Nikolayevsk-on-Amur: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Town in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} |
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{{Infobox Russian |
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality |
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|en_name=Nikolayevsk-on-Amur |
|en_name=Nikolayevsk-on-Amur |
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|ru_name=Николаевск-на-Амуре |
|ru_name=Николаевск-на-Амуре |
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|federal_subject=[[Khabarovsk Krai]] |
|federal_subject=[[Khabarovsk Krai]] |
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|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="KhabarovskK_admlist">Resolution #143-pr, Article 3</ref> |
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="KhabarovskK_admlist">Resolution #143-pr, Article 3</ref> |
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|adm_data_as_of=September 2011 |
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|adm_city_jur=[[city of federal subject significance|town of krai significance]] of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur |
|adm_city_jur=[[city of federal subject significance|town of krai significance]] of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur |
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|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="KhabarovskK_admlist" /> |
|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="KhabarovskK_admlist" /> |
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|inhabloc_type= |
|inhabloc_type= |
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|inhabloc_type_ref= |
|inhabloc_type_ref= |
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|mun_data_as_of=October 2010 |
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|mun_district_jur=Nikolayevsky Municipal District |
|mun_district_jur=Nikolayevsky Municipal District |
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|mun_district_jur_ref=<ref name="KhabarovskK_mun1">Law #191</ref> |
|mun_district_jur_ref=<ref name="KhabarovskK_mun1">Law #191</ref> |
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|leader_title=Head |
|leader_title=Head |
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|leader_title_ref= |
|leader_title_ref= |
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|leader_name= |
|leader_name=Anton Leonov |
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|leader_name_ref= |
|leader_name_ref= |
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|representative_body= |
|representative_body= |
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|dialing_codes_ref= |
|dialing_codes_ref= |
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|website= |
|website= |
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|website_ref= |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Nikolayevsk-on-Amur''' ({{lang-ru|Никола́евск-на-Аму́ре |
'''Nikolayevsk-on-Amur''' ({{lang-ru|Никола́евск-на-Аму́ре|translit=Nikoláyevsk-na-Amúrye}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] in [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Russia]] located on the [[Amur River]] close to its [[liman (landform)|liman]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=22,752|p2002=28,492|p1989=36,296}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The town is situated on the left bank of the Amur River, {{convert|80|km|sp=us}} from where it flows into the Amur estuary, {{convert|977|km|sp=us}} north of [[Khabarovsk]] and {{convert|582|km|sp=us}} from the [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] railway station. It is the closest significant settlement to the [[Strait of Tartary]] separating the mainland from [[Sakhalin]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Medieval and early-modern history=== |
===Medieval and early-modern history=== |
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In the late Middle Ages, the people living along the lower course of the Amur ([[Nivkh people|Nivkh]], [[Oroch people|Oroch]], [[Evenks|Evenki]]) were collectively known in China as the "wild [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]". The [[Yuan |
In the late Middle Ages, the people living along the lower course of the Amur ([[Nivkh people|Nivkh]], [[Oroch people|Oroch]], [[Evenks|Evenki]]) were collectively known in China as the "wild [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]". The [[Yuan dynasty]] Mongols sent expeditions to this area with an eye toward using the region as a base for attack on Japan, or for defending against the [[Sakhalin]] [[Ainu in Russia|Ainu]]s. According to the [[History of Yuan]], in 1264 the Nivkhs recognized the Mongol sovereignty. In 1263, the Mongols set up the "Command Post of the Marshal of the Eastern Campaign" near the modern settlement of [[Tyr, Russia|Tyr]], some {{convert|100|km|sp=us}} upstream from today's Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. At roughly the same time, a shrine was built on the Tyr Rock.<ref name=golovachev>В. Ц. Головачёв (V. Ts. Golovachеv), [http://www.ethnonet.ru/ru/pub/14-11-08.html "Тырские стелы и храм «Юн Нин» в свете китайско-чжурчжэньских отношений XIV-XV вв."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223115421/http://www.ethnonet.ru/ru/pub/14-11-08.html |date=February 23, 2009 }} (ййThe Tyr stelae and the Yongning Temple viewed in as an aspect of Sino-Jurchen relationsйй), ''Etno-zhurnal'', November 14, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.adm.khv.ru/invest2.nsf/Tourism/ArchaeologicalRus/A1BC40C4DD0B1605CA25730E00193997 Объекты туризма — Археологические. Тырские храмы] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903021101/http://www.adm.khv.ru/invest2.nsf/Tourism/ArchaeologicalRus/A1BC40C4DD0B1605CA25730E00193997 |date=September 3, 2009 }} (Regional government site explaining the location of the Tyr (Telin) temples: just south of the Tyr village)</ref> |
