Tây Sơn dynasty: Difference between revisions

Great Việt
大越國
*Đại Việt Quốc*
Great Việt 大越國; Đại Việt Quốc
1778–1802
	Imperial seal
	Political division of Vietnam at the end of the 18th century: Territory controlled by Nguyễn Huệ Territory controlled by Nguyễn Nhạc Territory controlled by Nguyễn Lữ, later captured by Nguyễn Ánh in 1789
Status	Duchy within Lê dynasty of Đại Việt (1778–1788); Internal imperial system within Qing tributary (1789–1802)
Capital	Đồ Bàn (1776–1788); Phú Xuân (1788–1801); Bắc Thành (1801–1802)
Common languages	Vietnamese; Written Chữ Nôm script (official)
Religion	Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism, Islam
Regierung	Rebellion (1771–1778)Duchy of Lê dynasty (1778–1788)Absolute monarchy (1788–1802)Rump state(1801-1802)
Emperor
• 1778–88	Thái Đức ; as (Emperor)
• 1788–92	Quang Trung ; as (Emperor)
• 1792–1802	Nguyễn Quang Toản
Legislature	None (rule by decree)
History
• Nguyễn Nhạc establishes dynasty	1778
• Lê dynasty collapsed	3 February 1789
• Nguyễn Ánh captures Đông Kinh	18 June 1802
Population
• 1800	unknown, circa 10 million
Currency	Copper-alloy and zinc cash coins
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Lê dynasty
	Nguyễn lords
	Trịnh lords
Nguyễn dynasty
Today part of	Vietnam; China; Laos; Cambodia

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The Tây Sơn dynasty (Vietnamese: [təj ʂəːn], Vietnamese: Nhà Tây Sơn, Chữ Nôm: 茹西山, lit. 'House of Tây Sơn'; Vietnamese: triều Tây Sơn (chữ Hán: 朝西山), officially Great Việt (Vietnamese: Đại Việt; Chữ Hán: 大越), was a dynasty of Vietnam. It was founded after three Nguyễn brothers from the village of Tây Sơn rebelled against the Lê dynasty, Nguyễn lords, and Trịnh lords. The Tây Sơn were led by these three brothers, referred to by modern Vietnamese historians as the Tây Sơn brothers because of their origin in the district of Tây Sơn. The Tây Sơn was later succeeded by the Nguyễn dynasty.^[3]^[a]

The Tây Sơn dynasty ended the century-long war between the Trịnh and Nguyễn families, ended the Lê dynasty, and united the country for the first time in 200 years. The Tây Sơn entered a tributary relationship with the Qing dynasty of China and gained the recognition as the official rulers of Vietnam from the Qianlong Emperor. Under the most prominent of the Tây Sơn brothers, Nguyễn Quang Bình—later the emperor Quang Trung—Vietnam experienced an age of relative peace and prosperity. However, his heir was not capable of properly ruling the country, allowing the exiled Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Ánh to retake the south of Vietnam and eventually pave the way for his own imperial dynasty, the Nguyễn dynasty.

Name

The Tây Sơn dynasty was named after the Tây Sơn district in Bình Định province, the birthplace of the three brothers who established the dynasty.^[3] The name "Tây Sơn" means "western mountains" from Chinese 西山 Xīshān where 西 xi means west and 山 shan means mountain.^[4]

History

Background

In the 18th century, Vietnam was de jure ruled by the Lê dynasty, but real power lay in the hands of two warring families, the Trịnh lords of the north who ruled from the imperial court in Thăng Long and the Nguyễn lords in the south, who ruled from their capital Huế. Both sides warred extensively for control of the country. Life for the peasants during these times were difficult: ownership of land became concentrated in the hands of a handful of landlords as time passed. The imperial bureaucracy became corrupt and oppressive; at one point the imperial examination-degrees were sold to whoever was wealthy enough to purchase them. As the people grew poorer, the ruling lords lived lavish lifestyles in opulent palaces. While the Trịnh lords had enjoyed peace since the end of the war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn in 1672,^[5] the Nguyễn lords regularly campaigned against Cambodia and later the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand). While the Nguyễn lords usually won these wars and opened up new fertile lands for the landless poor to settle, the frequent warring cost money, resources, and lives.

Tây Sơn rebellion

In 1769 the new king of Siam Taksin launched a war to regain control of Cambodia. The war went against the Nguyễn lords, and they were forced to abandon some of the newly conquered lands, which included the Principality of Hà Tiên in the eastern coast of Cochinchina. Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát died in 1765, the court power was transferred to regent Trương Phúc Loan, creating a political crisis. This coupled with heavy taxes and endemic corruption at the local level spurred three brothers Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, and Nguyễn Lữ (not related to the Nguyễn lords) from the village of Tây Sơn, central Vietnam, to revolt in 1771 against the Nguyễn lord Phúc Thuần.^[6]

The Tây Sơn brothers styled themselves as champions of the people. Over the next year, the revolt gained traction and they won some battles against the Nguyễn army that was sent to crush their rebellion. The Tây Sơn drew their support from not only poor farmers but also by some indigenous highland tribes. Nguyễn Huệ, the brothers' leader, said that his goal was to end the people's oppression, reunite the country, and restore the power of the Lê emperor in Hanoi. The Tây Sơn also promised to remove corrupt officials and redistribute land.

In 1773 the Tây Sơn captured the port of Qui Nhơn, where the merchants, who had suffered under restrictive laws put in place by the Nguyễn, lent the uprising their financial support. The Nguyễn, at last recognizing the serious scale of the revolt, made peace with the Siamese, giving up some land they had conquered in previous decades. However, their problems were compounded when Trịnh Sâm chose to end the 100-year peace and exploit the turmoil in the south by sending his army to attack Phú Xuân (modern-day Huế), the Nguyễn capital. The Trịnh army captured the city, forcing the Nguyễn to flee to Gia Định (now modern day Saigon).

