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{{Short description|Order of single-celled organisms}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Cercomonads
| name = Cercomonads
| image = Cercomonas sp.jpg
| image = Cercomonas sp.jpg
| image_caption = ''Cercomonas'' sp
| image_caption = ''Cercomonas'' sp
⚫
| taxon = Cercomonadidae
| domain = [[Eukaryote|Eukaryota]]
| authority = Kent 1880, emend. Mylnikov and Karpov 2004<ref name="Mylnikov 2004"/>
| unranked_regnum = [[SAR supergroup|SAR]]
| parent_authority = Poche 1913, emend. Vickerman 1983, emend. Mylnikov 1986, emend. Karpov et al. 2006; emend Howe et al. 2009; emend Cavalier-Smith 2012<ref name="Adl 2019"/>
| unranked_subregnum = [[Rhizaria]]
| phylum = [[Cercozoa]]
| classis = [[Sarcomonadea]]
| ordo = '''Cercomonadida'''
| ordo_authority = Poche, 1913</small>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="Adl 2019"/>
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
* ''[[Cavernomonas]]''
⚫
[[Cercomonadidae]]<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''[[Cercomonas]]''<br>
* ''[[Cercomonas]]''
* ''[[Eocercomonas]]''
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''[[Helkesimastix]]''<br>
* ''[[Filomonas]]''
[[Heteromitidae]]<br>
* ''[[Neocercomonas]]''
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''[[Heteromita]]''<br>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Adl 2019"/>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''Protaspis''<br>
| synonyms =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''[[Allantion]]''<br>
{{center|Cercobodonidae {{au|Hollande 1942}}}}
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''[[Sainouron]]''<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''[[Cholamonas]]''<br>
   ''[[Katabia]]''
}}
}}

'''Cercomonads''' are small [[flagellate]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mylnikov, A.P. |author2=Karpov, S.A.
⚫
'''Cercomonads''' are small [[amoeboflagellate]]s,<ref name="Mylnikov 2004">{{cite Q|Q124459772}}</ref> widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils.<ref name="pmid16647880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karpov SA, Bass D, Mylnikov AP, Cavalier-Smith T |title=Molecular phylogeny of Cercomonadidae and kinetid patterns of Cercomonas and Eocercomonas gen. nov. (Cercomonadida, Cercozoa) |journal=Protist |volume=157 |issue=2 |pages=125–58 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16647880 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2006.01.001 }}</ref>
| title = Review of diversity and taxonomy of cercomonads
| journal = Protistology
| url = http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num3_4/mylnikov.pdf
⚫
| year = 2004 | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 201–217}}</ref> widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils.<ref name="pmid16647880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karpov SA, Bass D, Mylnikov AP, Cavalier-Smith T |title=Molecular phylogeny of Cercomonadidae and kinetid patterns of Cercomonas and Eocercomonas gen. nov. (Cercomonadida, Cercozoa) |journal=Protist |volume=157 |issue=2 |pages=125–58 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16647880 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2006.01.001 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1434-4610(06)00022-8}}</ref>


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
Line 53: Line 46:


==Classification==
==Classification==

Genetic studies place the cercomonads among the [[Cercozoa]],<ref name="pmid17854485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bass D, Richards TA, Matthai L, Marsh V, Cavalier-Smith T |title=DNA evidence for global dispersal and probable endemicity of protozoa |journal=BMC Evol. Biol. |volume=7 |issue= |pages=162 |year=2007 |pmid=17854485 |pmc=2194784 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-162 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/162}}</ref> a diverse group of amoeboid and flagellate protozoans.
Genetic studies place the cercomonads among the [[Cercozoa]],<ref name="pmid17854485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bass D, Richards TA, Matthai L, Marsh V, Cavalier-Smith T |title=DNA evidence for global dispersal and probable endemicity of protozoa |journal=BMC Evol. Biol. |volume=7 |pages=162 |year=2007 |pmid=17854485 |pmc=2194784 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-162 |doi-access=free }}</ref> a diverse group of amoeboid and flagellate protozoans.
They are divided into two families.
They are divided into two families.
* The [[Heteromitidae]] tend to be relatively rigid, and produce only temporary pseudopods.
* The [[Heteromitidae]] tend to be relatively rigid, and produce only temporary pseudopods.
* The [[Cercomonadidae]] are more plastic, and when food supplies are plentiful may become [[amoeboid]] and even [[multinucleate]].
* The [[Cercomonadidae]] are more plastic, and when food supplies are plentiful may become [[amoeboid]] and even [[multinucleate]].


