10.1017/S0016756800162545 |s2cid=128974700 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96123#page/179/mode/1up}} Accompanied by Plates VIII and IX, Figures 1–9.
* {{citation |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Geological Report on the Lower Waikato District |work=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1867 Session I, D-05 |location=Wellington |date=1867 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1867-I.2.1.5.5}}
* {{citation |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Report of the Discovery of a Coal Field Between the Thames and Waikato, Province of Auckland |work=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1869 Session I, D-01 |location=Wellington |date=1869 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1869-I.2.2.4.1}}
* {{citation |last=Hutton |first= Frederick Wollaston |title=Papers Relative to the Defence of the Harbours of New Zealand |work=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1871 Session I, A-04 |location=Wellington |date=1871 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1871-I.2.1.2.6}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Catalogue of the Birds of New Zealand with Diagnoses of the Species |publisher=Geological Survey of New Zealand |location=Wellington |date=1871 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52246#page/3/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Fishes of New Zealand, Catalogue with Diagnoses of the Species |publisher=Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department |location=Wellington |date=1872 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48563#page/5/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}} Includes ''Notes on the Edible Fishes of New Zealand'' by [[James Hector]].
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New Zealand, with Diagnoses of the Species |publisher=Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department |location=Wellington |date=1873 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/16864#page/9/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of New Zealand, in the Collection of the Colonial Museum |publisher=Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department |location=Wellington |date=1873 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/138394#page/7/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Frederick Wollaston |last2=Ulrich |first2=George Henry Frederick |author-link2=George Henry Frederick Ulrich |title=Report on the Geology & Gold Fields of Otago |publisher=Provincial Council of Otago |location=Dunedin |date=1875 |volume=1 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/148454#page/7/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}} With appendices by J. G. Black and James McKerrow.
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. A Systematic and Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine and Land Shells, and of the Soft Mollusks and Polyzoa of New Zealand and the Adjacent Islands |publisher=Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department |location=Wellington |date=1880 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47687#page/7/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Catalogues of the New Zealand Diptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera; with Descriptions of the Species |publisher=Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department |location=Wellington |date=1881 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35167#page/7/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hutton |first1=Frederick Wollaston |title=The Eruption of Mount Tarawera |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society |date=February 1887 |volume=43 |issue=1–4 |pages=178–189 |doi=10.1144/gsl.jgs.1887.043.01-04.16 |s2cid=128945495 |url=https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/43/1-4/178.short}}
* {{cite book| first1=Frederick Wollaston | last1=Hutton| title=Report on the Tarawera Volcanic District |publisher=Government Printer |location=Wellington, New Zealand |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout67-t17.html|date=1887}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Darwinism: A Lecture at the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, September 12, 1887 |location=Christchurch |date=1887 |url= |publisher=The "Press" Job Printing Office}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Theoretical Explanations of the Distribution of Southern Faunas |journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales |volume=21 |date=1896 |pages=36–47 |doi=10.5962/bhl.part.8459 |url=http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/biogeog/HUTT1896.htm}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Darwinism and Lamarckism: Old and New. Four Lectures |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York, London |date=1899 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/308303#page/8/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=The Lesson of Evolution |edition=1 |publisher=Duckworth and Co. |location=London |date=1902 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77930#page/7/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Frederick Wollaston |last2=Drummond |first2=James |author-link2=James Mackay Drummond |title=Nature in New Zealand |publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs Limited |location=Christchurch |date=1902 |url=}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Index Faunæ Novæ Zealandiæ |publisher=Dulau & Co. |location=London |date=1904 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21684#page/7/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}} A complete list of all animals recorded in New Zealand.
* {{cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Frederick Wollaston |last2=Drummond |first2=James |author-link2=James Mackay Drummond |title=The Animals of New Zealand; An Account of the Dominion's Air-breathing Vertebrates |edition=1 |publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs Limited |location=Christchurch |date=1904 |url= |via=}} A popular edition.
* {{cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Frederick Wollaston |last2=Drummond |first2=James |author-link2=James Mackay Drummond |title=The Animals of New Zealand; An Account of the Dominion's Air-breathing Vertebrates |edition=2 |publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs Limited |location=Christchurch |date=1905 |url= |via=}} A revised and enlarged edition.
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Art. L—The Formation of the Canterbury Plains |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=37 |publisher=John McKay, Government Printing Office |location=Wellington |date=1904 |pages=465–472 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1904-37.2.11.1.51}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Art. LII.—Revision of the Tertiary Brachiopoda of New Zealand |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=37 |publisher=John McKay, Government Printing Office |location=Wellington |date=1904 |pages=474–481 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1904-37.2.11.1.53}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=Ancient Antarctica |journal=Nature |volume=72 |date=1905 |issue=1863 |pages=244–245 |doi=10.1038/072244d0|bibcode=1905Natur..72..244H |s2cid=4036004 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1898561 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |editor-last1=Jacks |editor-first1=L. P. |editor-last2=Hicks |editor-first2=George Dawes |title=What is Life? |journal=The Hibbert Journal: A Quarterly Review of Religion, Theology, and Philosophy |volume=4 |issue=October 1905–July 1906 |publisher=Williams and Norgate |location=London |date=1906 |pages=183–186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mONAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP3}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Frederick Wollaston |title=The Lesson of Evolution |edition=2 |publisher=Printed for private circulation |location=Christchurch |date=1907 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/57139#page/9/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|BHL]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Frederick Wollaston |last2=Drummond |first2=James |author-link2=James Mackay Drummond |title=The Animals of New Zealand; An Account of the Dominion's Air-breathing Vertebrates |edition=3 |publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs Limited |location=Christchurch, Wellington, Auckland |date=1909 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49572#page/7/mode/1up |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library |BHL]]}}

