STS-32: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1990 American crewed spaceflight to retrieve the Long Duration Exposure Facility}} |
{{Short description|1990 American crewed spaceflight to retrieve the Long Duration Exposure Facility}} |
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{{Distinguish|text=[[STS-61-C]] which was designated STS-32 prior to its 1986 flight}} |
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{{Use American English|date=January 2014}} |
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}} |
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{{Use |
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}} |
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{{Infobox spaceflight |
{{Infobox spaceflight |
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| name = STS-32 |
| name = STS-32 |
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| names_list = [[Space Transportation System]]- |
| names_list = [[Space Transportation System]]-32<br/>STS-32R |
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| image = 1990 s32 LDEF and Columbia over Namibia.jpg |
| image = 1990 s32 LDEF and Columbia over Namibia.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''Columbia'' retrieves the [[Long Duration Exposure Facility]]. |
| image_caption = ''Columbia'' retrieves the [[Long Duration Exposure Facility]]. |
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| COSPAR_ID = 1990-002A |
| COSPAR_ID = 1990-002A |
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| SATCAT = 20409 |
| SATCAT = 20409 |
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| mission_duration = 10 |
| mission_duration = 10{{nbsp}}days, 21{{nbsp}}hours, 0{{nbsp}}minutes, 36{{nbsp}}seconds (achieved) |
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| distance_travelled = {{cvt|7258096|km}} |
| distance_travelled = {{cvt|7258096|km}} |
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| orbits_completed = 172 |
| orbits_completed = 172 |
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| payload_mass = {{cvt|12014|kg}} |
| payload_mass = {{cvt|12014|kg}} |
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| crew_size = 5 |
| crew_size = 5 |
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| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list|[[Daniel |
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list|[[Daniel Brandenstein]]|[[Jim Wetherbee]]|[[Bonnie J. Dunbar]]|[[Marsha Ivins]]|[[G. David Low]]}} |
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| launch_date = |
| launch_date = January 9, 1990, 12:35:00{{nbsp}}[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] |
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| launch_rocket = [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] |
| launch_rocket = [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] |
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| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]] |
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]] |
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| launch_contractor = [[Rockwell International]] |
| launch_contractor = [[Rockwell International]] |
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| landing_date = |
| landing_date = January 20, 1990, 09:35:36{{nbsp}}UTC |
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| landing_site = [[Edwards Air Force Base]],<br/>Runway 22 |
| landing_site = [[Edwards Air Force Base]],<br/>Runway 22 |
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| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]] |
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]] |
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| orbit_period = 91.10 minutes |
| orbit_period = 91.10 minutes |
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| apsis = gee |
| apsis = gee |
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| instruments = American Flight Echocardiograph (AFE) |
| instruments = {{ubl|American Flight Echocardiograph (AFE)|Characterization of Neurospora Circadian Rhythms (CNCR)|Fluid Experiment Apparatus (FEA)|Latitude / Longitude Locator (L3)|Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE)|Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)}} |
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| insignia = STS-32 patch.png |
| insignia = STS-32 patch.png |
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| insignia_caption = STS-32 mission patch |
| insignia_caption = STS-32 mission patch |
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| insignia_size = 200px |
| insignia_size = 200px |
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| crew_photo = STS-32 crew.jpg |
| crew_photo = STS-32 crew.jpg |
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| crew_photo_caption = Standing: [[Marsha |
| crew_photo_caption = Standing: [[Marsha Ivins]], [[G. David Low]], [[Bonnie J. Dunbar]]<br/>Seated: [[Daniel Brandenstein]], [[Jim Wetherbee]] |
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| crew_photo_size = 300px |
| crew_photo_size = 300px |
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| programme = '''[[Space Shuttle program]]''' |
| programme = '''[[Space Shuttle program]]''' |
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}} |
}} |
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'''STS-32''' was the 33rd mission of [[NASA]]'s [[Space Shuttle program]], and the ninth launch of {{OV|102}}. Launched on |
