Frula: Difference between revisions

Frula
	A frula, in the collections of the Toplice National Museum, Prokuplje, Serbia.
Classification	Woodwind; Wind; Aerophone;
Related instruments
	see list

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The frula (pronounced [frǔla], Serbian Cyrillic: фрула), also known as svirala (свирала) or jedinka, is a musical instrument which resembles a medium sized flute, traditionally played in rural Southeast Europe, primarily South Slavic countries. It is an end-blown aerophone with six holes, typically made of wood. The frula is a traditional instrument of South Slavic shepherds, who would play while tending their flocks.

For a list of similar instruments, see the section below.

Names

In Croatia, it is also commonly known as "jedinka".^[1] Other local names in Croatia include žveglica, šaltva, kavela, ćurlik.^[2] In English, the instrument has also simply been called the "Serbian flute".^[3]^[4]

Overview

The frula is a small wooden flute with six holes.^[5] In rural Southeast Europe, the frula was played by shepherds while tending their flocks.^[5] It is a traditional instrument of Serbia,^[6] one of several aerophones used for leisure time, rituals, or accompanying the kolo (circle dance), along with long flutes (duduk, cevara), the double flute (dvojnice), and the bag-pipe (gajde).^[7]

Legacy

There are many events dedicated to the frula, such as the Prva pastirska frula in Jagnjilo, Dani Save Jeremića in Ražanj, sabori frulaša in Lelić and Prislonica, takmičenja frulaša in Iđoš, and Frula fest in Kruševac.^[8]

A popular Serbian folk song is Ej čija frula^[9] ("O, whose frula"), recorded by, among others, Braća Bajić, Radiša Urošević and Cune Gojković.

Other similar flutes

shvi, Armenia
sopilka, Ukraine
lamzdeliai, Lithuania
floghera, Greece
furulya, Hungary
fujarka, Poland
kaval, Turkey
balaban or duduk, double-reed, Armenia and Azerbaijan

References

^ Rad kongresa. 1981. p. 334.
^ Danica. Hrvatsko književno društvo sv. Ćirila i Metoda. 1951. Sviraljka s usnama »jedinka« (svirala, žveglica, šaltva, kavela, ćurlik, to su samo neka njezina lokalna imena)
^ Scribner's Magazine. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1922. p. 269.
^ Charles Austin Beard (1930). Toward Civilization. Longmans, Green and Company. p. 275.
^ ^a ^b Christopher Deliso (2009). Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro. Greenwood Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-313-34436-7.
^ Dragoljub Zamurović; Ilja Slani; Madge Phillips-Tomašević (2002). Serbia: life and customs. ULUPUDS. p. 188. ISBN 9788682893059.
^ Don Michael Randel (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. pp. 771–. ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2.
^ "Edukativna radionica za zaštitu frulaške prakse AJ, ČIJA FRULA PO UNESKU SVIRA". Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
^ NIN: nedeljne informativne novine. Politika. 1996. p. 6. а чувена је она српска пе- сма ових простора „Еј, чија фрула овим шором свира"

Rastko S. Jakovljević. "Man — Instrument — Sound: Aspects of the Development of Svirala in Serbia". Zbornik Matice srpske za scenske umetnosti i muziku. 41: 93–112.^{[permanent dead link]}
Silvana Djokić. "Frula a dvojnice v kontextu srbské hudební tradice" (PDF). Bakalářská Diplomová Práce (in Czech). Masaryk University.

[1] Rad kongresa. 1981. p. 334.

[2] Danica. Hrvatsko književno društvo sv. Ćirila i Metoda. 1951. Sviraljka s usnama »jedinka« (svirala, žveglica, šaltva, kavela, ćurlik, to su samo neka njezina lokalna imena)

[3] Scribner's Magazine. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1922. p. 269.

[4] Charles Austin Beard (1930). Toward Civilization. Longmans, Green and Company. p. 275.

[Deliso2009-5] Christopher Deliso (2009). Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro. Greenwood Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-313-34436-7.

[ZamurovićSlani2002-6] Dragoljub Zamurović; Ilja Slani; Madge Phillips-Tomašević (2002). Serbia: life and customs. ULUPUDS. p. 188. ISBN 9788682893059.

[Randel2003-7] Don Michael Randel (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. pp. 771–. ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2.

[teklareka-8] "Edukativna radionica za zaštitu frulaške prakse AJ, ČIJA FRULA PO UNESKU SVIRA". Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2015-04-08.