The classification of genera and species continues to undergo revision. Some genera have been merged, like ''Cercomonas'' and ''[[Cercobodo]]''. Others like ''[[Helkesimastix]]'', ''[[Sainouron]]'' and ''[[Cholamonas]]'' have been moved to Helkesida,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=T. |title=Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences |journal=Protoplasma |volume=255 |issue=1 |pages=297–357 |year=2018 |pmc=5756292 |doi=10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3 |pmid=28875267}}</ref> while the rest of the family [[Heteromitidae]] has been moved to [[Glissomonadida]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howe |first1=A. T. |last2=Bass |first2=D. |last3=Vickerman |first3=K. |last4=Chao |first4=E. E. |last5=Cavalier-Smith |first5=T. |title=Phylogeny, taxonomy, and astounding genetic diversity of Glissomonadida ord. nov., the dominant gliding zooflagellates in soil (Protozoa: Cercozoa) |journal=Protist |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=159–189 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.007 |pmid=19324594}}</ref> Most recently, the family [[Paracercomonadidae]], previously included in this order, has been separated into its own order [[Paracercomonadida]]. This change has made '''Cercomonadidae''' the only existing family of cercomonads.<ref name="Adl 2019">{{cite Q|Q57086550}}</ref><ref name="Cavalier-Smith Rhizaria 2018">{{cite Q|Q53073157}}</ref>
The classification of genera and species continues to undergo revision. Some genera have been merged, like ''Cercomonas'' and ''Cercobodo'', and some have been moved to other groups.

* ''[[Cavernomonas]]'' <small>Vickerman 2009</small>
* ''[[Cercomonas]]'' <small>Dujardin 1841 emend. Karpov et al. 2006 non emend. Ekelund et al. 2004</small> [''Cercobodo'' <small>Krassilstschick 1886</small>; ''Cercomastix'' <small>Lemmermann 1913</small>; ''Dimastigamoeba'' <small>Blochmann 1894</small>; ?''Mukdeniamonas'' <small>Skwortzov 1960</small>; ?''Changia'' <small>Skwortzov 1960 non Sun 1924</small>; ?''Reptomonas'' <small>Kent 1880</small>; ''Dimorpha'' <small>Klebs 1892 non Gruber 1882</small>]
* ''[[Eocercomonas]]'' <small>Karpov et al. 2006</small>
* ''[[Filomonas]]'' <small>Cavalier-Smith & Karpov 2012</small>
* ''[[Neocercomonas]]'' <small>Ekelund, Daugbjerg & Fredslund 2004</small>


==References==
==References==
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{{Rhizaria}}
{{Rhizaria}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q724194}}


⚫
[[Category:Cercozoa orders]]
[[Category:Cercomonadida| ]]
[[Category:Cercomonadida| ]]
⚫
[[Category:Cercozoa]]

Latest revision as of 22:49, 16 April 2024

Cercomonads
Cercomonas sp
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Phylum: Cercozoa
Class: Sarcomonadea
Order: Cercomonadida
Poche 1913, emend. Vickerman 1983, emend. Mylnikov 1986, emend. Karpov et al. 2006; emend Howe et al. 2009; emend Cavalier-Smith 2012[2]
Family: Cercomonadidae
Kent 1880, emend. Mylnikov and Karpov 2004[1]
Genera[2]
Synonyms[2]
Cercobodonidae Hollande 1942

Cercomonads are small amoeboflagellates,[1] widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils.[3]

Characteristics

[edit]

The cells are generally around 10 μm in length, without any shell or covering. They produce filose pseudopods to capture bacteria, but do not use them for locomotion, which usually takes place by gliding along surfaces.