==Family==
Hutton married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, daughter of William Montgomerie and his wife Elizabeth Graham, at Trinity Church, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863; William had been Superintending Surgeon of the HEIC Bengal Medical Service, and had received the Gold Medal of the Society of Arts for introducing [[gutta percha]] into Europe as a general utility.<ref name="HTC1863"/><ref name="ODNB"/> Their children included Gilbert Montgomerie Hutton (1865–1911) of the Royal Engineers.<ref>{{Who's Who|title=Hutton, Major Gilbert Montgomerie|id=U187427|access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>

==Arms of Frederick Wollaston Hutton==
''Armorial bearings''—Or, on a fesse sable, surmounted by a pale invected of the last, pierced of the field, three stags' heads caboshed counterchanged. ''Mantling'' sable and or. ''Crest''—On a wreath of the colours, in front of a fern-brake proper, a stag's head caboshed or. ''Motto''—[[Post tenebras lux|Post tenebras spero lucem]] (After darkness, I hope for light)<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Fox-Davies |editor-first=Arthur Charles |editor-link=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |title=Armorial Families: A Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, Showing Which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority |edition=3 |publisher=T. C. & E. C. Jack |location=London |date=1899 |pages=436 |url=https://ia801600.us.archive.org/22/items/familiesarmorial00foxdrich/familiesarmorial00foxdrich.pdf}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="Burke1985"/>

