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Coordinates: 37°07′N 7°39′W / 37.117°N 7.650°W / 37.117; -7.650
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|parishes = [[#Parishes|6]]
|parishes = [[#Parishes|6]]
| leader_party = [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
| leader_party = [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
| leader_name = David Sares
| leader_name = Ana Paula Martins
| area_total_km2 = 606.97
| area_total_km2 = 606.97
| population_total = 26167
| population_total = 26167
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| website = [http://www.cm-tavira.pt/ www.cm-tavira.pt/]
| website = [http://www.cm-tavira.pt/ www.cm-tavira.pt/]
}}
}}
'''Tavira''' ({{IPA-pt|tɐˈviɾɐ|-|Pt-pt Tavira FF.ogg}}) is a Portuguese town and municipality, capital of the ''Costa do Acantilado'', situated in the east of the [[Algarve]] on the south coast of [[Portugal]].<ref>Detail Regional Map, Algarve- Southern Portugal, {{ISBN|3-8297-6235-6}}</ref> It is {{convert|28|km|0|abbr=off}} east of [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] and {{convert|75|km|0|abbr=off}} west of [[Huelva]] across the ''Río Grande'' ([[Rio Guadiana]]) into Spain. The [[Gilão River]] meets the Atlantic Ocean in Tavira. The population in 2011 was 26,167,<ref>[http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xlang=en&xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0005889&contexto=pi&selTab=tab0 Instituto Nacional de Estatística]</ref> in an area of 606.97&nbsp;km².<ref name=dgt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país |access-date=2018-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tavira is the Portuguese representative community for the inscription of the [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean Diet]] as a [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portugal’s Representative Community {{!}} Dieta mediterrânica|url=http://dietamediterranica.net/?q=en/node/227|access-date=2021-05-15|website=dietamediterranica.net}}</ref>
'''Tavira''' ({{IPA-pt|tɐˈviɾɐ|-|Pt-pt Tavira FF.ogg}}) is a Portuguese town and municipality, capital of the ''Costa do Acantilado'', situated in the east of the [[Algarve]] on the south coast of [[Portugal]].<ref>Detail Regional Map, Algarve- Southern Portugal, {{ISBN|3-8297-6235-6}}</ref> It is {{convert|28|km|0|abbr=off}} east of [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] and {{convert|75|km|0|abbr=off}} west of [[Huelva]] across the river [[Guadiana]] into Spain. The [[Gilão River]] meets the Atlantic Ocean in Tavira. The population in 2011 was 26,167,<ref>[http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xlang=en&xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0005889&contexto=pi&selTab=tab0 Instituto Nacional de Estatística]</ref> in an area of 606.97&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=dgt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país |access-date=2018-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tavira is the Portuguese representative community for the inscription of the [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean Diet]] as a [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portugal's Representative Community {{!}} Dieta mediterrânica|url=http://dietamediterranica.net/?q=en/node/227|access-date=2021-05-15|website=dietamediterranica.net}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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===Bronze Age to the Roman Empire===
===Bronze Age to the Roman Empire===
[[File:Tavira_-_Roman_Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Tavira medieval bridge.]]
[[File:Tavira_-_Roman_Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Tavira medieval bridge.]]
Tavira's origins date back to the late [[Bronze Age]] (1.000-800 [[Before Christ|BC]]).<ref>Pappa, Eleftheria (2012) "[https://www.academia.edu/1604554/Pappa_E._2012._Retracting_the_divisions_Fresh_perspectives_on_Phoenician_settlement_in_Iberia_from_Tavira_Portugal Retracting the divisions? Fresh perspectives on Phoenician settlement in Iberia from Tavira, Portugal.]" ''[http://tijdschrift.mediterrane-archeologie.nl/english/ TMA (Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie / Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology)]'' [http://tijdschrift.mediterrane-archeologie.nl/tma4748/ vol. 47]: 7-13</ref> In the 8th century BC it became one of the first [[Phoenicia]]n settlements in the [[Iberian peninsula|Iberian West]]. The Phoenicians created a colonial urban center here with massive walls, at least two temples, two harbours and a regular urban structure. Phoenician Tavira existed until the end of 6th century BC, when it was destroyed by conflict.
Tavira's origins date back to the late [[Bronze Age]] (1,000-800 BC).<ref>Pappa, Eleftheria (2012) "[https://www.academia.edu/1604554/Pappa_E._2012._Retracting_the_divisions_Fresh_perspectives_on_Phoenician_settlement_in_Iberia_from_Tavira_Portugal Retracting the divisions? Fresh perspectives on Phoenician settlement in Iberia from Tavira, Portugal.]" ''[http://tijdschrift.mediterrane-archeologie.nl/english/ TMA (Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie / Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology)]'' [http://tijdschrift.mediterrane-archeologie.nl/tma4748/ vol. 47]: 7-13</ref> In the 8th century BC it became one of the first [[Phoenicia]]n settlements in the [[Iberian peninsula|Iberian West]]. The Phoenicians created a colonial urban center here with massive walls, at least two temples, two harbours and a regular urban structure which lasted until the end of 6th century BC, when it was destroyed by conflict.


