Blue grosbeak: Difference between revisions
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn| |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Passerina caerulea'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22723939A132170886 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723939A132170886.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| genus = Passerina |
| genus = Passerina |
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| species = caerulea |
| species = caerulea |
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*''Guiraca caerulea'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} |
*''Guiraca caerulea'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} |
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| range_map = Passerina caerulea map.svg |
| range_map = Passerina caerulea map.svg |
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| range_map_caption = |
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{{leftlegend|#ff6600|Breeding}} |
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{{leftlegend|#ffd42a|Migration}} |
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{{leftlegend|#7137c8|Year-round}} |
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{{leftlegend|#5f8dd3|Nonbreeding}} |
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The '''blue grosbeak''' (''Passerina caerulea''), is a medium-sized North American [[passerine]] bird in the cardinal family [[Cardinalidae]]. It is mainly migratory, wintering in Central America and breeding in northern Mexico and the southern United States. The male is blue with two brown {{Birdgloss|wing |
The '''blue grosbeak''' ('''''Passerina caerulea'''''), is a medium-sized North American [[passerine]] bird in the cardinal family [[Cardinalidae]]. It is mainly migratory, wintering in Central America and breeding in northern Mexico and the southern United States. The male is blue with two brown {{Birdgloss|wing bars}}. The female is mainly brown with scattered blue feathers on the upperparts and two brown wing bars. |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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The blue grosbeak was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Loxia caerulea''.<ref name=linnaeus>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume= |
The blue grosbeak was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Loxia caerulea''.<ref name=linnaeus>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=175 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727082 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''caerulea'' is the Latin word for "blue", "azure-blue", "sky-blue" or "dark-blue".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=82 }}</ref> Linnaeus based his own description on the "blew gross-beak" described and illustrated by [[Mark Catesby]] in his ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands''. The book had been published in 1729–1732.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Catesby | first=Mark | author-link=Mark Catesby | year=1729–1732 | title=The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands | volume=1 | place=London | publisher=W. Innys and R. Manby | language=en, fr | page=39, Plate 39 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40753235 }}</ref> Catesby gave the location as Carolina and Linnaeus specified America. The [[type location (biology)|type location]] is now restricted to South Carolina.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=241 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483476 }}</ref> |
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Some taxonomists placed the blue grosbeak in its own [[monotypic]] genus ''Guiraca'' but in 2001 a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of mitochondrial DNA sequences found that the blue grosbeak, in spite of being physically larger, nested within the ''Passerina'' and was most closely related to the [[lazuli bunting]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Klicka | first1=J. | last2=Fry | first2=A.J. | last3=Zink | first3=R.M. | last4=Thompson | first4=C.W. | date=2001 | title=A cytochrome-''b'' perspective on ''Passerina'' bunting relationships | journal=Auk | volume=118 | issue=3 | pages= |
Some taxonomists placed the blue grosbeak in its own [[monotypic]] genus ''Guiraca'' but in 2001 a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of mitochondrial DNA sequences found that the blue grosbeak, in spite of being physically larger, nested within the ''Passerina'' and was most closely related to the [[lazuli bunting]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Klicka | first1=J. | last2=Fry | first2=A.J. | last3=Zink | first3=R.M. | last4=Thompson | first4=C.W. | date=2001 | title=A cytochrome-''b'' perspective on ''Passerina'' bunting relationships | journal=Auk | volume=118 | issue=3 | pages=610–623 | doi=10.1093/auk/118.3.610 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The species is therefore now placed with the North American buntings in ''[[Passerina]]'', a genus that was introduced by the French ornithologist [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]] in 1816.<ref>{{cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1816 | title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire | publisher=Deterville/self | location=Paris | page=30 | language=fr| url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f36.image }}<!--BHL has a scan of an 1883 reprint - same pagination http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12830237 --></ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/cardinals/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=24 September 2020 }}</ref> |