''Crest''—A stag's head caboshed or. ''Motto''—[[Post tenebras lux|Post tenebras spero lucem]] (After darkness, I hope for light).<ref>{{cite book |last=Fairbairn |first=James |title=Fairbairn's Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=1 |edition=4 |location=London |publisher=T. C. & E. C. Jack |date=1905 |url=https://ia903104.us.archive.org/17/items/fairbairnsbookof01fair/fairbairnsbookof01fair.pdf |page=295}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{Wikicommons}}
{{Wikicommons}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies|Frederick Wollaston Hutton}}
* {{cite web |last=John Bruce |first=Waterhouse |title=Hutton, Frederick Wollaston |website=[[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |date=1966 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/hutton-frederick-wollaston}}
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014223.1996.9517511 Barry C. Russell, ''Type specimens of New Zealand fishes described by Captain F.W. Hutton, F.R.S. (1836–1905)''; Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 26, Issue 2, 1996]
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014223.1995.9517499 Bruce A. Marshall, ''Molluscan and brachiopod taxa introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand journal of science''; Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1995]
* {{cite Australasia|Hutton, Captain Frederick Wollaston}}
* {{cite Australasia|Hutton, Captain Frederick Wollaston}}
* {{DNZB|Parton |H. N. |2h59 |Hutton, Frederick Wollaston}}
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/2005#/titles Various digitised writings of F. W. Hutton] held by the [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/2005#/titles Various digitised writings of F. W. Hutton] held by the [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]

* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/H/HuttonFrederickWollaston/HuttonFrederickWollaston/en Frederick Wollaston Hutton] in the [[Encyclopedia of New Zealand (1966)|1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]
*[https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2h59/hutton-frederick-wollaston Frederick Wollaston Hutton] in the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]''


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Revision as of 23:05, 11 April 2024

Frederick Hutton
FRS FGS CMZS
Born
Frederick Wollaston Hutton

(1836-11-16)16 November 1836
Gate Burton, Lincolnshire, England
Died27 October 1905(1905-10-27) (aged 68)
Died at sea
Resting placeBuried at sea off Cape Town, South Africa
Awards
Scientific career
Institutions

Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton FRS FGS (16 November 1836 – 27 October 1905) was an English-born New Zealand scientist who applied the theory of natural selection to explain the origins and nature of the natural history of New Zealand. Whilst an army officer, he embarked on an academic career in geology and biology, to become one of the most able and prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand.

Early life

Frederick Hutton's biographical accounts assert that he was born at Gate Burton, Lincolnshire, on 16 November 1836, and by parish records was baptised there on 27 January 1837; the second son of the Rev. Henry Frederick Hutton and his wife Louisa Wollaston, daughter of the Rev. Henry John Wollaston.[4][5][6] Paternal grandfather, William Hutton, was the owner of the Gate Burton estate.[7] His signed military statement of services, however, records that he was born at Bracknell, Berkshire, England, on 16 November 1836.[8]

He received his early education through Southwell Grammar School, Notinghamshire, and, with a view to entering the Royal Navy, the Royal Naval Academy at Gosport, Hampshire. After brief service as a midshipman in Green's Merchant Service, with three voyages to India in the Alfred, he went on to civil engineer studies at the applied science department of King's College London in 1854–55.[9][10][11]

Career

Military

At the age of 18.5 years, Hutton purchased a commission as ensign in the 23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot on 18 May 1855.[12] Stationed at Malta, November 1855–8 March 1856, he moved on to take part in the Crimean War, 9 March–21 July 1856, and Indian Mutiny, 28 September 1857–22 May 1858.[13] Following Crimea, and having advanced to rank of lieutenant by purchase on 27 March 1857,[14] the regiment embarked for the war in China but as with other forces, was diverted at Singapore to Calcutta for the mutiny in India.[11] Joining the army at Lucknow on 14 November, Hutton was present at the second relief of Lucknow, the defeat of the Gwalior Contingent in the second battle of Cawnpore and the retaking of Lucknow in March 1858, under the command of General Sir Colin Campbell.[8] He was issued the Indian Mutiny Medal with two clasps—Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow.[1]

Transferred to 2nd Battalion of his regiment on 22 May 1858, he returned home in June 1858 to help raise it. After passing, through the School of Musketry, Hythe, Kent, he was appointed Instructor of Musketry to his battalion on 2 November 1858,[15] and accompanied his regiment to Malta.