Most members have two flagella,[4] one directed forward and one trailing under the cell, inserted at right angles near its anterior. The nucleus is connected to the flagellar bases and accompanied by a characteristic paranuclear body.

Classification

[edit]

Genetic studies place the cercomonads among the Cercozoa,[5] a diverse group of amoeboid and flagellate protozoans. They are divided into two families.

The classification of genera and species continues to undergo revision. Some genera have been merged, like Cercomonas and Cercobodo. Others like Helkesimastix, Sainouron and Cholamonas have been moved to Helkesida,[6] while the rest of the family Heteromitidae has been moved to Glissomonadida.[7] Most recently, the family Paracercomonadidae, previously included in this order, has been separated into its own order Paracercomonadida. This change has made Cercomonadidae the only existing family of cercomonads.[2][8]

  • Cavernomonas Vickerman 2009
  • Cercomonas Dujardin 1841 emend. Karpov et al. 2006 non emend. Ekelund et al. 2004 [Cercobodo Krassilstschick 1886; Cercomastix Lemmermann 1913; Dimastigamoeba Blochmann 1894; ?Mukdeniamonas Skwortzov 1960; ?Changia Skwortzov 1960 non Sun 1924; ?Reptomonas Kent 1880; Dimorpha Klebs 1892 non Gruber 1882]
  • Eocercomonas Karpov et al. 2006
  • Filomonas Cavalier-Smith & Karpov 2012
  • Neocercomonas Ekelund, Daugbjerg & Fredslund 2004

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Alexander P. Myl'nikov; Serguei A. Karpov (2004). "Review of diversity and taxonomy of cercomonads" (PDF). Protistology. 3 (4): 201–217. ISSN 1680-0826. Wikidata Q124459772.
  2. ^ a b c d Sina M. Adl; David Bass; Christopher E. Lane; et al. (1 January 2019). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/JEU.12691. ISSN 1066-5234. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078. Wikidata Q57086550.
  3. ^ Karpov SA, Bass D, Mylnikov AP, Cavalier-Smith T (June 2006). "Molecular phylogeny of Cercomonadidae and kinetid patterns of Cercomonas and Eocercomonas gen. nov. (Cercomonadida, Cercozoa)". Protist. 157 (2): 125–58. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.01.001. PMID 16647880.
  4. ^ Bass, D.; Howe, A.; Mylnikov, A.; Vickerman, K.; Chao, E.; Edwards Smallbone, J.; Snell, J.; Cabral Jr, J.; Cavalier-Smith, T. (2009). "Phylogeny and Classification of Cercomonadida (Protozoa, Cercozoa): Cercomonas, Eocercomonas, Paracercomonas, and Cavernomonas gen. Nov". Protist. 160 (4): 483–521. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.01.004. PMID 19589724.
  5. ^ Bass D, Richards TA, Matthai L, Marsh V, Cavalier-Smith T (2007). "DNA evidence for global dispersal and probable endemicity of protozoa". BMC Evol. Biol. 7: 162. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-162. PMC 2194784. PMID 17854485.
  6. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2018). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.
  7. ^ Howe, A. T.; Bass, D.; Vickerman, K.; Chao, E. E.; Cavalier-Smith, T. (2009). "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and astounding genetic diversity of Glissomonadida ord. nov., the dominant gliding zooflagellates in soil (Protozoa: Cercozoa)". Protist. 160 (2): 159–189. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.007. PMID 19324594.
  8. ^ Thomas Cavalier-Smith; Ema E Chao; Rhodri Lewis (17 April 2018). "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cel organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria". Protoplasma. doi:10.1007/S00709-018-1241-1. ISSN 0033-183X. PMC 6133090. PMID 29666938. Wikidata Q53073157.
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