'''STS-32''' was the 33rd mission of [[NASA]]'s [[Space Shuttle program]], and the ninth launch of {{OV|102}}. Launched on January 9, 1990, it marked the first use of the [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Launch Complex 39A]] of [[Kennedy Space Center]] since 1986; it also marked the first use of [[Mobile launcher platform|Mobile Launcher Platform-3]] (MLP-3) in the [[Space Shuttle program]]. STS-32 was, at the time, the longest shuttle mission yet conducted, with a duration of nearly 11 days. Before STS-32, the only mission of the same duration had been [[STS-9]] in 1983. On January 20, 1990, STS-32 executed the third night landing of the shuttle program. STS-32 was also the first Shuttle mission of the 1990s. |
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The mission was technically designated '''STS-32R''', as the original STS-32 designator had been used internally for [[STS-61-C]], the 24th Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation and flight paperwork for that mission had contained the designator STS-32 throughout. Flights with the [[STS-26]] through [[STS-33]] designators used the '''R''' in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jenkins|first1=Dennis|title=Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon 1972-2013|date=2013|publisher=Specialty Press|location=Volume III|isbn=9781580072496|page=144|edition=1st}}</ref> |
The mission was technically designated '''STS-32R''', as the original STS-32 designator had been used internally for [[STS-61-C]], the 24th Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation and flight paperwork for that mission had contained the designator STS-32 throughout. Flights with the [[STS-26]] through [[STS-33]] designators used the '''R''' in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jenkins|first1=Dennis|title=Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon 1972-2013|date=2013|publisher=Specialty Press|location=Volume III|isbn=9781580072496|page=144|edition=1st}}</ref> |
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| position1 = Commander |
| position1 = Commander |
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| crew1_up = [[Daniel |
| crew1_up = [[Daniel Brandenstein]] |
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| flights1_up = Third |
| flights1_up = Third |
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| position2 = Pilot |
| position2 = Pilot |
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| crew2_up = [[Jim |
| crew2_up = [[Jim Wetherbee]] |
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| flights2_up = First |
| flights2_up = First |
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| position4 = Mission Specialist 2 |
| position4 = Mission Specialist 2 |
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| crew4_up = [[Marsha |
| crew4_up = [[Marsha Ivins]] |
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| flights4_up = First |
| flights4_up = First |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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! Seat<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-32|url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-32.htm|publisher=Spacefacts|access-date= |
! Seat<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-32|url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-32.htm|publisher=Spacefacts|access-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref> |
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! Launch |
! Launch |
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! Landing |
! Landing |
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[[Image:STS-32 Return to KSC - GPN-2000-000677.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|{{OV|102}}, returning to [[Kennedy Space Center]] (KSC) after the successful STS-32 mission, flies past the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] at KSC, secured atop the [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]].]] |
[[Image:STS-32 Return to KSC - GPN-2000-000677.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|{{OV|102}}, returning to [[Kennedy Space Center]] (KSC) after the successful STS-32 mission, flies past the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] at KSC, secured atop the [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]].]] |
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STS-32 launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida, on |
STS-32 launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida, on January 9, 1990, at 7:35:00 a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]. The launch was initially scheduled for December 18, 1989, but was later postponed to allow the modifications to Pad A to be completed and verified. The second scheduled launch, on January 8, 1990, was aborted due to weather conditions. ''Columbia'' had a mission launch weight of {{cvt|116117|kg}} |
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The primary objectives of the mission were to deploy the [[Syncom]] IV-F5 [[Communications satellite|military communications satellite]] (also known as [[Syncom|Leasat 5]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/leasat.htm|title=Leasat Military Communications Satellite|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|year=2011|access-date= |