The Trịnh army continued to march south and the Tây Sơn army continued its conquest of other southern cities. The forces arrayed against the Nguyễn were simply too many and in 1776 the Tây Sơn army captured the last Nguyễn stronghold of Gia Định and massacred the town's Chinese population.^[7] The entire Nguyễn family was killed at the end of the siege, except for one nephew, Nguyễn Ánh, who managed to escape to Siam. The eldest Tây Sơn brother, Nguyễn Nhạc, proclaimed himself Emperor in 1778. A conflict with the Trịnh thus became unavoidable.

Conflict with Siam

The Tây Sơn spent the next decade consolidating their control over the former Nguyễn territory. Nguyễn Ánh proved to be a stubborn enemy. He convinced the King of Siam, P'ya Taksin, to invade Vietnam in support of him. The Siamese army attacked in 1780, but in several years of warfare, it was unable to defeat the Tây Sơn army, as gains were followed by losses. In 1782, the Siamese king was killed in a revolt, and less than a year later, Nguyễn Ánh's forces were driven out of Vietnam. In 1785, Siam launched an invasion again and occupied part of the Mekong Delta, but was defeated by Nguyen Hue in the Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút.

Conquest of Trịnh lords

Having vanquished the Nguyễn for the time being, Nguyễn Huệ decided to destroy the power of the Trịnh lords. He marched to the north at the head of a large army in 1786, and after a short campaign, defeated the Trịnh army successfully. The Trịnh were also unpopular and the Tây Sơn army seemed invincible. The Trịnh lord fled north into China. Nguyễn Huệ later married princess Lê Ngọc Hân, the daughter of the nominal later Lê Emperor, Lê Hiển Tông.

Overthrow of Lê dynasty and relationship with Qing dynasty

A few months later, realising that his hope of retaining power had gone, the Emperor Lê Chiêu Thống fled north to the Qing Empire of China, where he formally petitioned the Qianlong Emperor for aid. The Qianlong Emperor agreed to restore Lê Chiêu Thống to power, and so in 1788, a large Qing army marched south into Vietnam and captured the capital Thăng Long.

Nguyễn Huệ gathered a new army and prepared to fight the Qing army. He addressed his troops before the battle saying:^{[citation needed]}

The Qing have invaded our country and occupied the capital city, Thăng Long. In our history, the Trưng Sisters fought against the Han, Đinh Tiên Hoàng against the Song, Trần Hưng Đạo against the Mongol Yuan, and Lê Lợi against the Ming. These heroes did not resign themselves to standing by and seeing the invaders plunder our country; they inspired the people to fight for a just cause and drive out the aggressors... The Qing, forgetting what happened to the Song, Yuan and Ming, have invaded our country. We are going to drive them out of our territory.

In a surprise attack, while the Qing army was celebrating the Lunar New Year, Nguyễn Huệ's army defeated them at the Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa and forced them, along with Lê Chiêu Thống, to retreat. The Tay Son were supported by Chinese pirates.^[8]^[1] Anti-pirate activities were undertaken by a joint alliance between the Qing dynasty and Nguyễn lords Gia Long while Chinese pirates collaborated with the Tay Son.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

After the battle, Nguyễn Huệ sought to restore the tributary relationship in order to deter a joint Qing-Siam pincer attack and prevent further Qing Chinese attempts to restore the Lê dynasty.^[1] Nguyễn Huệ sent a ritually submissive request to the Qianlong Emperor under the name of Nguyễn Quang Bình (also referred to as Ruan Guangping).^[1]

In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor agreed to re-establish the tributary relationship and enfeoff Nguyễn as the King of Annam on the condition that Nguyễn Huệ personally lead a special delegation to Beijing to celebrate the Qianlong Emperor's 80th birthday.^[1] For the Qianlong Emperor, the motivation for accepting the arrangement was to retain the Qing's supremacy and stabilize their southern border.^[1] Chinese and Vietnamese sources agreed that Nguyễn Huệ sent an imposter with a delegation to Beijing, where they were received with lavish imperial favors.^[1] The Qianlong Emperor approved the proposal and bestowed Nguyễn Huệ with the title An Nam quốc vương ("King of Annam"). The title indicated that Nguyễn Huệ was recognized as the legal ruler of Vietnam and Lê Chiêu Thống was no longer supported.^[1]

War with Nguyễn Ánh and fall

Quang Trung, was resentful. He trained his army, built large warships and waited for an opportunity to take revenge. He also provided refuge to organizations such as the Tiandihui and the White Lotus. Chinese pirates, such as Chen Tien-pao (陳添保), Mo Kuan-fu (莫觀扶), Liang Wen-keng (梁文庚), Fan Wen-tsai (樊文才), Cheng Chi (鄭七) and Cheng I (鄭一) were granted official positions and noble ranks under the Tây Sơn empire.^[13] All attack plans had to be given up due to Nguyễn Huệ's sudden death.^[14] The attack never materialized by the time that Quang Trung died in 1792.^[15]^[16]

After the Tây Sơn massacred ethnic Han Chinese settlers in 1782, the support of the Qing Chinese shifted towards to the Nguyễn lords.^[17]^[18]

After Quang Trung's death, his son Nguyễn Quang Toản was enthroned as Emperor Cảnh Thịnh at the age of ten. However, the real power was in the hands of his uncle Bui Dac Tuyen, who enacted a massive political purge. Many who served under Quang Trung were executed, while others became discouraged and left the regime, considerably weakening the Tây Sơn. This paved the way for Nguyễn Ánh to capture the entire country within 10 years, with the help of French military adventurers enlisted by French bishop Pigneau de Behaine. In 1800, Nguyễn Ánh occupied Quy Nhơn citadel. In 1801, he occupied Phú Xuân, forcing Nguyễn Quang Toản to flee to Thăng Long. In 1802, Ánh besieged Thăng Long. The then 20-year-old Nguyễn Quang Toản escaped, but then was captured and executed, ending the dynasty after 24 years, and the Nguyễn, the last imperial dynasty of Vietnam, took over the country in 1802.