It is thought its original name was [[Baal|Baal Saphon]], named after the [[Phoenicia]]n Thunder and Sea god. This name later became '' [[Balsa (Roman town)|Balsa]]''.
It is thought its original name was [[Baal|Baal Saphon]], named after the Phoenician Thunder and Sea god. The Romans later called it'' [[Balsa (Roman town)|Balsa]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maria Giulia |first=Amadasi Guzzo |author-link=Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo |last2=José-Ángel |first2=Zamora Lopez |author-link2=José Ángel Zamora López |date=2008 |title=Un ostrakon phénicien de Tavira (Portugal) |url=https://www.academia.edu/499993/Un_ostrakon_ph%C3%A9nicien_de_Tavira_Portugal_A_Phoenician_ostracon_from_Tavira_Portugal_ |journal=Vicino Oriente |volume=14 |issue= |page=231 |pages=}}</ref>


After a century of being abandoned, the settlement recovered, during the urban bloom that characterised the so-called [[Tartessos|Tartessian]] Period, and became bigger than ever. This second urban center, Tartessian Tavira, was also abandoned by the end of the 4th century BC.
After laying abandoned for a century, it was revived and became an even larger settlement during the so-called [[Tartessos|Tartessian]] Period of Tavira, was again abandoned by the end of the 4th century BC. Another urban center emerged at nearby ''Cerro do Cavaco'', a fortified hill occupied until the time of Emperor [[Augustus]].

The main centre then moved to nearby ''Cerro do Cavaco'', a fortified hill occupied until the time of Emperor [[Augustus]].


===The Roman Empire to the Moorish Conquest===
===The Roman Empire to the Moorish Conquest===
During the time of Caesar, the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] created a new port, some {{convert|7|km|0|abbr=off}} from Tavira, named Balsa.
During the time of Caesar, the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] created a new port, some {{convert|7|km|0|abbr=off}} from Tavira, named Balsa.
Balsa became a big town, in fact much bigger than Tavira, that grew, prospered and decayed in parallel with the Roman Empire. When the [[Moors]] conquered Iberia, in the 8th Century, Balsa was already extinct as a town.
Balsa became a big town, in fact much bigger than Tavira, that grew, prospered and decayed in parallel with the Roman Empire. When the [[Moors]] conquered Iberia, in the 8th century, Balsa was already extinct as a town.


Under Roman rule, Tavira was a secondary passing place on the important road between [[Balsa (Roman town)|Balsa]] and Baesuris (today [[Castro Marim]]).
Under Roman rule, Tavira was a secondary passing place on the important road between [[Balsa (Roman town)|Balsa]] and Baesuris (today [[Castro Marim]]).
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===Moorish Rule===
===Moorish Rule===
[[File:Tavira Igreja Santiago-1-D.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Santiago church]]
[[File:Tavira Igreja Santiago-1-D.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Santiago church]]
The Moorish occupation of Tavira between the 8th and 13th centuries left its mark on the agriculture, architecture and culture of the area. That influence can still be seen in Tavira today with its whitewashed buildings, Moorish style doors and rooftops. [[Castle of Tavira|Tavira Castle]], two mosques and palaces were built by the Moors. The impressive seven arched "Roman bridge" is now not considered to be Roman after a recent archaeological survey, but originates from a 12th Century Moorish bridge. This was a good time economically for Tavira, which established itself as an important port for sailors and fishermen. The area stayed rural until the 11th century when [[Moorish]] Tavira (from the Arabic Tabira, "the hidden") started to grow rapidly, becoming one of the important (and independent) towns of the Algarve, then the South-Western extreme of [[Al'Garb Al'Andalus|Gharb al-Andalus]] (the West of Islamic Iberian territories).
The Moorish occupation of Tavira between the 8th and 13th centuries left its mark on the agriculture, architecture and culture of the area. That influence can still be seen in Tavira today with its whitewashed buildings, Moorish style doors and rooftops. The [[Castle of Tavira|Tavira Castle]], two mosques and palaces were built by the Moors. The impressive seven arched "Roman bridge" is now not considered to be Roman after a recent archaeological survey, but originates from a 12th-century Moorish bridge. This was a good time economically for Tavira, which established itself as an important port for sailors and fishermen. The area remained rural until the 11th century when Moorish Tavira (from the Arabic Tabira, "the hidden") grew rapidly, becoming one of the important towns of the then [[Al'Garb Al'Andalus|Gharb al-Andalus]] (the west), today's Algarve.