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Seven [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/> |
Seven [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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This is a migratory bird, with nesting grounds across most of the southern half of the United States and much of northern [[Mexico]], migrating south to [[Central America]] and in very small numbers to northern [[South America]]; the southernmost record comes from eastern [[Ecuador]]. |
This is a migratory bird, with nesting grounds across most of the southern half of the United States and much of northern [[Mexico]], migrating south to [[Central America]] and in very small numbers to northern [[South America]]; the southernmost record comes from eastern [[Ecuador]]. |
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This species is found in partly open habitat with scattered trees, riparian woodland, scrub, thickets, cultivated lands, woodland edges, overgrown fields, or hedgerows. |
This species is found in partly open habitat with scattered trees, riparian woodland, scrub, thickets, cultivated lands, woodland edges, overgrown fields, or hedgerows. |
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==Behaviour and ecology== |
==Behaviour and ecology== |
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===Breeding=== |
===Breeding=== |
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The blue grosbeak nests in a low tree or bush or a tangle of vegetation, usually about {{convert|1|–|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} above ground, often at the edge of an open area.<ref name=bent>{{ |
The blue grosbeak nests in a low tree or bush or a tangle of vegetation, usually about {{convert|1|–|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} above ground, often at the edge of an open area.<ref name=bent>{{ Cite journal | last1=Bent | first1=Arthur Cleveland | author1-link=Arthur Cleveland Bent | last2=Austin | first2=Oliver L. Jr. | author2-link=Oliver L. Austin | year=1968 | title=Life Histories of North American Cardinals, Grosbeaks, Buntings, Towhees, Finches, Sparrows, and Allies | journal=Bulletin of the United States National Museum | volume=Part 1 | series=Bulletin of the United States National Museum 237 | issue=237 | location=Washington DC | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press | doi=10.5479/si.03629236.237.1 | doi-access= | pages=67–80 }}</ref> |
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===Feeding=== |
===Feeding=== |
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It eats mostly insects, but it will also eat snails, spiders, seeds, grains, and wild fruits. The blue grosbeak forages mainly on the ground.<ref name=bow>{{cite |
It eats mostly insects, but it will also eat snails, spiders, seeds, grains, and wild fruits. The blue grosbeak forages mainly on the ground.<ref name=bow>{{cite journal | last1=Lowther | first1=P.E. | last2=Ingold | first2=J.L. | year=2020 | title=Blue Grosbeak (''Passerina caerulea''), version 1.0 | editor-last=Poole | editor-first=A.F. | journal=Birds of the World | location=Ithaca, NY, USA | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | doi=10.2173/bow.blugrb1.01 | url=https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blugrb1.01 | access-date=25 September 2020 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="3" caption="Gallery" align=center> |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Guiraca caeruleaAAP086CB.jpg|Male (upper), female (lower) |
Image:Guiraca caeruleaAAP086CB.jpg|Male (upper), female (lower) |
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Image:Blue grosbeak.jpg|alt=Blue Grosbeak in Birds of America|Blue Grosbeak in ''Birds of America'' |
Image:Blue grosbeak.jpg|alt=Blue Grosbeak in Birds of America|Blue Grosbeak in ''Birds of America'' |
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Immature male blue grosbeak (41736).jpg|Immature male with partially blue face and tail |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q794337}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q794337}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:grosbeak, blue}} |
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[[Category:Passerina|blue grosbeak]] |
[[Category:Passerina|blue grosbeak]] |
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[[Category:Birds of the United States]] |
[[Category:Birds of the United States]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:39, 22 April 2024
| Blue grosbeak | |
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| Adult male | |
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| Adult female | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Cardinalidae |
| Genus: | Passerina |
| Species: | P. caerulea
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| Binomial name | |
| Passerina caerulea | |
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Breeding
Migration
Year-round
Nonbreeding
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| Synonyms | |
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The blue grosbeak (Passerina caerulea), is a medium-sized North American passerine bird in the cardinal family Cardinalidae. It is mainly migratory, wintering in Central America and breeding in northern Mexico and the southern United States. The male is blue with two brown wing bars. The female is mainly brown with scattered blue feathers on the upperparts and two brown wing bars.