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From 1411 to 1433, the [[Ming |
From 1411 to 1433, the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] [[eunuch]] [[Yishiha]], a man of [[Haixi Jurchens|Haixi Jurchen]] origin, led four large missions to win over the allegiance of the "Jurchen" tribes along the Sunggari and Amur Rivers. During this time, the Yongning Temple was constructed at Tyr, and stelae with inscriptions erected.<ref name=golovachev /> |
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===Russian period=== |
===Russian period=== |
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[[File:Nikolaevsk-na-amure old00.jpg|thumb|View of Nikolayevsk, ca. 1900]] |
[[File:Nikolaevsk-na-amure old00.jpg|thumb|View of Nikolayevsk, ca. 1900]] |
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The Russian settlement, likely preceded by the [[Manchu]] village of Fuyori,<ref> |
The Russian settlement, likely preceded by the [[Manchu]] village of Fuyori,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karafuto.com/mamiya.html|title = Adventure of Mamiya Rinzo}}</ref> was founded as Nikolayevsky Post by [[Gennady Nevelskoy]] on 13 August 1850{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} and named for [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I]].<ref> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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|last1 = Mote |
|last1 = Mote |
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| Line 93: | Line 87: | ||
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qEAjAQAAIAAJ |
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qEAjAQAAIAAJ |
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|series = Westview series on the post-Soviet republics |
|series = Westview series on the post-Soviet republics |
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| ⚫ | |||
|volume = 5 |
|volume = 5 |
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|publisher = Westview Press |
|publisher = Westview Press |
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| Line 107: | Line 102: | ||
The town emerged as an important commercial harbour; however, due to navigational difficulties caused by the sandbanks in the Amur estuary and because [[sea ice]] made the harbour unusable for five months each year, the main Russian shipping activities in the Pacific transferred to the better situated [[Vladivostok]] in the early 1870s. The town remained the administrative centre of this region until 1880, when the governor relocated to Khabarovsk. [[Anton Chekhov]], visiting the town on his journey to Sakhalin in 1890, noted its rapid depopulation, although this trend slowed somewhat in the late 1890s with the discovery of gold and the establishment of [[salmon]] fisheries. |
The town emerged as an important commercial harbour; however, due to navigational difficulties caused by the sandbanks in the Amur estuary and because [[sea ice]] made the harbour unusable for five months each year, the main Russian shipping activities in the Pacific transferred to the better situated [[Vladivostok]] in the early 1870s. The town remained the administrative centre of this region until 1880, when the governor relocated to Khabarovsk. [[Anton Chekhov]], visiting the town on his journey to Sakhalin in 1890, noted its rapid depopulation, although this trend slowed somewhat in the late 1890s with the discovery of gold and the establishment of [[salmon]] fisheries. |
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During the [[Russian Civil War]] of |
During the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–1922 the town's population plummeted from 15,000 to 2,000, as a local Soviet partisan leader, [[Yakov Tryapitsyn]], later executed by the same [[Bolsheviks]] he was supposed to be aligned with, [[Nikolayevsk incident|razed the entire town to the ground]] and massacred the minority Japanese population along with most of the Russian population. In response to this event, Northern Sakhalin was briefly occupied by Japan between 1920 and 1925. During this time, the town was called {{Nihongo|'''Nikō'''|尼港町|Nikō-chō}}. |
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Around 1940 a prison camp of the [[gulag]] system was located in the town.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gulag.memorial.de/lager.php5?lag=335 |title=Nikolayevsky-ITL on the website of Memorial (German) |access-date=January 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011838/http://www.gulag.memorial.de/lager.php5?lag=335 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