The primary objectives of the mission were to deploy the [[Syncom]] IV-F5 [[Communications satellite|military communications satellite]] (also known as [[Syncom|Leasat 5]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/leasat.htm|title=Leasat Military Communications Satellite|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|year=2011|access-date=February 1, 2013}}</ref> and to retrieve NASA's [[Long Duration Exposure Facility]] (LDEF), whose retrieval had been delayed for 4{{frac|1|2}} years by scheduling changes and the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster of 1986]]. Syncom IV-F5 (Leasat-5) was deployed on the second flight day, and a third-stage Minuteman [[Apogee kick motor|solid apogee kick motor]] propelled it into a [[geosynchronous orbit]]. Dunbar retrieved the LDEF on the fourth day of the flight using the shuttle's Remote Manipulator System ([[Canadarm]]). The timeliness of the retrieval was of critical importance, because a high rate of [[Solar irradiance|solar flux]] had increased the density of the LDEF's orbital environment and accelerated its rate of [[orbital decay]]. Specialists who carefully monitored the stability of the craft's orbit had anticipated that if the LDEF was not retrieved in time, it would pass too low for the shuttle to safely reach, and could be destroyed during re-entry in February 1990. Thus, the mission's exact liftoff time was determined about 12 hours before launch, using the latest tracking data on LDEF. It was flown on a {{cvt|352|km}} orbit [[Orbital inclination|inclined]] 28.45° to the [[equator]]. |
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The crew performed a 4{{frac|1|2}}-hour photographic survey of the free-flying structure, which held 57 science, technology and applications experiments. The 12-sided cylinder, about the size of a small [[satellite bus]], was then berthed in the orbiter's payload bay for return to [[Earth]]. |
The crew performed a 4{{frac|1|2}}-hour photographic survey of the free-flying structure, which held 57 science, technology and applications experiments. The 12-sided cylinder, about the size of a small [[satellite bus]], was then berthed in the orbiter's payload bay for return to [[Earth]]. |
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The retrieval of LDEF was filmed with an [[IMAX]] camera, and appeared in the IMAX film ''[[Destiny in Space]]'' in 1994. Earth observation footage from the camera also appeared in the 1990 film [[Blue Planet (film)|''Blue Planet'']]. |
The retrieval of LDEF was filmed with an [[IMAX]] camera, and appeared in the IMAX film ''[[Destiny in Space]]'' in 1994. Earth observation footage from the camera also appeared in the 1990 film [[Blue Planet (film)|''Blue Planet'']]. |
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''Columbia'' landed safely on |
''Columbia'' landed safely on January 20, 1990, at 1:35:37 a.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] on Runway 22 of [[Edwards Air Force Base]], [[California]]. The orbiter had a landing weight of {{cvt|103571|kg}}. The roll-out distance was {{cvt|3271|m}}, and the roll-out time was 62{{nbsp}}seconds. The orbiter returned to KSC on January 26, 1990. |
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=== Mid-deck payloads === |
=== Mid-deck payloads === |
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In addition to the Syncom IV-F5 (Leasat-5) satellite, STS-32 carried a number of mid-deck scientific payloads, some of which had already been flown on previous shuttle missions. The experiments included: |
In addition to the Syncom IV-F5 (Leasat-5) satellite, STS-32 carried a number of mid-deck scientific payloads, some of which had already been flown on previous shuttle missions. The experiments included: |
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{{bulleted list |
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|Characterization of [[Neurospora crassa|Neurospora]] Circadian Rhythms (CNCR) |
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|Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) |
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|Fluid Experiment Apparatus (FEA) |
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|American Flight [[Echocardiography|Echocardiograph]] (AFE) |
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|[[Latitude]] / [[Longitude]] Locator (L3) |
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|Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE) |
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|[[IMAX]] camera |
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|Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) experiment |
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}} |
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== Wake-up calls == |
== Wake-up calls == |
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NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the [[Project Gemini]], and first used music to wake up a flight crew during [[Apollo 15]]. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.<ref name="chronology">{{cite news|first=Colin|last=Fries|title=Chronology of Wakeup Calls|date= |
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the [[Project Gemini]], and first used music to wake up a flight crew during [[Apollo 15]]. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.<ref name="chronology">{{cite news|first=Colin|last=Fries|title=Chronology of Wakeup Calls|date=June 25, 2007|publisher=NASA|url=https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|access-date=August 13, 2007|archive-date=December 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220093919/https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-32/mission-sts-32.html NASA mission information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012022/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-32/mission-sts-32.html |date= |