[9] NIN: nedeljne informativne novine. Politika. 1996. p. 6. а чувена је она српска пе- сма ових простора „Еј, чија фрула овим шором свира"

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 }}
-The '''frula''' ({{IPA-sh|frǔla|pron}}, {{lang-sr-Cyrl|фрула}}), also known as '''svirala''' (свирала) or '''jedinka''', is a musical instrument which resembles a medium sized [[flute]], traditionally played in [[Serbia]]. It is typically made of wood and has six holes. It is an end-blown [[aerophone]]. The frula is a traditional instrument of [[shepherd]]s, who would play while tending their flocks.
+The '''frula''' ({{IPA-sh|frǔla|pron}}, {{lang-sr-Cyrl|фрула}}), also known as '''svirala''' (свирала) or '''jedinka''', is a musical instrument which resembles a medium sized [[flute]], traditionally played in rural [[Southeast Europe]], primarily [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] countries. It is an end-blown [[aerophone]] with six holes, typically made of wood. The frula is a traditional instrument of South Slavic [[shepherd]]s, who would play while tending their flocks.
 For a list of similar instruments, see [[#See also|the section below]].
 ==Names==
-In Croatia it is commonly known as "jedinka".<ref>{{cite book|title=Rad kongresa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYgLAAAAIAAJ|year=1981|page=334}}</ref> Other local names in Croatia include ''žveglica'', ''šaltva'', ''kavela'', ''ćurlik''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Danica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFsoAQAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Hrvatsko književno društvo sv. Ćirila i Metoda.|quote=Sviraljka s usnama »jedinka« (svirala, žveglica, šaltva, kavela, ćurlik, to su samo neka njezina lokalna imena)}}</ref> It has also been simply called "Serbian flute".<ref>{{cite book|title=Scribner's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfEqAQAAMAAJ|year=1922|publisher=Charles Scribners Sons|page=269}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Austin Beard|title=Toward Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3VCAAAAIAAJ|year=1930|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company|page=275}}</ref>
+In Croatia, it is also commonly known as "jedinka".<ref>{{cite book|title=Rad kongresa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYgLAAAAIAAJ|year=1981|page=334}}</ref> Other local names in Croatia include ''žveglica'', ''šaltva'', ''kavela'', ''ćurlik''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Danica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFsoAQAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Hrvatsko književno društvo sv. Ćirila i Metoda.|quote=Sviraljka s usnama »jedinka« (svirala, žveglica, šaltva, kavela, ćurlik, to su samo neka njezina lokalna imena)}}</ref> In English, the instrument has also simply been called the "Serbian flute".<ref>{{cite book|title=Scribner's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfEqAQAAMAAJ|year=1922|publisher=[[Charles Scribner%27s Sons]]|page=269}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Austin Beard|title=Toward Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3VCAAAAIAAJ|year=1930|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company|page=275}}</ref>
 ==Overview==
-The frula is a small wooden flute with six holes.<ref name="Deliso2009">{{cite book|author=Christopher Deliso|title=Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbATAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-34436-7|page=140}}</ref> In the Balkans, the frula was played by shepherds while tending their flocks.<ref name="Deliso2009"/> It is a traditional instrument of Serbia,<ref name="ZamurovićSlani2002">{{cite book|author1=Dragoljub Zamurović|author2=Ilja Slani|author3=Madge Phillips-Tomašević|title=Serbia: life and customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXAMAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=ULUPUDS|page=188|isbn=9788682893059 }}</ref> one of several aerophones used for leisure time, rituals, or accompanying the ''[[Kolo (dance)|kolo]]'' (circle dance), along with long flutes (''duduk'', ''cevara''), the double flute (''dvojnice''), and the bag-pipe (''[[gajde]]'').<ref name="Randel2003">{{cite book|author=Don Michael Randel|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg=PA771|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2|pages=771–}}</ref>