Back in England in 1860, and having devoted some study to geology, Hutton was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London (FGS). Over the next few years he completed military training at Staff College, Sandhurst, and Woolwich.[9] He'd also taken a six month chemistry course in inorganic analysis with Professor George Downing Liveing, Cambridge, then teaching at Sandhurst.[16][17]

In 1862, he was attached first to the Royal Horse Artillery and thereafter to the 9th Lancers. Following elevation to rank of captain by purchase on 2 December 1862,[18][19] he married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, at Holy Trinity, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863.[20] He re-joined his regiment at Malta but was appointed to the staff of Ireland from 11 September 1863, as Brigade Major, 2nd Infantry Brigade, at the Curragh.[21][11] That year he published the paper, The Importance of a Knowledge of Geology to Military Men, in the Journal of the Royal United Service Institution.[22] After some nine months at the Curragh, Hutton moved to head quarters in Dublin as Deputy Assistant Quarter Master General from 1 July 1864,[23] then, in November 1865, resigned and sold out of the army.[11]

During those years he had "geologised, more or less, in the British Isles, parts of Germany, France, Italy, Sicily, Crimea, Gibraltar, and Switzerland in Europe; Madeira, St. Vincent (one of the C de Verde Isls) and Cape Colony in Africa; and in some parts of the Province of Bengal as far north as Lucknow and Futteghur".[16][17] His latest work on Malta, "Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Maltese Islands", was published by The Geological Magazine in April 1866, following his service.[24]

Science

The Huttons—Frederick, Annie, their children Alice and Gilbert, and two servants—left Gravesend, on the clipper Queen of the North, on 17 January 1866, bound for new opportunities in New Zealand. After a tedious voyage, passing Tristan da Cunha, Cape of Good Hope, Île Saint-Paul, South Cape of Tasmania, Three Kings and North Cape of New Zealand, the clipper came to anchor off Queen Street wharf, Auckland, on Monday, 11 June.[25]

Auckland Museum occupied the basement of the Provincial Government offices from 1867 to 1869; The Northern Club from 1869

In May 1867, Captain Hutton volunteered to take charge of Auckland Museum, articles of which had been suffering in its Grafton Road cottage, and sought to put the institution in good order with its relocation to the very large basement room of the new Provincial Government offices on the corner of Princes Street and Victoria Quadrant—The Northern Club building.[26][27] Accepted as Honorary Curator by the Superintendent of Auckland Province, John Williamson, he worked his way through arranging and classifying the confused and inconsistently recorded collections. Additionally, he prepared exhibition of the objects, received further specimens, artefacts etc. and worked towards establishing a museum library.[2][3][28] Hutton and Thomas Gillies initiated the inaugural public meeting of 6 November 1867, held in the Board Room of the Auckland Board of Commissioners, to establish the Auckland Philosophical Society; soon renamed Auckland Institute. The meeting was called immediately following a conversation they'd had in relation to the action taken by the General Assembly of New Zealand in constituting the New Zealand Institute. James Hector, manager of the Institute in Wellington, had recently suggested to Gillies the propriety of establishing branches throughout New Zealand, especially in Auckland. Auckland Institute was formally incorporated with the New Zealand Institute on 10 June 1868. Auckland Museum was transferred to the Auckland Institute in October 1869.[29][30][31][32][33]

In 1867 he was employed by the Superintendent of Auckland to carry out a geological survey of the lower Waikato.[34] On 8 June 1869, he reported the discovery of substantial coalfields between the Maramarua and Whangamarino rivers, which another settler intended to work for his flax mill.[35] Later in 1869, Hutton and family sold their Epsom home in Auckland and moved to the Waikato, where he'd erected a steam-powered flax mill at Churchill, a station on the western bank of the Waikato River, near Whangape Stream.[16][17][36] Hutton's venture, however, proved uneconomic and in consequence his flax mill with 500 acres of flax land, along with a farm of 2,000 acres situated on Lake Whangape, were put up for sale in March 1872.[37][38]