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-32/mission-sts-32.html NASA mission information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012022/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-32/mission-sts-32.html |date=December 7, 2008 }} |
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* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle33.htm STS-32 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715085703/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle33.htm |date= |
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle33.htm STS-32 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715085703/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle33.htm |date=July 15, 2014 }} |
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{{Space Shuttle Columbia}} |
{{Space Shuttle Columbia}} |
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[[Category:Edwards Air Force Base]] |
[[Category:Edwards Air Force Base]] |
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[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1990]] |
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1990]] |
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[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1990]] |
Latest revision as of 19:15, 19 April 2024
![]() Columbia retrieves the Long Duration Exposure Facility. | |
Names | Space Transportation System-32 STS-32R |
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Mission type | Syncom IV-F5 (also known as Leasat 5) military communications satellite) deployment LDEF satellite retrieval |
Operator | NASA |
COSPAR ID | 1990-002A |
SATCAT no. | 20409 |
Mission duration | 10 days, 21 hours, 0 minutes, 36 seconds (achieved) |
Distance travelled | 7,258,096 km (4,509,972 mi) |
Orbits completed | 172 |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Columbia |
Launch mass | 116,117 kg (255,994 lb) |
Landing mass | 103,571 kg (228,335 lb) |
Payload mass | 12,014 kg (26,486 lb) |
Crew | |
Crew size | 5 |
Members | |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | January 9, 1990, 12:35:00 UTC |
Rocket | Space Shuttle Columbia |
Launch site | Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A |
Contractor | Rockwell International |
End of mission | |
Landing date | January 20, 1990, 09:35:36 UTC |
Landing site | Edwards Air Force Base, Runway 22 |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
Regime | Low Earth orbit |
Perigee altitude | 296 km (184 mi) |
Apogee altitude | 361 km (224 mi) |
Inclination | 28.45° |
Period | 91.10 minutes |
Instruments | |
| |
![]() STS-32 mission patch ![]() Standing: Marsha Ivins, G. David Low, Bonnie J. Dunbar Seated: Daniel Brandenstein, Jim Wetherbee |
STS-32 was the 33rd mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the ninth launch of Space Shuttle Columbia. Launched on January 9, 1990, it marked the first use of the Launch Complex 39A of Kennedy Space Center since 1986; it also marked the first use of Mobile Launcher Platform-3 (MLP-3) in the Space Shuttle program. STS-32 was, at the time, the longest shuttle mission yet conducted, with a duration of nearly 11 days. Before STS-32, the only mission of the same duration had been STS-9 in 1983. On January 20, 1990, STS-32 executed the third night landing of the shuttle program. STS-32 was also the first Shuttle mission of the 1990s.
The mission was technically designated STS-32R, as the original STS-32 designator had been used internally for STS-61-C, the 24th Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation and flight paperwork for that mission had contained the designator STS-32 throughout. Flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators used the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.[1]
Crew
[edit]Position | Astronaut | |
---|---|---|
Commander | Daniel Brandenstein Third spaceflight | |
Pilot | Jim Wetherbee First spaceflight | |
Mission Specialist 1 | Bonnie J. Dunbar Second spaceflight | |
Mission Specialist 2 | Marsha Ivins First spaceflight | |
Mission Specialist 3 | G. David Low First spaceflight |
Crew seating arrangements
[edit]Seat[2] | Launch | Landing | ![]() Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck. |
---|---|---|---|
S1 | Brandenstein | Brandenstein | |
S2 | Wetherbee | Wetherbee | |
S3 | Dunbar | Low | |
S4 | Ivins | Ivins | |
S5 | Low | Dunbar |
Launch preparations
[edit]Launch Complex 39A was modified extensively in preparation for the launch, with STS-32 being the first launch from the refurbished pad since STS-61-C in 1986. NASA made improvements to the crew emergency egress system and the shuttle payload room, increased anti-freeze protection for the water systems, installed debris traps used during propellant loading, and added more weather protection features and an umbilical to provide power, instrumentation and controls to the heaters for the solid rocket booster (SRB) field joints.
MLP-3, the oldest of the three Apollo-era launch structures, also underwent extensive remodeling for use with the shuttle. These modifications included the removal of the umbilical tower, the reconfiguring of three exhaust holes, and amendments to the electrical and mechanical ground support systems.