The Nguyễn lords eventually defeated the Tây Sơn dynasty, took complete control of Vietnam, and established the imperial Nguyễn dynasty in 1802.^[19]^[20] The Nguyễn executed the defeated Tây Sơn leader Bùi Thị Xuân by crushing the body with an elephant. The heart and liver from her body were consumed by soldiers of the Nguyễn.^[21]

Notes

^ Dutton (2006), p. 236. "For a detailed description of the lengths to which the Nguyễn went in this regard see the account in Quách Tân and Quách Giao, Nhà Tây Sơn (The Tây Sơn Dynasty), 234–249."

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Wang, Wensheng (2014). "Chapter Seven: The Pirate Crisis and Foreign Diplomacy". White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674727991.
^ Kiernan, Ben (2017). Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 9780195160765.
^ ^a ^b Kim, p. 359.
^ Reid, Anthony (2015). A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads. John Wiley & Sons. p. 186. ISBN 9780631179610.
^ Dupuy, p. 653.
^ Kohn, p. 523.
^ Owen, p. 113.
^ Little, p. 205.
^ Leonard, p. 136.
^ Spencer.
^ Dar, Sino-Vietnamese Relations.
^ Dar, Tay Son Uprising.
^ Murray, Dian H. (1987). "3". Pirates of the South China Coast, 1790-1810. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1376-4. OL 2381407M.
^ "Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014)". Research Gate. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện, vol. 30
^ "Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014)". Research Gate. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ Choi, p.35–37
^ Choi, p.74–
^ "SINO-VIETNAMESE RELATIONS, 1771-1802: FROM CONTENTION TO FAITHFUL CORRELATION". Research Gate. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) In Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven?". Research Gate. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ Marr, pp. 211–12.

Bibliography

Dar, Ku Boon. "Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1771-1802: From Contention to Faithful Correlation". Research Gate. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

Dar, Ku Boon. "Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) in Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven?". Research Gate. Retrieved February 7, 2019.

Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present (Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270056-1.

Dutton, George (2006). The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam (Southeast Asia: Politics, Meaning, and Memory). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2984-1.

Dutton, George (2013). "A Brief History of the Tay Son Movement (1771-1802)". English Rainbow. EnglishRainbow.com. Retrieved 28 August 2019.

Kim, Trần Trọng (2005). Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House.

Kohn, George Childs (1999). Dictionary of Wars (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3928-3.

Leonard, Jane Kate (1984). Wei Yuan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime World. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-94855-6.

Little, Benerson (2010). Pirate Hunting: The Fight Against Pirates, Privateers, and Sea Raiders from Antiquity to the Present. Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59797-588-9.

Marr, David G. (1984). Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90744-7.

Owen, Norman G. (2005). The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press.

Tucker, Spencer C. "The First Tet Offensive of 1789" (PDF). Izcenter. Spencer Tucker. Retrieved 28 August 2019.

[4] Dutton (2006), p. 236. "For a detailed description of the lengths to which the Nguyễn went in this regard see the account in Quách Tân and Quách Giao, Nhà Tây Sơn (The Tây Sơn Dynasty), 234–249."

[WLR-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Wang, Wensheng (2014). "Chapter Seven: The Pirate Crisis and Foreign Diplomacy". White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674727991.

[2] Kiernan, Ben (2017). Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 9780195160765.

[Kim-359-3] Kim, p. 359.

[5] Reid, Anthony (2015). A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads. John Wiley & Sons. p. 186. ISBN 9780631179610.

[6] Dupuy, p. 653.

[7] Kohn, p. 523.

[8] Owen, p. 113.

[9] Little, p. 205.

[10] Leonard, p. 136.

[11] Spencer.

[12] Dar, Sino-Vietnamese Relations.

[13] Dar, Tay Son Uprising.

[pirates3-14] Murray, Dian H. (1987). "3". Pirates of the South China Coast, 1790-1810. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1376-4. OL 2381407M.

[15] "Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014)". Research Gate. Retrieved February 7, 2019.

[dainam30-16] Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện, vol. 30

[17] "Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014)". Research Gate. Retrieved February 7, 2019.

[Wook2004-18] Choi, p.35–37

[Wook2004_2-19] Choi, p.74–

[resga-20] "SINO-VIETNAMESE RELATIONS, 1771-1802: FROM CONTENTION TO FAITHFUL CORRELATION". Research Gate. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

[heav-21] "Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) In Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven?". Research Gate. Retrieved February 7, 2019.