Around 1940 a prison camp of the [[gulag]] system was located in the town.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gulag.memorial.de/lager.php5?lag=335 |title=Nikolayevsky-ITL on the website of Memorial (German) |access-date=January 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011838/http://www.gulag.memorial.de/lager.php5?lag=335 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Like many other places in the [[Russian Far East]], the town has seen a drop in population since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], dropping from 36,296 inhabitants recorded in the ([[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]),<ref name="Census1989" /> to |
Like many other places in the [[Russian Far East]], the town has seen a drop in population since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], dropping from 36,296 inhabitants recorded in the ([[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]),<ref name="Census1989" /> to 22,772 in 2010.<ref name="2010Census" /> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The town is situated on the left bank of the Amur River, {{convert|80|km|sp=us}} from where it flows into the Amur estuary, {{convert|977|km|sp=us}} north of [[Khabarovsk]] and {{convert|582|km|sp=us}} from the [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] railway station. It is the closest significant settlement to the [[Strait of Tartary]] separating the mainland from [[Sakhalin]]. |
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| ⚫ | Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Nikolayevsk-on-Amur serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Nikolayevsky District, Khabarovsk Krai|Nikolayevsky District]],<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|08 414}}</ref> even though it is not a part of it.<ref name="KhabarovskK_admlist" /> As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the '''[[city of federal subject significance|town of krai significance]] of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai|districts]].<ref name="KhabarovskK_admlist" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure is incorporated within Nikolayevsky Municipal District as '''Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement'''.<ref name="KhabarovskK_mun1" /> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
==Climate== |
===Climate=== |
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Nikolayevsk-on-Amur has a borderline [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb''), almost cold enough to be a [[subarctic climate]] (''Dfc''). Precipitation is not as low in the winter as over most of Siberia since the coast in on the fringe of influence from the [[Aleutian Low]]. The near-maritime location only marginally—by {{convert|5|C-change}}—moderates the winters compared to interior Siberia, but makes the summers noticeably cool (especially in May and June) though the [[Oyashio Current|Oyashio fogs]] are less prevalent than on Sakhalin itself and sunshine hours therefore rather longer. |
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur has a borderline [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb''), almost cold enough to be a [[subarctic climate]] (''Dfc''). Precipitation is not as low in the winter as over most of Siberia since the coast in on the fringe of influence from the [[Aleutian Low]]. The near-maritime location only marginally—by {{convert|5|C-change}}—moderates the winters compared to interior Siberia, but makes the summers noticeably cool (especially in May and June) though the [[Oyashio Current|Oyashio fogs]] are less prevalent than on Sakhalin itself and sunshine hours therefore rather longer. |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location=Nikolayevsk-on-Amur ( |
|location=Nikolayevsk-on-Amur (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) |
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|metric first=yes |
|metric first=yes |
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|single line=yes |
|single line=yes |
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| width = auto |
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| Jan record high C = 0.3 |
| Jan record high C = 0.3 |
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| Feb record high C = 5.7 |
| Feb record high C = 5.7 |
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| Mar record high C = |
| Mar record high C = 12.7 |
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| Apr record high C = 19.6 |
| Apr record high C = 19.6 |
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| May record high C = 31.7 |
| May record high C = 31.7 |
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| Jun record high C = 34.3 |
| Jun record high C = 34.3 |
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| Jul record high C = 34. |
| Jul record high C = 34.6 |
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| Aug record high C = 35.3 |
| Aug record high C = 35.3 |
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| Sep record high C = 28.9 |
| Sep record high C = 28.9 |
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| Line 142: | Line 132: | ||
| Dec record high C = 2.8 |
| Dec record high C = 2.8 |
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| year record high C = 35.3 |
| year record high C = 35.3 |