He'd joined the Geological Survey of New Zealand in 1866, becoming Provincial Geologist of Otago in 1874. At the same time, he was made lecturer in geology at the University of Otago and curator of the museum there.[39] After the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera he wrote one of the official reports and postulated the eruption was due to moltern material reaching the surface in a volcanic dyke.[40]: 16–18  [41] Hutton became professor of biology at Canterbury College in 1880, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1892.[42] The following year, he also took on the curatorship of the Canterbury Museum. Towards the end of his life, Hutton was made president of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1891. He was the first President of the New Zealand Institute (which later became the Royal Society of New Zealand), from 1904 to his death in 1905; he was followed by Sir James Hector.[43] He was one of the inaugural vice-chairmen of the New Zealand Alpine Club, which was founded in July 1891.[44]

He worked successively at the Colonial Museum, Wellington (1871–1873) (now called Te Papa Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand); Otago Museum, Dunedin (1874–1879);[45] and the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (1887–1905).[46]

Plaque to Hutton in ChristChurch Cathedral

Hutton died on the return voyage on the SS Rimutaka from England on 27 October 1905, and was buried at sea off Cape Town, South Africa.[47]

He is commemorated in the Hutton Medal and Hutton Memorial Fund, awarded for scientific works bearing on the zoology, botany or geology of New Zealand. Hutton's shearwater (Puffinus huttoni), a sea bird, was named after him and the cave wētā Neonetus huttoni.

Evolution

In 1860, he wrote a supportive review of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species for the journal, The Geologist.[48] In 1861, he wrote an article defending Darwinism in the same journal.[49] Hutton defended Darwin from the objections of creationist Adam Sedgwick, which he described as "gross ironical misrepresentations". He wrote that creationism was a "mere assertion, an evasion of the question, a cloak for ignorance."[48]

Throughout his life, Hutton remained a staunch exponent of Darwin's theories of natural selection, and Darwin himself expressed his appreciation in a letter to Hutton.[48]

Taxa

Taxa described and named by Hutton include:

  • Marshall, Bruce A. (1995). "Molluscan and Brachiopod Taxa Introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand Journal of Science". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 25 (4): 495–500. Bibcode:1995JRSNZ..25..495M. doi:10.1080/03014223.1995.9517499.
  • Russell, Barry C. (1996). "Type Specimens of New Zealand Fishes Described by Captain F.W. Hutton, F.R.S. (1836–1905)". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 26 (2): 215–236. Bibcode:1996JRSNZ..26..215R. doi:10.1080/03014223.1996.9517511.
  • Brook, Fred J.; Kennedy, Martyn; King, Tania M.; Ridden, Johnathon; Shaw, Matthew D.; Spencer, Hamish G. (2020). "Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904". Zootaxa. 4865 (1). Auckland: Magnolia Press: zootaxa.4865.1.1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1. ISBN 978-1-77688-071-3. PMID 33311199. S2CID 226352941.

Publications

Family

Hutton married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, daughter of William Montgomerie and his wife Elizabeth Graham, at Trinity Church, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863; William had been Superintending Surgeon of the HEIC Bengal Medical Service, and had received the Gold Medal of the Society of Arts for introducing gutta percha into Europe as a general utility.[20][5] Their children included Gilbert Montgomerie Hutton (1865–1911) of the Royal Engineers.[50]

Arms of Frederick Wollaston Hutton

Armorial bearings—Or, on a fesse sable, surmounted by a pale invected of the last, pierced of the field, three stags' heads caboshed counterchanged. Mantling sable and or. Crest—On a wreath of the colours, in front of a fern-brake proper, a stag's head caboshed or. Motto—Post tenebras spero lucem (After darkness, I hope for light)[51][4]

Crest—A stag's head caboshed or. Motto—Post tenebras spero lucem (After darkness, I hope for light).[52]