[22] Marr, pp. 211–12.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|1778–1802 ruling dynasty of Vietnam}}
-{{for|the district of the same name in Bình Định province, where the Tây Sơn brothers originated|Tây Sơn District}}
+{{for|the district of the same name in Bình Định province, where the Tây Sơn brothers originated|Tây Sơn district}}
 {{Infobox former country
-| native_name            = {{lang|vi|Đại Việt Quốc}} ({{lang|vi|大越國}})
+| native_name            = {{lang|vi|大越國}}<br/>{{lang|vi|Đại Việt Quốc}}
-| conventional_long_name = Đại Việt
+| conventional_long_name = Great Việt
-| common_name            = Đại Việt
+| common_name            = Tây Sơn dynasty
-| status                 = [[Duchy]] within [[Lê dynasty]] of [[Đại Việt]] (1778–1788)<br>[[Empire]] within [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] [[Tributary state|tributary]] (1789–1802)<ref name=WLR/>
+| status                 = [[Duchy]] within [[Lê dynasty]] of [[Đại Việt]] <small>(1778–1788)</small><br>[[Emperor at home, king abroad|Internal imperial system]] within [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] [[Tributary state|tributary]] <small>(1789–1802)</small><ref name=WLR/>
 | era                    =
-| government_type        = [[Rebellion]]<br>(1771–1778)<hr>[[Duchy]] of [[Lê dynasty]] <br>(1778–1788)<hr>[[Absolute Monarchy]]<br>(1788–1802)
+| government_type        = [[Rebellion]] <small>(1771–1778)</small><hr>[[Duchy]] of [[Lê dynasty]] <small>(1778–1788)</small><hr>[[Absolute monarchy]] <small>(1788–1802)</small><hr>[[Rump state]](1801-1802)
 | year_start             = 1778
 | year_end               = 1802
@@ Line 23: / Line 24: @@
 | p2                     = Nguyễn lords
 | flag_p2                = Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg
-| flag_p3                =
+| flag_p3                = Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg
+| p3                     = Trịnh lords
 | s1                     = Nguyễn dynasty
 | flag_s1                = Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 | flag_type              =
 | image_map              = Vietnam at the end of 18th century (Vi).png
-| image_map_caption      = Political division of Vietnam at the end of the 18th century: {{legend|#757E9E|Territory controlled by [[Nguyễn Huệ]]}} {{legend|#f2c85c|Territory controlled by [[Nguyễn Nhạc]]}}{{legend|#80c79c|Territory controlled by [[Nguyễn Lữ]], later captured by [[Nguyễn Ánh]] in 1787}}
+| image_map_caption      = Political division of Vietnam at the end of the 18th century: {{legend|#757E9E|Territory controlled by [[Nguyễn Huệ]]}} {{legend|#f2c85c|Territory controlled by [[Nguyễn Nhạc]]}}{{legend|#80c79c|Territory controlled by [[Nguyễn Lữ]], later captured by [[Nguyễn Ánh]] in 1789}}
-| capital                = [[Vijaya (Champa)|Quy Nhơn]] (1778–1788)<br>[[Phú Xuân]] (1788–1802)
+| capital                = [[Vijaya (Champa)|Đồ Bàn]] <small>(1776–1788)</small><br>[[Phú Xuân]] <small>(1788–1801)</small><br>[[Hanoi|Bắc Thành]] <small>(1801–1802)</small>
 | national_motto         =
 | national_anthem        =
-| common_languages       = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{br}}Written [[Chữ Nôm|Chữ Nôm script]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tw3xDQAAQBAJ&q=c%E1%BA%A3nh+th%E1%BB%8Bnh&pg=PA264|title=Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present|first=Ben |last=Kiernan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |page=265|isbn=9780195160765}}</ref> (official)
+| common_languages       = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{br}}Written [[Chữ Nôm|Chữ Nôm script]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tw3xDQAAQBAJ&q=c%E1%BA%A3nh+th%E1%BB%8Bnh&pg=PA264|title=Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present|first=Ben |last=Kiernan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |page=265|isbn=9780195160765}}</ref> <small>(official)</small>
-| religion               = [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Manichaeism]], [[Catholicism]], [[Islam]]
+| religion               = [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Catholicism]], [[Islam]]
 | leader1                = [[Nguyễn Nhạc|Thái Đức]] <br> as (Emperor)
 | year_leader1           = 1778–88
-| leader2                = [[Nguyễn Huệ|Quang Trung]] <br> as (Emperor)
+| leader2                = [[Quang Trung]] <br> as (Emperor)
 | year_leader2           = 1788–92
 | leader3                = [[Nguyễn Quang Toản]]
@@ Line 49: / Line 51: @@
 | stat_year1             = 1800
 | stat_area1             =
+| stat_pop1              = unknown, circa 10 million| area_rank              =
-| stat_pop1              = 7,219,000<ref>[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kcaxirZiLkli0rly-fQ0213MrwnVEyD8w5O010dQipo/ POPULATION OF VIETNAM FROM EARLY TO 1858]</ref>
-| area_rank              =
 | GDP_PPP                =
 | GDP_PPP_year           =
@@ Line 59: / Line 60: @@
 }}
 {{History of Vietnam}}
-The '''Tây Sơn dynasty''' ({{IPA-vi|təj ʂəːn|lang}}, {{lang-vi|Nhà Tây Sơn}} ([[Chữ Nôm]]: 茹西山); {{lang-vi|Tây Sơn triều}} ([[Hán tự]]: 西山朝) was a [[List of Vietnamese dynasties|ruling dynasty]] of [[Vietnam]], founded in the wake of a rebellion against both the [[Nguyễn lords]] and the [[Trịnh lords]] before subsequently establishing themselves as a new dynasty. The Tây Sơn were led by three brothers, referred to by modern Vietnamese historians as the Tây Sơn brothers because of their origin in the [[Tây Sơn District|district of Tây Sơn]].<ref name="Kim-359">Kim, p. 359.</ref>{{efn|Dutton (2006), p. 236. "For a detailed description of the lengths to which the Nguyễn went in this regard see the account in Quách Tân and Quách Giao, Nhà Tây Sơn (The Tây Sơn Dynasty), 234–249."}}
+The '''Tây Sơn dynasty''' ({{IPA-vi|təj ʂəːn|lang}}, {{lang-vi|Nhà Tây Sơn, {{noitalic|[[Chữ Nôm]]: 茹西山}}|lit=House of Tây Sơn}}; {{lang-vi|triều Tây Sơn}} ([[chữ Hán]]: 朝西山), officially '''Great Việt''' ({{lang-vi|Đại Việt}}; [[Chữ Hán]]: 大越), was a [[List of Vietnamese dynasties|dynasty of Vietnam]]. It was founded after three Nguyễn brothers from the village of Tây Sơn rebelled against the [[Lê dynasty]], [[Nguyễn lords]], and [[Trịnh lords]]. The Tây Sơn were led by these three brothers, referred to by modern Vietnamese historians as the Tây Sơn brothers because of their origin in the [[Tây Sơn district|district of Tây Sơn]]. The Tây Sơn was later succeeded by the [[Nguyễn dynasty]].<ref name="Kim-359">Kim, p. 359.</ref>{{efn|Dutton (2006), p. 236. "For a detailed description of the lengths to which the Nguyễn went in this regard see the account in Quách Tân and Quách Giao, Nhà Tây Sơn (The Tây Sơn Dynasty), 234–249."}}