Mission summary
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1990_s32_Liftoff.jpg/220px-1990_s32_Liftoff.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1990_s32_Syncom_4-F5_Deployment.jpg/220px-1990_s32_Syncom_4-F5_Deployment.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/STS-32_Return_to_KSC_-_GPN-2000-000677.jpg/220px-STS-32_Return_to_KSC_-_GPN-2000-000677.jpg)
STS-32 launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida, on January 9, 1990, at 7:35:00 a.m. EST. The launch was initially scheduled for December 18, 1989, but was later postponed to allow the modifications to Pad A to be completed and verified. The second scheduled launch, on January 8, 1990, was aborted due to weather conditions. Columbia had a mission launch weight of 116,117 kg (255,994 lb)
The primary objectives of the mission were to deploy the Syncom IV-F5 military communications satellite (also known as Leasat 5),[3] and to retrieve NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), whose retrieval had been delayed for 41⁄2 years by scheduling changes and the Challenger disaster of 1986. Syncom IV-F5 (Leasat-5) was deployed on the second flight day, and a third-stage Minuteman solid apogee kick motor propelled it into a geosynchronous orbit. Dunbar retrieved the LDEF on the fourth day of the flight using the shuttle's Remote Manipulator System (Canadarm). The timeliness of the retrieval was of critical importance, because a high rate of solar flux had increased the density of the LDEF's orbital environment and accelerated its rate of orbital decay. Specialists who carefully monitored the stability of the craft's orbit had anticipated that if the LDEF was not retrieved in time, it would pass too low for the shuttle to safely reach, and could be destroyed during re-entry in February 1990. Thus, the mission's exact liftoff time was determined about 12 hours before launch, using the latest tracking data on LDEF. It was flown on a 352 km (219 mi) orbit inclined 28.45° to the equator.
The crew performed a 41⁄2-hour photographic survey of the free-flying structure, which held 57 science, technology and applications experiments. The 12-sided cylinder, about the size of a small satellite bus, was then berthed in the orbiter's payload bay for return to Earth.
NASA had planned to acquire data on the crew members' exposure to long periods of zero gravity, and its effects on the crew's performance while landing the orbiter after an extended mission. STS-32 set a new shuttle duration record of nearly eleven days. An orbiter kit was developed to allow the shuttle to operate for up to 16 days in Earth orbit, and would later make its debut on Columbia's STS-50 mission in 1992.
The retrieval of LDEF was filmed with an IMAX camera, and appeared in the IMAX film Destiny in Space in 1994. Earth observation footage from the camera also appeared in the 1990 film Blue Planet.
Columbia landed safely on January 20, 1990, at 1:35:37 a.m. PST on Runway 22 of Edwards Air Force Base, California. The orbiter had a landing weight of 103,571 kg (228,335 lb). The roll-out distance was 3,271 m (10,732 ft), and the roll-out time was 62 seconds. The orbiter returned to KSC on January 26, 1990.
Mid-deck payloads
[edit]In addition to the Syncom IV-F5 (Leasat-5) satellite, STS-32 carried a number of mid-deck scientific payloads, some of which had already been flown on previous shuttle missions. The experiments included:
- Characterization of Neurospora Circadian Rhythms (CNCR)
- Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)
- Fluid Experiment Apparatus (FEA)
- American Flight Echocardiograph (AFE)
- Latitude / Longitude Locator (L3)
- Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE)
- IMAX camera
- Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) experiment
Wake-up calls
[edit]NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[4]
Flight Day | Song | Artist/Composer |
---|---|---|
Day 2 | "What's More American?" | Bing Crosby |
Day 3 | "The Banana Boat Song" parody | |
Day 4 | "Let It Snow" parody | |
Day 5 | "Hello Dolly" parody | |
Day 6 | "Attack of the Killer Tomatoes" | |
Day 7 | "Notre Dame Victory March" | |
Day 8 | "Bow Down to Washington" | University of Washington |
Day 9 | "Glory, Glory, Colorado" | University of Colorado |
Day 10 | "Danny Boy" | Larry Bird |
Day 11 | "Washington and Lee" | Washington and Lee University |
Day 12 | "Born to Be Wild" | Steppenwolf |
Day 13 | "Anchors Aweigh" | Charles A. Zimmerman |
Mission insignia
[edit]The three stars on the left and two stars on the right of STS-32's insignia symbolized the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence. The inverted orbiter on the mission patch reflects the overhead phasing required for rendezvous with LDEF. LDEF had dropped to such a low altitude that the orbiter could not do the usual lower-orbit catch-up because of the thicker atmosphere, and had to reach the LDEF from above.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jenkins, Dennis (2013). Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon 1972-2013 (1st ed.). Volume III: Specialty Press. p. 144. ISBN 9781580072496.
- ^ "STS-32". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
- ^ "Leasat Military Communications Satellite". GlobalSecurity.org. 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
- ^ Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
[edit]- NASA mission information Archived December 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- STS-32 Video Highlights Archived July 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine