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{{Short description|Extinct family of primates}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Miocene}}
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Miocene|Late Miocene}}
| image = Dendropithecus macinnesi.JPG
| image_caption = ''Dendropithecus macinnesi''
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority =
| parent_authority =
| taxon = Dendropithecidae
| taxon = Dendropithecidae
| authority =
| authority = Harrison, 2002
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
| subdivision = †''[[Dendropithecus]]''<br/>
''[[Dendropithecus]]''<br/>
†''[[Simiolus]]''<br/>
''[[Micropithecus]]''<br/>
†[[Nyanzapithecinae]]<br/>
''[[Simiolus]]''
†''[[Micropithecus]]''
}}
}}


The family '''Dendropithecidae''' is an extinct family of fossil [[catarrhines]] and the only known members of the '''Dendropithecoidea''' superfamily. They date from the Early [[Miocene]], around 20 - 17 million years ago.<ref name="Begun2012">{{cite book|editor-last1=Begun|editor-first1=David|title=A Companion To Paleoanthropology|date=2012|chapter=Chapter 20 Catarrhine Origins|last=Harrison|first=Terry|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=978-1-118-33237-5|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oIoT1RcFeCwC&pg=PT276&lpg=PT276|archiveurl=http://www.academia.edu/7124992/2013_Harrison_-_Catarrhine_Origins|archive-date=2013}}</ref>
The family '''Dendropithecidae''' is an extinct family of [[catarrhine]] monkeys. They date from the Early [[Miocene]], around 20 - 12 million years ago.<ref name="Begun2012">{{cite book|editor-last1=Begun|editor-first1=D. R.|title=A Companion To Paleoanthropology|date=2013|chapter=Catarrhine Origins| vauthors = Harrison T |publisher=Wiley Blackwell|pages=376–396|isbn=978-1-118-33237-5|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7124992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIoT1RcFeCwC&pg=PT276|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905165333/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33764341/2013_Harrison_Catarrhine_Origins-libre.pdf?1400756803=&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D2013_Harrison_Catarrhine_Origins.pdf&Expires=1693936325&Signature=OWX3yx3JNGeum50oUIS7EzGU0j7tDyiQbwi1NedTEH4~sx5k48w5OayaSqZRjvfHvbI1Qxj~wAnpvscbVJTDyATfFbMaRm92Ct9jJ8PpA-8tei2EswPh6HP0eyMT1HZTVSrVSepJdoX9vR2CJPqoWKAbyWyuqOdkLRqKbvY47amB5DtUtfqNIjfm90ue3ofTMmCV91jswXFzzZV~As~FXqEte6pjAUAXKnTHuuCb1fnLTBuGhB-qHG9sDYg3SMVAvolHfF16Oprthi9ZOzvzfFR6lP~PWCjWTLTODkuPtQ-JMRWnEkd23XkKq~w~xhwvt~Lz~nuiXcvW2b94SF1~Lg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |archive-date=2023-09-05}}</ref>


Fossils of the two ''Dendropithecus'' species, ''Dendropithecus macinnesi'' and ''Dendropithecus ugandensis'', have been found in East Africa, including several partial skeletons of ''Dendropithecus macinnesi'' on [[Rusinga Island]] in [[Lake Victoria]]. Other species are ''Simiolus andrewsi'', ''Simiolus cheptumoae'', ''Simiolus enjiessi''.<ref name="Begun2012" /> ''Micropithecus clarki'' and ''Micropithecus leakeyorum'' may not be part Dendropithecidae, and may be sister to the crown [[Catarrhini]] (or, depending on the definition, the apes and the [[Cercopithecidae]] may have emerged in the Dendropithecidae).<ref name=Rasmussen2019>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Rasmussen DT, Friscia AR, Gutierrez M, Kappelman J, Miller ER, Muteti S, Reynoso D, Rossie JB, Spell TL, Tabor NJ, Gierlowski-Kordesch E, Jacobs BF, Kyongo B, Macharwas M, Muchemi F|date=March 2019|title=Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=116|issue=13|pages=6051–6056|doi=10.1073/pnas.1815423116|pmc=6442627|pmid=30858323|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.6051R |doi-access=free}}</ref> The later Nyanzapithecinae (including ''[[Oreopithecus]] (''† 7 Ma)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nengo|first1=Isaiah|last2=Tafforeau|first2=Paul|last3=Gilbert|first3=Christopher C.|last4=Fleagle|first4=John G.|last5=Miller|first5=Ellen R.|last6=Feibel|first6=Craig|last7=Fox|first7=David L.|last8=Feinberg|first8=Josh|last9=Pugh|first9=Kelsey D.|date=2017|title=New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=548|issue=7666|pages=169–174|doi=10.1038/nature23456|pmid=28796200|bibcode=2017Natur.548..169N|s2cid=4397839|issn=0028-0836|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1570349/1/Spoor_Nengo-et-al_text.pdf}}</ref>) appear to be sister to ''[[Simiolus]]''.<ref name=Rasmussen2019/>
Fossils of the two Dendropithecus species, Dendropithecus macinnesi and Dendropithecus ugandensis, have been found in East Africa, including several partial skeletons of Dendropithecus macinnesi on [[Rusinga Island]] in [[Lake Victoria]]. Other species are Simiolus Andrewsi, Simiolus cheptumoae, Simiolus enjiessi, Micropithecus clarki and Micropithecus leakeyurum.<ref name="Begun2012"></ref>