-The Tây Sơn dynasty ended the [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|century-long war]] between the Trịnh and Nguyễn families, fought off [[Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa|an attack]] by [[Qing China]], and united the country for the first time in 200 years. Under the most prominent of the Tây Sơn brothers, [[Quang Trung|Nguyễn Huệ]] ([[Vietnamese era name|era name]] Quang Trung), Vietnam experienced an age of relative peace and prosperity. His heir, however, was not capable of properly ruling the country, allowing the exiled Nguyễn lord [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]] to retake the south of Vietnam and eventually pave the way for his own imperial dynasty, the [[Nguyễn dynasty]].
+The Tây Sơn dynasty ended the [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|century-long war]] between the Trịnh and Nguyễn families, ended the [[Lê dynasty]], and united the country for the first time in 200 years. The Tây Sơn entered a tributary relationship with the [[Qing dynasty]] of China and gained the recognition as the official rulers of Vietnam from the [[Qianlong Emperor]]. Under the most prominent of the Tây Sơn brothers, [[Quang Trung|Nguyễn Quang Bình]]—later the emperor [[Quang Trung]]—Vietnam experienced an age of relative peace and prosperity. However, his heir was not capable of properly ruling the country, allowing the exiled Nguyễn lord [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]] to retake the south of Vietnam and eventually pave the way for his own imperial dynasty, the [[Nguyễn dynasty]].
 ==Name==
-The Tây Sơn dynasty was named after the [[Tây Sơn District]] in [[Bình Định Province]], the birthplace of the three brothers who established the dynasty.<ref name="Kim-359"/> The name "Tây Sơn" means "western mountains".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cETJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |title=A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads |last=Reid |first=Anthony |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2015 |page=186|isbn=9780631179610 }}</ref>
+The Tây Sơn dynasty was named after the [[Tây Sơn district]] in [[Bình Định province]], the birthplace of the three brothers who established the dynasty.<ref name="Kim-359"/> The name "Tây Sơn" means "western mountains" from Chinese 西山 ''Xīshān'' where 西 xi means west and 山 shan means mountain.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cETJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |title=A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads |last=Reid |first=Anthony |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2015 |page=186|isbn=9780631179610 }}</ref>
-==History ==
+== History ==
 {{Main|Tây Sơn wars}}
-===Background ===
+=== Background ===
 {{further|Trịnh–Nguyễn War|Nguyễn lords|Trịnh lords|Lê–Mạc War|Lê dynasty#Restored Lê (1597–1789)}}
 {{More citations needed section|date=May 2020}}
-[[File:Quang Trung Thong Bao.png|thumb|''Quang Trung thông bảo'' (光中通寶), a coin issued during the reign of [[Quang Trung|Emperor Quang Trung]]]]
+[[File:Quang Trung Thong Bao.png|thumb|''Quang Trung thông bảo'' (光中通寶), a coin issued during the reign of Emperor [[Quang Trung]]]]
 [[File:Annam's envois with Qing's officials.jpg|thumb|Late 18th-century painting depicting the [[Qianlong Emperor]] receiving [[Nguyễn Quang Hiển]], the peace envoy from Nguyen Hue in [[Beijing]]]]
-In the 18th century, Vietnam was officially ruled by the [[Lê dynasty]], but real power lay in the hands of two warring families, the [[Trịnh lords]] of the north who ruled from the imperial court in [[Hanoi|Thăng Long]] and the [[Nguyễn lords]] in the south, who ruled from their capital [[Huế]]. Both sides warred extensively for control of the country while simultaneously claiming to be loyal to the Lê emperor. Life for the peasants during these times were difficult- ownership of land became concentrated in the hands of a handful of landlords as time passed. The [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|imperial]] bureaucracy became corrupt and oppressive; at one point the imperial examination-degrees were sold to whoever was wealthy enough to purchase them. As the people grew poorer, the ruling lords lived lavish lifestyles in opulent palaces. While the Trịnh lords had enjoyed peace since the end of the [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn]] in 1672,<ref>Dupuy, p. 653.</ref> the Nguyễn lords regularly campaigned against [[Post-Angkor Period|Cambodia]] and later the Kingdom of Siam. While the Nguyễn lords usually won these wars and opened up new fertile lands for the landless poor to settle, the frequent warring took a toll on their popularity.
+In the 18th century, Vietnam was [[de jure]] ruled by the [[Lê dynasty]], but real power lay in the hands of two warring families, the [[Trịnh lords]] of the north who ruled from the imperial court in [[Hanoi|Thăng Long]] and the [[Nguyễn lords]] in the south, who ruled from their capital [[Huế]]. Both sides warred extensively for control of the country. Life for the peasants during these times were difficult: ownership of land became concentrated in the hands of a handful of landlords as time passed. The [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|imperial]] bureaucracy became corrupt and oppressive; at one point the imperial examination-degrees were sold to whoever was wealthy enough to purchase them. As the people grew poorer, the ruling lords lived lavish lifestyles in opulent palaces. While the Trịnh lords had enjoyed peace since the end of the [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn]] in 1672,<ref>Dupuy, p. 653.</ref> the Nguyễn lords regularly campaigned against [[Post-Angkor Period|Cambodia]] and later the [[Thailand|Kingdom of Siam]] (Thailand). While the Nguyễn lords usually won these wars and opened up new fertile lands for the landless poor to settle, the frequent warring cost money, resources, and lives.
-===Conquest of Nguyễn lords===
+=== Tây Sơn rebellion ===
 {{More citations needed section|date=May 2020}}
-In 1769 the new king of Siam [[Taksin]] launched a war to regain control of [[Cambodia]]. The war went against the [[Nguyễn lords]] and they were forced to abandon some of the newly conquered lands, which included the [[Principality of Hà Tiên]] in the eastern coast of Cochinchina. Lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Khoát]] died in 1765, the court power was transferred to the unpopular regent [[Trương Phúc Loan]], creating a political crisis. This coupled with heavy taxes and endemic corruption at the local level, spurred three brothers Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, and Nguyễn Lữ (not related to the Nguyễn lords) from the village of Tây Sơn, central Vietnam, to begin a revolt in 1772 against the Nguyễn lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Thuần|Phúc Thuần]].<ref>Kohn, p. 523.</ref>
+In 1769 the new king of Siam [[Taksin]] launched a war to regain control of [[Cambodia]]. The war went against the [[Nguyễn lords]], and they were forced to abandon some of the newly conquered lands, which included the [[Principality of Hà Tiên]] in the eastern coast of Cochinchina. Lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Khoát]] died in 1765, the court power was transferred to regent [[Trương Phúc Loan]], creating a political crisis. This coupled with heavy taxes and endemic corruption at the local level spurred three brothers Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, and Nguyễn Lữ (not related to the Nguyễn lords) from the village of Tây Sơn, central Vietnam, to revolt in 1771 against the Nguyễn lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Thuần|Phúc Thuần]].<ref>Kohn, p. 523.</ref>
 The Tây Sơn brothers styled themselves as champions of the people. Over the next year, the revolt gained traction and they won some battles against the Nguyễn army that was sent to crush their rebellion. The Tây Sơn drew their support from not only poor farmers but also by some indigenous highland tribes. [[Nguyễn Huệ]], the brothers' leader, said that his goal was to end the people's oppression, reunite the country, and restore the power of the Lê emperor in Hanoi. The Tây Sơn also promised to remove corrupt officials and redistribute land.
-In 1773 the Tây Sơn captured the port of [[Qui Nhơn]], where the merchants, who had suffered under restrictive laws put in place by the Nguyễn, lent the uprising their financial support. The Nguyễn, at last recognizing the serious scale of the revolt, made peace with the Siamese, giving up some land they had conquered in previous decades. However, their problems were compounded when [[Trịnh Sâm]] chose to end the 100-year peace and exploit the turmoil in the south by sending his army to attack Phú Xuân (modern-day Huế), the Nguyễn capital. The Trịnh army captured the city, forcing the Nguyễn to flee to Gia Định (now modern day [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]])
+In 1773 the Tây Sơn captured the port of [[Qui Nhơn]], where the merchants, who had suffered under restrictive laws put in place by the Nguyễn, lent the uprising their financial support. The Nguyễn, at last recognizing the serious scale of the revolt, made peace with the Siamese, giving up some land they had conquered in previous decades. However, their problems were compounded when [[Trịnh Sâm]] chose to end the 100-year peace and exploit the turmoil in the south by sending his army to attack Phú Xuân (modern-day Huế), the Nguyễn capital. The Trịnh army captured the city, forcing the Nguyễn to flee to Gia Định (now modern day [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]]).
-The Trịnh army continued to march south and the Tây Sơn army continued its conquest of other southern cities. The forces arraigned against the Nguyễn were simply too many and in 1776 the Tây Sơn army captured the last Nguyễn stronghold of Gia Định and massacred the town's [[Hoa people|Chinese]] population.<ref>Owen, p. 113.</ref> The entire Nguyễn family was killed at the end of the siege, except for one nephew, [[Nguyễn Ánh]], who managed to escape to [[Siam]]. The eldest Tây Sơn brother, Nguyễn Nhạc, proclaimed himself Emperor in 1778. A conflict with the Trịnh thus became unavoidable.
+The Trịnh army continued to march south and the Tây Sơn army continued its conquest of other southern cities. The forces arrayed against the Nguyễn were simply too many and in 1776 the Tây Sơn army captured the last Nguyễn stronghold of Gia Định and massacred the town's [[Hoa people|Chinese]] population.<ref>Owen, p. 113.</ref> The entire Nguyễn family was killed at the end of the siege, except for one nephew, [[Nguyễn Ánh]], who managed to escape to [[Siam]]. The eldest Tây Sơn brother, Nguyễn Nhạc, proclaimed himself Emperor in 1778. A conflict with the Trịnh thus became unavoidable.
 === Conflict with Siam ===
@@ Line 90: / Line 91: @@
 The Tây Sơn spent the next decade consolidating their control over the former Nguyễn territory. Nguyễn Ánh proved to be a stubborn enemy. He convinced the King of Siam, P'ya [[Taksin]], to invade Vietnam in support of him. The Siamese army attacked in 1780, but in several years of warfare, it was unable to defeat the Tây Sơn army, as gains were followed by losses. In 1782, the Siamese king was killed in a revolt, and less than a year later, Nguyễn Ánh's forces were driven out of Vietnam. In 1785, Siam launched an invasion again and occupied part of the Mekong Delta, but was defeated by Nguyen Hue in the [[Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút]].
-=== Conquest of Trịnh lords===
+=== Conquest of Trịnh lords ===
 {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2020}}
 [[File:Trống trận thời Tây Sơn.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A war drum of the Tây Sơn rebels]]
-Having vanquished the Nguyễn for the time being, [[Nguyễn Huệ]] decided to destroy the power of the [[Trịnh lords]]. He marched to the north at the head of a large army in 1786, and after a short campaign, defeated the Trịnh army successfully. The Trịnh were also unpopular and the Tây Sơn army seemed invincible. The Trịnh lord fled north into China. [[Nguyễn Huệ]] later married princess Lê Ngọc Hân, the daughter of the nominal later Lê Emperor, [[Lê Hiển Tông]].
+Having vanquished the Nguyễn for the time being, [[Nguyễn Huệ]] decided to destroy the power of the [[Trịnh lords]]. He marched to the north at the head of a large army in 1786, and after a short campaign, defeated the Trịnh army successfully. The Trịnh were also unpopular and the Tây Sơn army seemed invincible. The Trịnh lord fled north into China. Nguyễn Huệ later married princess Lê Ngọc Hân, the daughter of the nominal later Lê Emperor, [[Lê Hiển Tông]].
-=== War with the Qing dynasty, ending the Lê dynasty ===
+=== Overthrow of Lê dynasty and relationship with Qing dynasty ===
 {{Main|Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa}}
 [[File:BARROW(1806) p347 SCENE IN A CONCHIN CHINESE OPERA.jpg|200px|thumb|right|An opera house in [[Phú Yên]], 1793
@@ Line 110: / Line 111: @@
 In a surprise attack, while the Qing army was celebrating the [[Lunar New Year]], Nguyễn Huệ's army defeated them at the [[Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa]] and forced them, along with Lê Chiêu Thống, to retreat. The Tay Son were supported by [[Pirates of the South China Coast|Chinese pirates]].<ref>Little, p. 205.</ref><ref name=WLR/> Anti-pirate activities were undertaken by a joint alliance between the Qing dynasty and [[Nguyễn lords]] [[Gia Long]] while Chinese pirates collaborated with the Tay Son.<ref>Leonard, p. 136.</ref><ref>Spencer.</ref><ref>Dar, Sino-Vietnamese Relations.</ref><ref>Dar, Tay Son Uprising.</ref>
-After the battle, Nguyễn Huệ sought to restore the [[tributary state|tributary relationship]] in order to deter a joint Qing-[[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] pincer attack and prevent further Chinese attempts to restore the Lê dynasty.<ref name=WLR/> Nguyễn Huệ sent a ritually submissive request to the Qianlong Emperor under the name of Nguyễn Quang Bình (also referred to as Ruan Guangping).<ref name=WLR>{{cite book |title=White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mRXdAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT188  |chapter=Chapter Seven: The Pirate Crisis and Foreign Diplomacy |last=Wang |first=Wensheng |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2014|isbn = 9780674727991}}</ref>
+After the battle, Nguyễn Huệ sought to restore the [[tributary state|tributary relationship]] in order to deter a joint Qing-[[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] pincer attack and prevent further Qing Chinese attempts to restore the Lê dynasty.<ref name=WLR/> Nguyễn Huệ sent a ritually submissive request to the Qianlong Emperor under the name of Nguyễn Quang Bình (also referred to as Ruan Guangping).<ref name=WLR>{{cite book |title=White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mRXdAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT188  |chapter=Chapter Seven: The Pirate Crisis and Foreign Diplomacy |last=Wang |first=Wensheng |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2014|isbn = 9780674727991}}</ref>
 In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor agreed to re-establish the tributary relationship and enfeoff Nguyễn as the King of Annam on the condition that Nguyễn Huệ personally lead a special delegation to [[Beijing]] to celebrate the Qianlong Emperor's 80th birthday.<ref name=WLR/> For the Qianlong Emperor, the motivation for accepting the arrangement was to retain the Qing's supremacy and stabilize their southern border.<ref name=WLR/> Chinese and Vietnamese sources agreed that Nguyễn Huệ sent an imposter with a delegation to Beijing, where they were received with lavish imperial favors.<ref name=WLR/> The Qianlong Emperor approved the proposal and bestowed Nguyễn Huệ with the title ''An Nam quốc vương'' ("King of Annam"). The title indicated that Nguyễn Huệ was recognized as the legal ruler of Vietnam and Lê Chiêu Thống was no longer supported.<ref name=WLR/>
@@ Line 116: / Line 117: @@
 === War with Nguyễn Ánh and fall ===
 [[File:Trieu duong chi an Tay Son.png|thumb|left|Seal of Tây Sơn dynasty.]]
-Nguyễn Huệ, now stylized as Quang Trung, was resentful; he trained his army, built large warships and waited for an opportunity to take revenge on Qing. He also provided refuge to [[anti-Manchuism|anti-Manchu]] organizations such as the [[Tiandihui]] and the [[White Lotus]]. Infamous Chinese pirates, such as [[Chen Tien-pao]] (陳添保), [[Mo Kuan-fu]] (莫觀扶), [[Liang Wen-keng]] (梁文庚), [[Fan Wen-tsai]] (樊文才), [[Cheng Chi]] (鄭七) and [[Zheng Yi (pirate)|Cheng I]] (鄭一) were granted official positions and/or noble ranks under the Tây Sơn empire.<ref name=pirates3>{{Cite book |last= Murray |first= Dian H. |title= Pirates of the South China Coast, 1790-1810 |chapter=3 |publisher= Stanford University Press |year= 1987 |isbn= 978-0-8047-1376-4|ol= 2381407M }}</ref> All attack plans had to be given up due to Nguyễn Huệ's sudden death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311876292 | title= Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014) | publisher = Research Gate |access-date= February 7, 2019 }}</ref> The attack never materialized by the time that Quang Trung died in 1792.<ref name=dainam30>''[[Đại Nam thực lục|Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện]]'', [[:s:zh:大南正編列傳初集/卷三十|vol. 30]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311876292 | title= Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014) | publisher = Research Gate |access-date= February 7, 2019 }}</ref>
+Quang Trung, was resentful. He trained his army, built large warships and waited for an opportunity to take revenge. He also provided refuge to organizations such as the [[Tiandihui]] and the [[White Lotus]]. Chinese pirates, such as [[Chen Tien-pao]] (陳添保), [[Mo Kuan-fu]] (莫觀扶), [[Liang Wen-keng]] (梁文庚), [[Fan Wen-tsai]] (樊文才), [[Cheng Chi]] (鄭七) and [[Zheng Yi (pirate)|Cheng I]] (鄭一) were granted official positions and noble ranks under the Tây Sơn empire.<ref name=pirates3>{{Cite book |last= Murray |first= Dian H. |title= Pirates of the South China Coast, 1790-1810 |chapter=3 |publisher= Stanford University Press |year= 1987 |isbn= 978-0-8047-1376-4|ol= 2381407M }}</ref> All attack plans had to be given up due to Nguyễn Huệ's sudden death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311876292 | title= Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014) | publisher = Research Gate |access-date= February 7, 2019 }}</ref> The attack never materialized by the time that Quang Trung died in 1792.<ref name=dainam30>''[[Đại Nam thực lục|Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện]]'', [[:s:zh:大南正編列傳初集/卷三十|vol. 30]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311876292 | title= Maritime violence and state formation in Vietnam: Piracy and the Tay Son Rebellion, 1771–1802 (book chapter, 2014) | publisher = Research Gate |access-date= February 7, 2019 }}</ref>
-After a 1782 massacre of ethnic Chinese settler was carried out by the Tây Sơn, the support of the Chinese shifted towards to the [[Nguyễn lords]].<ref name="Wook2004">Choi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false p.35–37]</ref><ref name="Wook2004 2">Choi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false p.74–]</ref>
+After the Tây Sơn massacred ethnic Han Chinese settlers in 1782, the support of the Qing Chinese shifted towards to the [[Nguyễn lords]].<ref name="Wook2004">Choi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA35 p.35–37]</ref><ref name="Wook2004 2">Choi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA74 p.74–]</ref>
 After Quang Trung's death, his son Nguyễn Quang Toản was enthroned as Emperor Cảnh Thịnh at the age of ten. However, the real power was in the hands of his uncle Bui Dac Tuyen, who enacted a massive political purge. Many who served under Quang Trung were executed, while others became discouraged and left the regime, considerably weakening the Tây Sơn. This paved the way for Nguyễn Ánh to capture the entire country within 10 years, with the help of French military adventurers enlisted by French [[bishop]] [[Pigneau de Behaine]]. In 1800, [[Nguyễn Ánh]] occupied [[Quy Nhơn]] citadel. In 1801, he occupied [[Phú Xuân]], forcing [[Nguyễn Quang Toản]] to flee to [[Thăng Long]]. In 1802, Ánh besieged Thăng Long. The then 20-year-old Nguyễn Quang Toản escaped, but then was captured and executed, ending the dynasty after 24 years, and the [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]], the last imperial dynasty of Vietnam, took over the country in 1802.
-The Nguyễn lords eventually defeated the Tây Sơn dynasty, took complete control of Vietnam, and established the imperial [[Nguyễn dynasty]] in 1802.<ref name=resga>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303370241 | title= SINO-VIETNAMESE RELATIONS, 1771-1802: FROM CONTENTION TO FAITHFUL CORRELATION   | publisher = Research Gate |access-date= February 6, 2019 }}</ref><ref name=heav>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317631684 | title= Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) In Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven? | publisher = Research Gate |access-date= February 7, 2019 }}</ref> The Nguyễn used [[crushing by elephant]] to execute the defeated Tây Sơn leader [[Bùi Thị Xuân]]. The heart and liver from her body were consumed by soldiers of the Nguyễn.<ref>Marr, pp. 211–12.</ref>
+The Nguyễn lords eventually defeated the Tây Sơn dynasty, took complete control of Vietnam, and established the imperial [[Nguyễn dynasty]] in 1802.<ref name=resga>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303370241 | title= SINO-VIETNAMESE RELATIONS, 1771-1802: FROM CONTENTION TO FAITHFUL CORRELATION   | publisher = Research Gate |access-date= February 6, 2019 }}</ref><ref name=heav>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317631684 | title= Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) In Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven? | publisher = Research Gate |access-date= February 7, 2019 }}</ref> The Nguyễn executed the defeated Tây Sơn leader [[Bùi Thị Xuân]] by [[crushing by elephant|crushing the body with an elephant]]. The heart and liver from her body were consumed by soldiers of the Nguyễn.<ref>Marr, pp. 211–12.</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 140: / Line 141: @@
 *{{cite web|last1=Dar |first1=Ku Boon |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317631684 |title=Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) in Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven? |publisher = Research Gate  |access-date= February 7, 2019 }}
-*{{cite book |last1=Dupuy |first1=R. Ernest |last2=Dupuy |first2=Trevor N. |title=The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped0000dupu |url-access=registration |date=1993 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=New York |isbn=0-06-270056-1 |edition=Fourth}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Dupuy |first1=R. Ernest |last2=Dupuy |first2=Trevor N. |title=The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped0000dupu |url-access=registration |date=1993 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=0-06-270056-1 |edition=Fourth}}
 *{{cite book |last1=Dutton |first1=George |title=The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam (Southeast Asia: Politics, Meaning, and Memory) |date=2006 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-8248-2984-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/taysonuprisingso0000dutt }}
@@ Line 156: / Line 157: @@
 *{{cite book|last1=Marr |first1=David G. |title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90744-7}}
-*{{Cite book|title=The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia|author=Owen, Norman G.|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia|author=Owen, Norman G.|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2005}}
 *{{cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |title=The First Tet Offensive of 1789 |url=http://www.lzcenter.com/Documents/The%20First%20Tet%20Offensive%20of%201789.pdf |website=Izcenter |publisher=Spencer Tucker |access-date=28 August 2019}}
@@ Line 165: / Line 166: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Tay Son dynasty}}
 [[Category:Tây Sơn dynasty| ]]
+[[Category:Vietnamese dynasties]]
+[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
 [[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
+[[Category:Tributaries of Imperial China]]