||
| Jan high C = - |
| Jan avg record high C = -5.0 |
||
| Feb high C = - |
| Feb avg record high C = -5.2 |
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| Mar high C = |
| Mar avg record high C = 3.4 |
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| Apr high C = |
| Apr avg record high C = 10.2 |
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| May high C = |
| May avg record high C = 21.8 |
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| Jun high C = |
| Jun avg record high C = 27.9 |
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| Jul high C = |
| Jul avg record high C = 28.8 |
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| Aug high C = |
| Aug avg record high C = 28.6 |
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| Sep high C = |
| Sep avg record high C = 24.4 |
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| Oct high C = |
| Oct avg record high C = 16.1 |
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| Nov high C = |
| Nov avg record high C = 4.7 |
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| Dec high C = - |
| Dec avg record high C = -3.1 |
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| year high C = |
| year avg record high C = 30.6 |
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| Jan |
| Jan high C = -16.6 |
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| Feb |
| Feb high C = -13.6 |
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| Mar |
| Mar high C = -5.2 |
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| Apr |
| Apr high C = 2.7 |
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| May |
| May high C = 10.8 |
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| Jun |
| Jun high C = 18.4 |
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| Jul |
| Jul high C = 21.6 |
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| Aug |
| Aug high C = 21.6 |
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| Sep |
| Sep high C = 16.6 |
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| Oct |
| Oct high C = 7.0 |
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| Nov |
| Nov high C = -5.5 |
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| Dec |
| Dec high C = -15.1 |
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| year |
| year high C = |
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| Jan |
| Jan mean C = -21.0 |
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| Feb |
| Feb mean C = -19.1 |
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| Mar |
| Mar mean C = -11.4 |
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| Apr |
| Apr mean C = -2.3 |
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| May |
| May mean C = 5.3 |
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| Jun |
| Jun mean C = 12.7 |
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| Jul |
| Jul mean C = 16.6 |
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| Aug |
| Aug mean C = 16.3 |
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| Sep mean C = 10.8 |
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| Oct mean C = 2.3 |
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| Nov mean C = -9.7 |
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| Dec mean C = -19.2 |
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| year mean C = |
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| Jan low C = -24.8 |
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| Feb low C = -23.8 |
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| Mar low C = -16.8 |
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| Apr low C = -6.5 |
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| May low C = 1.1 |
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| Jun low C = 7.9 |
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| Jul low C = 12.5 |
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| Aug low C = 12.0 |
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| Sep low C = 6.3 |
| Sep low C = 6.3 |
||
| Oct low C = -1. |
| Oct low C = -1.4 |
||
| Nov low C = - |
| Nov low C = -13.5 |
||
| Dec low C = -22.9 |
| Dec low C = -22.9 |
||
| year low C = |
| year low C = |
||
| Jan avg record low C = -34.1 |
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| Feb avg record low C = -32.6 |
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| Mar avg record low C = -27.0 |
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| Apr avg record low C = -17.2 |
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| May avg record low C = -4.3 |
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| Jun avg record low C = 1.7 |
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| Jul avg record low C = 6.0 |
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| Aug avg record low C = 5.6 |
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| Sep avg record low C = -1.6 |
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| Oct avg record low C = -9.9 |
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| Nov avg record low C = -25.7 |
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| Dec avg record low C = -32.5 |
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| year avg record low C = -35.6 |
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| Jan record low C = -47.2 |