References

  1. ^ a b "Indian Mutiny Medal Medal Roll". Noonans. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  2. ^ a b "The Daily Southern Cross". Vol. 23, no. 3054. 10 May 1867. p. 4.
  3. ^ a b "The Auckland Museum". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. 4, no. 1112. 7 June 1867. p. 1.
  4. ^ a b Burke, Bernard (1895). Burke, Ashworth Peter (ed.). Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry (PDF). Vol. 2. London: Harrison & Sons. pp. 526–528 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ a b Mason, Alan. "Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1836–1905)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34079. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. ^ "Frederick Wollaston Hutton, 25 January 1857. England, Lincolnshire, Parish Registers, 1538–1990", FamilySearch, 4 August 2022
  7. ^ Best, Stephen (1 June 2021). "A Church's Year: Part 2: "A Great Religious Character": Victorian Sneinton Through the Eyes of its Parish Magazine". Notinghamshire History. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  8. ^ a b WO 76/221/145: WO 76. Royal Welch Fusiliers (1st Batn): Statement of the Services of Lieutenant F. W. Hutton of the 23" Regt. of R. W. Fusiliers with a Record of such other Particulars as may be useful in case of his Death, 1855–1858, pp. 145–146
  9. ^ a b Hamilton, A, ed. (June 1906). "In Memoriam". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 38: v–vii.
  10. ^ "Frederick W Hutton. 1851 England, Scotland and Wales Census: Alverstoke, Hampshire, England". FamilySearch. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d Cox, Alfred, ed. (1886). Men of Mark of New Zealand (PDF). Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcombe & Tombs (Limited). pp. 109–111 – via Internet Archive.
  12. ^ "War-Office, 18th May, 1855". The London Gazette. No. 21714. 18 May 1855. p. 1917.
  13. ^ Parton, H. N. "Hutton, Frederick Wollaston". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  14. ^ "War-Office, Pall-Mall, 27th March, 1857". The London Gazette. No. 21982. 27 March 1857. p. 1135.
  15. ^ Hart, Henry George (1859). The New Army List and Militia List for 1859. Vol. 20. London: John Murray. p. 227 – via NLS.
  16. ^ a b c Mildenhall, Esme; Burns, Rowan; Nathan, Simon (2013), "Transcriptions of Selected Letters from Frederick Wollaston Hutton to James Hector and Julius Haast" (PDF), Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133F (2 ed.), Geoscience Society of New Zealand Inc, ISSN 2230-4495
  17. ^ a b c Campbell, J. D. (May 1984). "F. W. Hutton: The Auckland Years, 1866–1871". Newsletter. Geological Society of New Zealand. No. 64. Geological Society of New Zealand. pp. 22–29. ISSN 0431-2163.
  18. ^ "War Office, Pall Mall, 2nd December, 1862". The London Gazette. No. 22686. 2 December 1862. p. 6147.
  19. ^ Hart, Henry George (1865). The New Army List, and Militia List, for 1865. Vol. 26. London: John Murray. p. 273.
  20. ^ a b "Parish Registers of Holy Trinity Church (Paddington, Middlesex), Marriages, 1847–1863". FamilySearch. 1863. p. 213. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  21. ^ Hart, Henry George (1864). The New Army List, and Militia List, for 1864. Vol. 25. London: John Murray. p. 495.
  22. ^ Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1863). "The Importance of a Knowledge of Geology to Military Men". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. 6 (24). London: W. Mitchell and Son: 342–360. doi:10.1080/03071846209418194.
  23. ^ Hart, Henry George (1865). The New Army List, and Militia List, for 1865. Vol. 26. London: John Murray. p. 494.
  24. ^ Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1866). "I. Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Maltese Islands". The Geological Magazine. 3 (22–April): 145–151. doi:10.1017/S0016756800162545. S2CID 128974700. Accompanied by Plates VIII and IX, Figures 1–9.
  25. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. 3, no. 804. 12 June 1866. p. 3.
  26. ^ "Provincial Council". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. 4, no. 1121. 18 June 1867. p. 5.
  27. ^ Stackpoole, John (2009). Beyond the Ivy Curtain: The Story of the Northern Club. Auckland: The Northern Club. p. 18.