===The Reconquista===
===The Reconquista===
{{See also|Portuguese Conquest of Algarve}}
In 1242 [[Don (honorific)|Dom]] [[Paio Peres Correia]] took Tavira back from the Moors in a bloody conflict of retaliation after seven of his principal Knights were killed during a period of truce, the population of the town was decimated during this battle. Christians were now back in control of Tavira and though most Muslims left the town some remained in a Moorish quarter known as "Mouraria".
In 1242 [[Don (honorific)|Dom]] [[Paio Peres Correia]] took Tavira back from the Moors in a bloody conflict of retaliation after seven of his principal Knights were killed during a period of truce. Dom Paio's Christian troops decimated most of Tavira's population and the few survivors were kept in a tiny quarter known as "Mouraria".


[[File:BarcoPescaTavira.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Fishing boat in Tavira]]
[[File:BarcoPescaTavira.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Fishing boat in Tavira]]
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===The 1755 earthquake===
===The 1755 earthquake===
{{main|1755 Lisbon earthquake}}
{{main|1755 Lisbon earthquake}}
In the 18th century, the port on its river was of considerable importance, shipping produce such as salt, dried fish and wine. Like most of the Algarve its buildings were virtually all destroyed by the earthquake of 1755. This earthquake is thought to have reached 8.5–9.0 on the moment magnitude scale and caused extensive damage throughout the Algarve due to high intensity shaking (XI (''Extreme'') on the Mercalli intensity scale) and tsunamis. The earthquake is referred to as the Lisbon earthquake due to its terrible effects on the capital city, although the epicentre was some {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=on}} west-southwest of [[Cape St. Vincent]] in the Algarve.
In the 18th century, the port on its river was of considerable importance for shipping produce such as salt, dried fish and wine.
Like most of the Algarve, its buildings were virtually all destroyed by the earthquake of 1755.
This earthquake is thought to have reached 8.5–9.0 on the moment magnitude scale and caused extensive damage throughout the Algarve due to high intensity shaking (XI (''Extreme'') on the Mercalli intensity scale) and tsunamis.
The earthquake is referred to as the Lisbon earthquake due to its terrible effects on the capital city, although the epicentre was some {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=on}} west-southwest of [[Cape St. Vincent]] in the Algarve region.


==Demographics==
==Demographics==


{| class = wikitable
{| class = wikitable
! colspan="11" | Pop. Tavira Municipality (1801–2011)
! colspan="11" | Pop. Tavira Municipality (1801–2011)
|- bgcolor="#C0C0C0"
|- bgcolor="#C0C0C0"
| align="center" | 1801
| align="center" | 1801
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[[File:Convent in Tavira September 2019.jpg|thumb|Pousada Convento de Tavira, now a hotel; the church was converted to a room that is a venue for various events]]
[[File:Convent in Tavira September 2019.jpg|thumb|Pousada Convento de Tavira, now a hotel; the church was converted to a room that is a venue for various events]]


The city has since been rebuilt with many fine 18th-century buildings along with its 37 churches. A 'Roman' (actually Moorish) bridge links the two parts of the town across the [[River Gilão]]. The church of Santa Maria do Castelo, built on the site of a Moorish mosque, holds the tombs of Dom Paio Peres Correia and his knights. The church dates from the 13th century and the clock tower has been remodeled from the original Muslim minaret. A bust of Dom Paio Perres Correia who died in 1275 can be seen on the corner of the town hall. Its original economic reliance on the fishing industry has now passed due to changed migration patterns of [[Tuna]] and further silting up of the river Gilão.
The city has since been rebuilt with many fine 18th-century buildings along with its 37 churches. A bridge links the two parts of the town across the [[River Gilão]].
The church of Santa Maria do Castelo, built on the ruins of a mosque, holds the tombs of Dom Paio Peres Correia and his knights.
The church dates back to the 13th century, with the clock tower having been recreated from what was once a minaret. A bust of Dom Paio who died in Tavira in 1275, can be seen on the corner of the town hall.