| Jan record low C = -47.2 |
||
| Feb record low C = -45.9 |
| Feb record low C = -45.9 |
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| Line 195: | Line 211: | ||
| year record low C = -47.2 |
| year record low C = -47.2 |
||
| precipitation colour = green |
| precipitation colour = green |
||
| Jan precipitation mm = |
| Jan precipitation mm = 47.1 |
||
| Feb precipitation mm = |
| Feb precipitation mm = 27.7 |
||
| Mar precipitation mm = |
| Mar precipitation mm = 36.8 |
||
| Apr precipitation mm = |
| Apr precipitation mm = 36.6 |
||
| May precipitation mm = |
| May precipitation mm = 52.0 |
||
| Jun precipitation mm = |
| Jun precipitation mm = 53.1 |
||
| Jul precipitation mm = |
| Jul precipitation mm = 56.8 |
||
| Aug precipitation mm = |
| Aug precipitation mm = 84.3 |
||
| Sep precipitation mm = |
| Sep precipitation mm = 79.8 |
||
| Oct precipitation mm = |
| Oct precipitation mm = 79.1 |
||
| Nov precipitation mm = |
| Nov precipitation mm = 61.1 |
||
| Dec precipitation mm = |
| Dec precipitation mm = 57.1 |
||
| year precipitation mm = 660 |
|||
| Jan rain days = 0 |
| Jan rain days = 0 |
||
| Feb rain days = 0 |
| Feb rain days = 0 |
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| Line 271: | Line 286: | ||
| title = Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Climate Normals 1961–1990 |
| title = Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Climate Normals 1961–1990 |
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| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
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| access-date = 3 December 2019}}</ref> |
| access-date = 3 December 2019}}</ref> Infoclimat<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/nikolaevsk-na-amure/valeurs/31369.html |
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|date=September 2011 |
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| title = Climatologie de l'année à Nikolaevsk-Na-Amure |
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| publisher = Infoclimat |
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| language = fr |
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| access-date = 11 October 2023}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Nikolayevsk-on-Amur serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Nikolayevsky District, Khabarovsk Krai|Nikolayevsky District]],<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|08 414}}</ref> even though it is not a part of it.<ref name="KhabarovskK_admlist" /> As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the '''[[city of federal subject significance|town of krai significance]] of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai|districts]].<ref name="KhabarovskK_admlist" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure is incorporated within Nikolayevsky Municipal District as '''Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement'''.<ref name="KhabarovskK_mun1" /> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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| Line 280: | Line 308: | ||
Аэровокзал 2015г постройки.jpg|Airport built in 2015 |
Аэровокзал 2015г постройки.jpg|Airport built in 2015 |
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Аэропорт 2015г постройки.jpg|2015-built airport building |
Аэропорт 2015г постройки.jpg|2015-built airport building |
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Братская могила 3-х офицеров 16 армии, погибших при исполнении служебного долга, с надгробным сооружением.jpg|The |
Братская могила 3-х офицеров 16 армии, погибших при исполнении служебного долга, с надгробным сооружением.jpg|The grave of 3 officers of the 16th Army who died in the line of duty, with a tombstone |
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Вид со сквера.jpg|View from the square |
Вид со сквера.jpg|View from the square |
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Городская площадь.jpg|City square |
Городская площадь.jpg|City square |
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| Line 288: | Line 316: | ||
Кинотеатр Родина.jpg|Cinema Rodina |
Кинотеатр Родина.jpg|Cinema Rodina |
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Клуб моряков ныне продуктовый магазин Гавань.jpg|The Seamen's Club is now a grocery store. |
Клуб моряков ныне продуктовый магазин Гавань.jpg|The Seamen's Club is now a grocery store. |
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Маяк Николаевск-на-Амуре.jpg|Nikolayevsk-on-Amur |
Маяк Николаевск-на-Амуре.jpg|Nikolayevsk-on-Amur lighthouse |
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Николаевск-на-Амуре вид с Лыжной базы отдыха.jpg|Nikolaevsk-on-Amur view from the ski resort |
Николаевск-на-Амуре вид с Лыжной базы отдыха.jpg|Nikolaevsk-on-Amur view from the ski resort |
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Николаевск-на-Амуре ночью.jpg|Nikolaevsk-on-Amur night view of Lunacharskogo street |
Николаевск-на-Амуре ночью.jpg|Nikolaevsk-on-Amur night view of Lunacharskogo street |
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Обелиск Г.И.Невельского на набережной.jpg|Monument of |
Обелиск Г.И.Невельского на набережной.jpg|Monument of G. I. Nevelsky on the waterfront |
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Памятник 2-го экипажа Морского флота.jpg|Monument of the 7th crew of the Maritime College |
Памятник 2-го экипажа Морского флота.jpg|Monument of the 7th crew of the Maritime College |
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Памятник беспосадочному перелету.jpg|Monument to a non-stop flight |
Памятник беспосадочному перелету.jpg|Monument to a non-stop flight |
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| Line 304: | Line 332: | ||
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|kha|mun|list1}} |
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|kha|mun|list1}} |
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*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|kha|mun|list3}} |
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|kha|mun|list3}} |
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{{Khabarovsk Krai}} |
{{Khabarovsk Krai}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{Chinese historical placenames in Outer Manchuria}} |
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Khabarovsk Krai]] |
[[Category:Cities and towns in Khabarovsk Krai]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:08, 19 April 2024
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
Николаевск-на-Амуре | |
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 | |
_new.png) Flag _(2002).png) Coat of arms | |
Location of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur  | |
  Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Location of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur  Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Nikolayevsk-on-Amur (Khabarovsk Krai) | |
| Coordinates: 53°08′N 140°44′E / 53.133°N 140.733°E | |
| Land | Russland |
| Federal subject | Khabarovsk Krai[1] |
| Gegründet | 13 August 1850 |
| Town status since | 1856 |
| Regierung | |
| • Head | Anton Leonov |
| Elevation | 30 m (100 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 22,752 |
| • Subordinated to | town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur[1] |
| • Capital of | town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur,[3] Nikolayevsky District[4] |
| • Municipal district | Nikolayevsky Municipal District[5] |
| • Urban settlement | Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement[5] |
| • Capital of | Nikolayevsky Municipal District,[6] Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement |
| Time zone | UTC+10 (MSK+7  [7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 682460 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 42135 |
| OKTMO ID | 08631101001 |
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur (Russian: Никола́евск-на-Аму́ре, romanized: Nikoláyevsk-na-Amúrye) is a town in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia located on the Amur River close to its liman in the Pacific Ocean. Population: 22,752 (2010 Census);[2] 28,492 (2002 Census);[9] 36,296 (1989 Soviet census).[10]
History
[edit]Medieval and early-modern history
[edit]In the late Middle Ages, the people living along the lower course of the Amur (Nivkh, Oroch, Evenki) were collectively known in China as the "wild Jurchen". The Yuan dynasty Mongols sent expeditions to this area with an eye toward using the region as a base for attack on Japan, or for defending against the Sakhalin Ainus. According to the History of Yuan, in 1264 the Nivkhs recognized the Mongol sovereignty. In 1263, the Mongols set up the "Command Post of the Marshal of the Eastern Campaign" near the modern settlement of Tyr, some 100 kilometers (62 mi) upstream from today's Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. At roughly the same time, a shrine was built on the Tyr Rock.[11][12]
From 1411 to 1433, the Ming eunuch Yishiha, a man of Haixi Jurchen origin, led four large missions to win over the allegiance of the "Jurchen" tribes along the Sunggari and Amur Rivers. During this time, the Yongning Temple was constructed at Tyr, and stelae with inscriptions erected.[11]
Russian period
[edit]
The Russian settlement, likely preceded by the Manchu village of Fuyori,[13] was founded as Nikolayevsky Post by Gennady Nevelskoy on 13 August 1850[citation needed] and named for Tsar Nicholas I.[14]
The settlement quickly became one of the main economic centres on the Pacific coast of the Russian Empire. It became Russia's main Pacific harbour (replacing Petropavlovsk) in 1855 after the Siege of Petropavlovsk of 1854. It was granted town status and renamed Nikolayevsk-on-Amur in 1856, when Primorskaya Oblast was established.[citation needed] Admiral Vasily Zavoyko supervised the construction of a naval base in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur.
The town emerged as an important commercial harbour; however, due to navigational difficulties caused by the sandbanks in the Amur estuary and because sea ice made the harbour unusable for five months each year, the main Russian shipping activities in the Pacific transferred to the better situated Vladivostok in the early 1870s. The town remained the administrative centre of this region until 1880, when the governor relocated to Khabarovsk. Anton Chekhov, visiting the town on his journey to Sakhalin in 1890, noted its rapid depopulation, although this trend slowed somewhat in the late 1890s with the discovery of gold and the establishment of salmon fisheries.
