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Kibei kibei (帰米, literally "go home to America") was a term often used in the 1940s to describe Japanese Americans born in the United States whose parents had sent them to receive their education in Japan and who had then returned to the United States. Many of them had dual citizenship. They were sent to Japan to maintain proficiency in Japanese language and cultural traditions, which was particularly important to their parents because there was strong anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States after war with Japan broke out, and they worried that they and their families might be deported back to Japan.^[1] The exact number of kibei is not known—perhaps about 11,000.^[2]

Most Japanese Americans who were living on the west coast of the United States when war with Japan broke out were interned; many others volunteered for service in the U.S. military, often as translators.

In contrast, most Japanese Americans who were in school in Japan in late 1941 entered the Japanese army.^[3] A notable case was Minoru Wada, an American citizen educated in Japan who served as an Imperial Japanese Army junior officer. After the U.S. took him prisoner in the Philippines in 1945, he provided U.S. bomber crews with vital intelligence and led the aircraft in a highly successful attack on the headquarters of the Japanese 100th Division. He later explained that he had been motivated by a desire to minimize the loss of life by helping to effect a swift end to the Pacific War.^[4]

Notes

^ Danico, Mary Yu. Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publication, Inc.
^ Roger Daniels (1988). Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States Since 1850. U. of Washington Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780295801186. It is said there were about 10,000 Kibei among Nisei (second-generation) Japanese Americans.<ref name=":0"
^ Wendy L. Ng (2002). Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide. Greenwood. p. 6. ISBN 9780313313752.
^ Merriam Press, "Japanese Officer Led a U.S. Air Strike Against His Own Troops" (retrieved on August 30th, 2011).

Sources

"Impossible Subjects". Mae Ngai. Part III (p. 173). Princeton University Press. 2004. Princeton, New Jersey.
Dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kibei. Retrieved 11-30-09.

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[:0-1] Danico, Mary Yu. Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publication, Inc.

[2] Roger Daniels (1988). Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States Since 1850. U. of Washington Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780295801186. It is said there were about 10,000 Kibei among Nisei (second-generation) Japanese Americans.<ref name=":0"

[3] Wendy L. Ng (2002). Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide. Greenwood. p. 6. ISBN 9780313313752.

[4] Merriam Press, "Japanese Officer Led a U.S. Air Strike Against His Own Troops" (retrieved on August 30th, 2011).

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-'''Kibei''' {{nihongo||帰米|''kibei''|literally "go home to America"}} was a term often used in the 1940s to describe [[Japanese American]]s born in the United States who returned to America after receiving their education in Japan. Some Japanese Americans sent their children, many of whom had dual citizenship, back to Japan, so the children were educated in Japanese school systems and maintained the Japanese language as well as Japanese cultural traditions. Another reason was the strong anti-Japanese sentiment in the Untied states and these parents worried that they might be deported back to Japan. In preparation for the worst centric, they sent their children to Japan, so they could survive either in the United State or Japan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia|last=Danico|first=Mary Yu|publisher=SAGE Publication, Inc.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> The exact number is not known--perhaps about 11,000.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger Daniels|title=Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States Since 1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiQE317r3mgC&pg=RA1-PA76|year=1988|publisher=U. of Washington Press|page=1}}</ref> It is said there were about 10,000 Kibei among Nisei (second-generation) Japanese Americans.<ref name=":0" />
+'''Kibei''' {{nihongo||帰米|''kibei''|literally "go home to America"}} was a term often used in the 1940s to describe [[Japanese American]]s born in the United States whose parents had sent them to receive their [[education in Japan]] and who had then returned to the United States. Many of them had dual citizenship. They were sent to Japan to maintain proficiency in Japanese language and cultural traditions, which was particularly important to their parents because there was strong [[anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States]] after war with Japan broke out, and they worried that they and their families might be deported back to Japan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia|last=Danico|first=Mary Yu|publisher=SAGE Publication, Inc.}}</ref> The exact number of kibei is not known—perhaps about 11,000.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger Daniels|title=Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States Since 1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiQE317r3mgC&pg=RA1-PA76|year=1988|publisher=U. of Washington Press|page=1|isbn=9780295801186}} It is said there were about 10,000 Kibei among Nisei (second-generation) Japanese Americans.<ref name=":0"</ref>
-Those men who were in school in Japan in late 1941 typically entered the Japanese army.  Those on the West coast of the United States were [[Japanese American internment|interned]].  Many volunteered for service with the U.S., especially as translators.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy L. Ng|title=Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmXeGYlOXu4C&pg=PA6|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood|page=6}}</ref>
+Most Japanese Americans who were living on the west coast of the United States when war with Japan broke out were [[Japanese American internment|interned]]; many others volunteered for service in the U.S. military, often as translators.
+In contrast, most Japanese Americans who were in school in Japan in late 1941 entered the Japanese army.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy L. Ng|title=Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/japaneseamerican00ngwe|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood|page=[https://archive.org/details/japaneseamerican00ngwe/page/6 6]|isbn=9780313313752}}</ref> A notable case was [[Minoru Wada]], an American citizen educated in Japan who served as an Imperial Japanese Army junior officer. After the U.S. took him prisoner in the Philippines in 1945, he provided U.S. bomber crews with vital intelligence and led the aircraft in a highly successful attack on the headquarters of the Japanese 100th Division. He later explained that he had been motivated by a desire to minimize the loss of life by helping to effect a swift end to the Pacific War.<ref>[https://www.merriam-press.com/ww2ejour/articles/iss_001/is001_01.htm Merriam Press], "''Japanese Officer Led a U.S. Air Strike Against His Own Troops''" (retrieved on August 30th, 2011).</ref>
-Another case was [[Minoru Wada]], an American citizen educated in Japan who served as a Japanese Army junior officer. He was taken prisoner in the Philippines in 1945.  He provided U.S. bomber crews with vital intelligence, and led the aircraft in a highly successful attack on the headquarters of the Japanese 100th Division.  He was motivated by a desire to minimize the loss of life through aiding to effect a swift end to the Pacific War.<ref>[https://www.merriam-press.com/ww2ejour/articles/iss_001/is001_01.htm Merriam Press], "''Japanese Officer Led a U.S. Air Strike Against His Own Troops''" (retrieved on August 30th, 2011).</ref>
 ==Notes==
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