Taxonomy
[edit]The blue grosbeak was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Loxia caerulea.[2] The specific epithet caerulea is the Latin word for "blue", "azure-blue", "sky-blue" or "dark-blue".[3] Linnaeus based his own description on the "blew gross-beak" described and illustrated by Mark Catesby in his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. The book had been published in 1729–1732.[4] Catesby gave the location as Carolina and Linnaeus specified America. The type location is now restricted to South Carolina.[5]
Some taxonomists placed the blue grosbeak in its own monotypic genus Guiraca but in 2001 a molecular phylogenetic study of mitochondrial DNA sequences found that the blue grosbeak, in spite of being physically larger, nested within the Passerina and was most closely related to the lazuli bunting.[6] The species is therefore now placed with the North American buntings in Passerina, a genus that was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816.[7][8]
Seven subspecies are recognised:[8]
- P. c. caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758) – southeast and south central USA
- P. c. interfusa (Dwight & Griscom, 1927) – west central USA and north Mexico
- P. c. salicaria (Grinnell, 1911) – southwest USA and northwest Mexico
- P. c. eurhyncha (Coues, 1874) – central and south Mexico
- P. c. chiapensis (Nelson, 1898) – south Mexico to Guatemala
- P. c. deltarhyncha (Van Rossem, 1938) – west Mexico
- P. c. lazula (Lesson, R, 1842) – south Guatemala to northwest Costa Rica
Description
[edit]The male blue grosbeak is deep blue, with both black and brown on its wings. The female is mostly brown. Both sexes are distinguished by their large, deep bill and double wing bars. These features, as well as the grosbeak's relatively larger size, distinguish this species from the indigo bunting. Length can range from 14 to 19 cm (5.5 to 7.5 in) and wingspan is from 26 to 29 cm (10 to 11 in).[9][10] Body mass is typically from 26 to 31.5 g (0.92 to 1.11 oz).[11]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]This is a migratory bird, with nesting grounds across most of the southern half of the United States and much of northern Mexico, migrating south to Central America and in very small numbers to northern South America; the southernmost record comes from eastern Ecuador.
This species is found in partly open habitat with scattered trees, riparian woodland, scrub, thickets, cultivated lands, woodland edges, overgrown fields, or hedgerows.
Behaviour and ecology
[edit]Breeding
[edit]The blue grosbeak nests in a low tree or bush or a tangle of vegetation, usually about 1–2.5 m (3.3–8.2 ft) above ground, often at the edge of an open area.[12]
Feeding
[edit]It eats mostly insects, but it will also eat snails, spiders, seeds, grains, and wild fruits. The blue grosbeak forages mainly on the ground.[13]
Gallery
[edit]-
Male (upper), female (lower) -
Blue Grosbeak in Birds of America -
Immature male with partially blue face and tail
.jpg)
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Passerina caerulea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22723939A132170886. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723939A132170886.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 175.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (in English and French). Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 39, Plate 39.
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 241.
- ^ Klicka, J.; Fry, A.J.; Zink, R.M.; Thompson, C.W. (2001). "A cytochrome-b perspective on Passerina bunting relationships". Auk. 118 (3): 610–623. doi:10.1093/auk/118.3.610.
- ^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 30.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ "Blue Grosbeak".
- ^ "eNature: FieldGuides: Species Detail". Archived from the original on 2012-02-22.
- ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0849342585.
- ^ Bent, Arthur Cleveland; Austin, Oliver L. Jr. (1968). "Life Histories of North American Cardinals, Grosbeaks, Buntings, Towhees, Finches, Sparrows, and Allies". Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 237. Part 1 (237). Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press: 67–80. doi:10.5479/si.03629236.237.1.
- ^ Lowther, P.E.; Ingold, J.L. (2020). Poole, A.F. (ed.). "Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.blugrb1.01. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to blue grosbeak.
Wikispecies has information related to Passerina caerulea.