During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922 the town's population plummeted from 15,000 to 2,000, as a local Soviet partisan leader, Yakov Tryapitsyn, later executed by the same Bolsheviks he was supposed to be aligned with, razed the entire town to the ground and massacred the minority Japanese population along with most of the Russian population. In response to this event, Northern Sakhalin was briefly occupied by Japan between 1920 and 1925. During this time, the town was called Nikō (尼港町, Nikō-chō).
Around 1940 a prison camp of the gulag system was located in the town.[15]
Like many other places in the Russian Far East, the town has seen a drop in population since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, dropping from 36,296 inhabitants recorded in the (1989 Census),[10] to 22,772 in 2010.[2]
Geography
[edit]The town is situated on the left bank of the Amur River, 80 kilometers (50 mi) from where it flows into the Amur estuary, 977 kilometers (607 mi) north of Khabarovsk and 582 kilometers (362 mi) from the Komsomolsk-on-Amur railway station. It is the closest significant settlement to the Strait of Tartary separating the mainland from Sakhalin.
Climate
[edit]Nikolayevsk-on-Amur has a borderline humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), almost cold enough to be a subarctic climate (Dfc). Precipitation is not as low in the winter as over most of Siberia since the coast in on the fringe of influence from the Aleutian Low. The near-maritime location only marginally—by 5 °C (9.0 °F)—moderates the winters compared to interior Siberia, but makes the summers noticeably cool (especially in May and June) though the Oyashio fogs are less prevalent than on Sakhalin itself and sunshine hours therefore rather longer.
| Climate data for Nikolayevsk-on-Amur (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
5.7 (42.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
34.3 (93.7) |
34.6 (94.3) |
35.3 (95.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
2.8 (37.0) |
35.3 (95.5) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | −5.0 (23.0) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
3.4 (38.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.6 (83.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −16.6 (2.1) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
2.7 (36.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
3.6 (38.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −21.0 (−5.8) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
−1.6 (29.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −24.8 (−12.6) |
−23.8 (−10.8) |
−16.8 (1.8) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
7.9 (46.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
−5.8 (21.5) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −34.1 (−29.4) |
−32.6 (−26.7) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
1.7 (35.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−25.7 (−14.3) |
−32.5 (−26.5) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −47.2 (−53.0) |
−45.9 (−50.6) |
−37.6 (−35.7) |
−28.8 (−19.8) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
−34.0 (−29.2) |
−44.2 (−47.6) |
−47.2 (−53.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.1 (1.85) |
27.7 (1.09) |
36.8 (1.45) |
36.6 (1.44) |
52.0 (2.05) |
53.1 (2.09) |
56.8 (2.24) |
84.3 (3.32) |
79.8 (3.14) |
79.1 (3.11) |
61.1 (2.41) |
57.1 (2.25) |
671.5 (26.44) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 5 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 19 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 104 |
| Average snowy days | 17 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 21 | 19 | 129 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 76 | 74 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 81 | 83 | 82 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 129 | 160 | 232 | 209 | 233 | 234 | 238 | 204 | 184 | 143 | 132 | 94 | 2,192 |
| Source 1: pogoda.ru.net[16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[17] Infoclimat[18] | |||||||||||||
Administrative and municipal status
[edit]Within the framework of administrative divisions, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur serves as the administrative center of Nikolayevsky District,[3] even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure is incorporated within Nikolayevsky Municipal District as Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement.[5]
Economy
[edit]Fishing and fish processing are the main industries of the town, along with ship maintenance and some agricultural production in the surrounding area.
Transport
[edit]Nikolayevsk-on-Amur has no land transport connections. Traffic to and from the town enters via the port on the Amur, or the small airport, namely Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Airport (IATA: NLI), which is home to Nikolaevsk-Na-Amure Air Enterprise.