{{Clade|{{clade
⚫
==References==
|1=[[Cercopithecoidea]]
{{reflist}}
|label2=[[Hominoidea]]
|2={{clade
|label1='''Dendropithecidae'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dendropithecus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Simiolus]]''
|label2=[[Nyanzapithecinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Turkanapithecus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rangwapithecus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Oreopithecus]]''
|2=''[[Rukwapithecus]]''
}}
|2=''[[Nyanzapithecus pickfordi|Nyanzapithecus]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2=[[Hominoidea|advanced Hominoidea]]}}}}|label1=[[Catarrhini|Crown Catarrhini]]|style1=line-height:80%;font-size:80%}}

==Description==
The taxa included in Dendropithecidae, possess the following traits:<ref name="Harrison2002">{{cite book| vauthors = Harrison T | veditors = Hartwig WC |title=The Primate Fossil Record|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=311–338|chapter=Late Oligocene to middle Miocene catarrhines from Afro-Arabia|bibcode=2002prfr.book.....H}}</ref>
* Upper and lower canines strongly bilaterally compressed
* P<sub>3</sub> moderately to strongly specialized for sectoriality
* Slender limb bones
* Humerus with a relatively straight shaft
* Medial epicondyle of the humerus is large and medially directed
* Epitrochlear fossa is well developed
* Zona conoidea is broad and shallow
* Trochlear articular surface exhibits minimal spooling
* Olecranon fossa is shallow

''Micropithecus'' appears to be sister to the crown catarrhini.<ref name=Rasmussen2019/>


⚫
== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{Haplorhini|Ho.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5802631}}


[[Category:Dendropithecidae| ]]
[[Category:Miocene primates]]
[[Category:Miocene primates]]
[[Category:Pliocene primates]]
[[Category:Pliocene primates]]
[[Category:Miocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Miocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Prehistoric apes]]
[[Category:Prehistoric apes]]
[[Category:Primate families]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammal families]]




Latest revision as of 09:10, 24 April 2024

Dendropithecidae
Temporal range: Early Miocene–Late Miocene
Dendropithecus macinnesi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Catarrhini
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: †Dendropithecidae
Harrison, 2002
Genera

†Dendropithecus
†Simiolus
†Nyanzapithecinae
†Micropithecus

The family Dendropithecidae is an extinct family of catarrhine monkeys. They date from the Early Miocene, around 20 - 12 million years ago.[1]

Fossils of the two Dendropithecus species, Dendropithecus macinnesi and Dendropithecus ugandensis, have been found in East Africa, including several partial skeletons of Dendropithecus macinnesi on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria. Other species are Simiolus andrewsi, Simiolus cheptumoae, Simiolus enjiessi.[1] Micropithecus clarki and Micropithecus leakeyorum may not be part Dendropithecidae, and may be sister to the crown Catarrhini (or, depending on the definition, the apes and the Cercopithecidae may have emerged in the Dendropithecidae).[2] The later Nyanzapithecinae (including Oreopithecus († 7 Ma)[3]) appear to be sister to Simiolus.[2]

Crown Catarrhini

Description

[edit]

The taxa included in Dendropithecidae, possess the following traits:[4]

  • Upper and lower canines strongly bilaterally compressed
  • P3 moderately to strongly specialized for sectoriality
  • Slender limb bones
  • Humerus with a relatively straight shaft
  • Medial epicondyle of the humerus is large and medially directed
  • Epitrochlear fossa is well developed
  • Zona conoidea is broad and shallow
  • Trochlear articular surface exhibits minimal spooling
  • Olecranon fossa is shallow

Micropithecus appears to be sister to the crown catarrhini.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Harrison T (2013). "Catarrhine Origins" (PDF). In Begun DR (ed.). A Companion To Paleoanthropology. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 376–396. ISBN 978-1-118-33237-5. Archived from the original on 2023-09-05.
  2. ^ a b c Rasmussen DT, Friscia AR, Gutierrez M, Kappelman J, Miller ER, Muteti S, et al. (March 2019). "Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (13): 6051–6056. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6051R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815423116. PMC 6442627. PMID 30858323.
  3. ^ Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839.
  4. ^ Harrison T (2002). "Late Oligocene to middle Miocene catarrhines from Afro-Arabia". In Hartwig WC (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–338. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H.


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