  28. ^ Park, Stuart (1998). "John Alexander Smith and the Early History of Auckland Museum, 1852-1867". Records of the Auckland Museum. 35: 13–43. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 42905832. Wikidata Q58623224.
  29. ^ "New Zealand Society". The Daily Southern Cross. Vol. 23, no. 3217. 7 November 1867. p. 3.
  30. ^ "Philosophical Society". The Daily Southern Cross. Vol. 24, no. 3295. 7 February 1868. p. 3.
  31. ^ The Annual Meeting of the Members held at the Museum Feb 15th–1869: First Annual Report (PDF), Auckland Institute, 1869
  32. ^ "Auckland Institute". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. 6, no. 1798. 19 October 1869. p. 3.
  33. ^ Annual Report: Auckland Institute (PDF), Auckland Institute, 1870
  34. ^ Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1867), "Geological Report on the Lower Waikato District", Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1867 Session I, D-05, Wellington
  35. ^ Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1869), "Report of the Discovery of a Coal Field Between the Thames and Waikato, Province of Auckland", Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1869 Session I, D-01, Wellington
  36. ^ "Death of Captain Hutton". The Otago Daily Times. No. 13428. 31 October 1905. p. 5.
  37. ^ "For Sale". The Daily Southern Cross. Vol. 28, no. 4541. 15 March 1872. p. 1.
  38. ^ "A Lady's Trip Up Waikato". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. 10, no. 3639 (Supplement). 10 July 1873. p. 2.
  39. ^ Crane, Rosi (13 May 2020). "What were they thinking? Tracing evolution in the Otago Museum, 1868–1936". Museum History Journal. 13: 61–79. doi:10.1080/19369816.2020.1759005. ISSN 1936-9816. S2CID 219420657.
  40. ^ Hutton, F.W. (1887). Report on the Tarawera Volcanic District. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  41. ^ Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (February 1887). "The Eruption of Mount Tarawera". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 43 (1–4): 178–189. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1887.043.01-04.16. S2CID 128945495. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  42. ^ "The Royal Society – Fellow details". The Royal Society. Retrieved 4 May 2019.[permanent dead link]
  43. ^ "Royal Society Te Aparangi – Presidents". Royal Society of New Zealand. 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  44. ^ "Alpine Club". Lyttelton Times. Vol. 76, no. 9478. 29 July 1891. p. 3. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  45. ^ Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1874). "Otago Museum". Appendix to Votes & Proceedings of the Otago Provincial Council. Session XXXIII. 1874: 79.
  46. ^ "In the Public Eye". The New Zealand Illustrated Magazine. Vol. 6, no. 5. 1 August 1902. pp. 323–324.
  47. ^ Jenkinson, Sidney Hartley (1940). "6. Hutton". New Zealanders and Science. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. pp. 60–69 – via NZETC.
  48. ^ a b c Stenhouse, John. (1990). Darwin's Captain: F. W. Hutton and the Nineteenth-Century Darwinian Debates. Journal of the History of Biology 23 (3): 411–442.
  49. ^ Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1861). "Some Remarks on Mr Darwin's Theory". The Geologist; A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Geology. 4 (4). London: "Geologist" Office: 132–136, 183–188. doi:10.1017/S1359465600004597. Retrieved 21 January 2016 – via BHL.
  50. ^ "Hutton, Major Gilbert Montgomerie". Who's Who. A & C Black. Retrieved 27 January 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  51. ^ Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles, ed. (1899). Armorial Families: A Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, Showing Which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority (PDF) (3 ed.). London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. p. 436. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  52. ^ Fairbairn, James (1905). Fairbairn's Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland (PDF). Vol. 1 (4 ed.). London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. p. 295.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick Wollaston Hutton.
Wikispecies has information related to Frederick Wollaston Hutton.


Awards
Preceded by Clarke Medal
1891 		Succeeded by
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