Gallery
[edit]-
Administration office of seaport -
Airport built in 2015 -
2015-built airport building -
The grave of 3 officers of the 16th Army who died in the line of duty, with a tombstone -
View from the square -
City square -
Post office built in 1905 -
Stone Temple -
Cinema Modern, now a museum named after V.E.Rozov -
Cinema Rodina -
The Seamen's Club is now a grocery store. -
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur lighthouse -
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur view from the ski resort -
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur night view of Lunacharskogo street -
Monument of G. I. Nevelsky on the waterfront -
Monument of the 7th crew of the Maritime College -
Monument to a non-stop flight
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Resolution #143-pr, Article 3
- ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 08 414», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 08 414, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
- ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 08 231», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 08 231, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
- ^ a b c Law #191
- ^ Law #264
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ a b Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ a b В. Ц. Головачёв (V. Ts. Golovachеv), "Тырские стелы и храм «Юн Нин» в свете китайско-чжурчжэньских отношений XIV-XV вв." Archived February 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (ййThe Tyr stelae and the Yongning Temple viewed in as an aspect of Sino-Jurchen relationsйй), Etno-zhurnal, November 14, 2008.
- ^ Объекты туризма — Археологические. Тырские храмы Archived September 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (Regional government site explaining the location of the Tyr (Telin) temples: just south of the Tyr village)
- ^ "Adventure of Mamiya Rinzo".
- ^
Mote, Victor L. (June 4, 1998). Siberia: Worlds Apart. Westview series on the post-Soviet republics. Vol. 5. Westview Press (published 1998). p. 46. ISBN 9780813312989. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
When they unfurled a Russian flag at the mouth of the Amur and christened the site Nikolayevsk in the tsar's honor, Nevel'skoy and Murav'yev aroused a storm of protest [...]
- ^ "Nikolayevsky-ITL on the website of Memorial (German)". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
- ^ "Климат Николаевска-на-Амуре". Погода и климат. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ "Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ "Climatologie de l'année à Nikolaevsk-Na-Amure" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
Sources
[edit]- Правительство Хабаровского края. Постановление №143-пр от 18 июля 2007 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Хабаровского края», в ред. Постановления №273-пр от 28 августа 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Постановление Правительства Хабаровского края от 18 июля 2007 г. №143-пр "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Хабаровского края"». Вступил в силу 13 августа 2007 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства Хабаровского края", №7(60), 12 августа 2007 г. (Government of Khabarovsk Krai. Resolution #143-pr of July 18, 2007 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Khabarovsk Krai, as amended by the Resolution #273-pr of August 28, 2015 On Amending the Resolution #143-pr of the Government of Khabarovsk Krai of July 18, 2007 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Khabarovsk Krai". Effective as of August 13, 2007.).
- Законодательная Дума Хабаровского края. Закон №191 от 30 июня 2004 г. «О наделении административных центров районов статусом городского, сельского поселения и об установлении их границ», в ред. Закона №172 от 29 февраля 2012 г. «Об упразднении сельского населённого пункта посёлок Фестивальный, находящегося на территории Солнечного района Хабаровского края, и о внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Хабаровского края». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Приамурские ведомости", №№126–127, 15 июля 2004 г. (Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai. Law #191 of June 30, 2004 On Granting the Administrative Centers of the Districts the Status of Urban, Rural Settlements and on Establishing Their Borders, as amended by the Law #172 of February 29, 2012 On the Abolition of the Rural Locality of the Settlement of Festivalny on the Territory of Solnechny District of Khabarovsk Krai and on Amending Various Laws of Khabarovsk Krai. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- Законодательная Дума Хабаровского края. Закон №264 от 14 марта 2005 г «Об административных центрах сельских поселений и муниципальных районов Хабаровского края», в ред. Закона №239 от 28 ноября 2012 г. «О преобразовании городского населённого пункта рабочий посёлок Тырма, находящегося на территории Верхнебуреинского района Хабаровского края, путём изменения его статуса в сельский населённый пункт — посёлок Тырма и о внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Хабаровского края». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Приамурские ведомости", №57, 1 апреля 2005 г. (Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai. Law #264 of March 14, 2005 On the Administrative Centers of the Rural Settlements and the Municipal Districts of Khabarovsk Krai, as amended by the Law #239 of November 28, 2012 On the Transformation of the Urban Locality the Work Settlement of Tyrma, Located on the Territory of Verkhnebureinsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, by Changing Its Status to That of a Rural Locality—the Settlement of Tyrma, and on Amending Various Laws of Khabarovsk Krai. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
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