+The frula is a small wooden flute with six holes.<ref name="Deliso2009">{{cite book|author=Christopher Deliso|title=Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbATAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-34436-7|page=140}}</ref> In rural Southeast Europe, the frula was played by shepherds while tending their flocks.<ref name="Deliso2009"/> It is a traditional instrument of Serbia,<ref name="ZamurovićSlani2002">{{cite book|author1=Dragoljub Zamurović|author2=Ilja Slani|author3=Madge Phillips-Tomašević|title=Serbia: life and customs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXAMAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=ULUPUDS|page=188|isbn=9788682893059 }}</ref> one of several aerophones used for leisure time, rituals, or accompanying the ''[[Kolo (dance)|kolo]]'' (circle dance), along with long flutes (''duduk'', ''cevara''), the double flute (''dvojnice''), and the bag-pipe (''[[gajde]]'').<ref name="Randel2003">{{cite book|author=Don Michael Randel|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg=PA771|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2|pages=771–}}</ref>
-==Performers==
-[[File:27The Serbian National Folk Dance Ensemble Kolo.jpg|thumb|Folk dance ensemble "Kolo", playing the frula.]]
-Notable frula players (''frulaši'') are Adam Milutinović, Sava Jeremić, Tihomir Paunović, Neda Nikolić, Velja Kokorić, Borivoje Todorović, Bora Dugić, Slobodan Vukićević, Spasoje Jović, Andrija and Tomislav Bajić, Radovan Jovanović and others.<ref name=teklareka>{{cite web|url=http://www.teklareka.rs/index.php/internauti/item/767-edukativna-radionica-za-zastitu-frulaske-prakse-aj-cija-frula-po-unesku-svira/767-edukativna-radionica-za-zastitu-frulaske-prakse-aj-cija-frula-po-unesku-svira|title=Archived copy|access-date=2015-04-08|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150408122639/http://www.teklareka.rs/index.php/internauti/item/767-edukativna-radionica-za-zastitu-frulaske-prakse-aj-cija-frula-po-unesku-svira/767-edukativna-radionica-za-zastitu-frulaske-prakse-aj-cija-frula-po-unesku-svira|archive-date=2015-04-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ==Legacy==
-There are many events dedicated to the frula, such as the ''Prva pastirska frula'' in [[Jagnjilo (Mladenovac)|Jagnjilo]], ''Dani Save Jeremića'' in [[Ražanj]], ''sabori frulaša'' in [[Lelić]] and [[Prislonica]], ''takmičenja frulaša'' in [[Iđoš]], and  ''Frula fest'' in [[Kruševac]].<ref name=teklareka/>
+There are many events dedicated to the frula, such as the ''Prva pastirska frula'' in [[Jagnjilo (Mladenovac)|Jagnjilo]], ''Dani Save Jeremića'' in [[Ražanj]], ''sabori frulaša'' in [[Lelić]] and [[Prislonica]], ''takmičenja frulaša'' in [[Iđoš]], and  ''Frula fest'' in [[Kruševac]].<ref name=teklareka>{{cite web|url=http://www.teklareka.rs/index.php/internauti/item/767-edukativna-radionica-za-zastitu-frulaske-prakse-aj-cija-frula-po-unesku-svira/767-edukativna-radionica-za-zastitu-frulaske-prakse-aj-cija-frula-po-unesku-svira|title=Edukativna radionica za zaštitu frulaške prakse AJ, ČIJA FRULA PO UNESKU SVIRA|access-date=2015-04-08|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150408122639/http://www.teklareka.rs/index.php/internauti/item/767-edukativna-radionica-za-zastitu-frulaske-prakse-aj-cija-frula-po-unesku-svira/767-edukativna-radionica-za-zastitu-frulaske-prakse-aj-cija-frula-po-unesku-svira|archive-date=2015-04-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 A popular Serbian folk song is ''Ej čija frula''<ref>{{cite book|title=NIN: nedeljne informativne novine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdQTAQAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Politika|page=6|quote=а чувена је она српска пе- сма ових простора „Еј, чија фрула овим шором свира"}}</ref> ("O, whose frula"), recorded by, among others, [[Braća Bajić]], [[Radiša Urošević]] and [[Predrag Gojković-Cune|Cune Gojković]].
@@ Line 43: / Line 39: @@
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-*{{cite journal|author=Rastko S. Jakovljević|title=Man — Instrument — Sound: Aspects of the Development of Svirala in Serbia|url=http://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0352-9738/2009/0352-97380941093J.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
+*{{cite journal |author=Rastko S. Jakovljević |title=Man — Instrument — Sound: Aspects of the Development of Svirala in Serbia |url=https://www.academia.edu/37795460/%C4%8Covek_instrument_zvuk_Aspekti_razvoja_svirale_u_Srbiji?source=swp_share |journal=Zbornik Matice srpske za scenske umetnosti i muziku |volume=41 |pages=93-112}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 *{{cite journal | author = Silvana Djokić | title= Frula a dvojnice v kontextu srbské hudební tradice | url= http://is.muni.cz/th/161926/ff_b/Bakalarska_diplomova_prace.pdf | language	= Czech | journal=Bakalářská Diplomová Práce| publisher= [[Masaryk University]]}}
@@ Line 51: / Line 47: @@
 {{Serbian souvenirs}}
-[[Category:End-blown flutes]]
+[[Category:Fipple flutes]]
-[[Category:Serbian musical instruments]]
 [[Category:Croatian musical instruments]]
-[[Category:Serb music]]
+[[Category:Serbian musical instruments]]
+[[Category:Music of Croatia]]
+[[Category:Music of Serbia]]

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