At one time fishing was the area's primary industry but that declined, partly due to the changing migration patterns of [[tuna]] fish and advancing silt in the river Gilão.<ref>https://wanderingportugal.com/maps/14/algarve+map, Algarve Cities and Attractions Map</ref><ref>http://www.ealgarve.com/destinations/tavira/, Tavira</ref>
[[File:Historic centre of Tavira.jpg|thumb|Historic centre of Tavira, 2019]]
[[File:Historic centre of Tavira.jpg|thumb|Historic centre of Tavira, 2019]]
[[File:Towers, Church of St James (Igreja Matriz de Santiago), Tavira.jpg|thumb|Bell and clock towers, Church of St James (Igreja Matriz de Santiago), Tavira]]
[[File:Towers, Church of St James (Igreja Matriz de Santiago), Tavira.jpg|thumb|Bell and clock towers, Church of St James (Igreja Matriz de Santiago), Tavira]]
The population is in the region of 25,000 inhabitants (municipality of Tavira) supporting a military base whilst the surrounding area is still fairly rural and undeveloped. This is now changing due to the demands of the tourist industry and opening of golf courses in the near vicinity. The beach for this town lies past the salt pans and is reached by a ferryboat that takes the visitor to the sand-bar island known as [[Ilha de Tavira]], part of the [[Ria Formosa]]. The island and beaches can also be reached from the nearby footbridge in [[Santa Luzia (Tavira)|Santa Luzia]].
The population is in the region of 25,000 inhabitants (municipality of Tavira) supporting a military base. Although still relatively untouched by mass tourism, there are several golf courses in the vicinity. The local beach lies past the salt pans and can be reached via the nearby [[Santa Luzia (Tavira)|Santa Luzia]] footbridge or by ferry, taking visitors to the sand-bar island known as [[Ilha de Tavira]], part of the [[Ria Formosa]] natural wetlands park.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.formosamar.com/en/ria-formosa/ | title=Ria Formosa, a Natural Park to discover in the Algarve - Formosamar }}</ref>


In recent years the Gran Plaza shopping centre, incorporating a cinema, supermarket shops, and restaurants, was built on the outskirts of the town. House prices have increased sharply in recent years. The development of many golf clubs close to the town has also had an effect.
In recent years the Gran Plaza shopping centre, incorporating a cinema, supermarket shops, and restaurants, was built on the outskirts of the town. House prices have increased sharply in recent years. The development of many golf clubs close to the town has also had an effect.


As one of the popular towns in the Algarve, Tavira benefits from tourism which is the primary aspect of the region's economy. The town features many 18th century buildings and a full 37 churches. At one time fishing was the primary industry but that declined, partly due to the changing migration patterns of tuna fish.<ref>https://wanderingportugal.com/maps/14/algarve+map, Algarve Cities and Attractions Map</ref><ref>http://www.ealgarve.com/destinations/tavira/, Tavira</ref>
As one of the popular towns in the Algarve, Tavira benefits from tourism which is the primary aspect of the region's economy.


== Climate ==
== Climate ==
Tavira has a [[Mediterranean climate]] with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Together with [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], it is among the sunniest cities in Portugal and in Europe, typically averaging around 3,150 hours of sunshine.<ref name="siaia">{{cite web |title=Estudo de Impacte Ambiental do Porto de Pesca de Tavira |url=https://siaia.apambiente.pt/AIADOC/AIA1232/volume%20i_relat%C3%B3rio%20s%C3%ADntese2019322102216.pdf |publisher=Portuguese Environmental Agency |access-date=26 June 2021 |page=76}}</ref> Due to its location on the Algarvian [[Sotavento Algarvio|Sotavento]], Tavira is sheltered from frontal systems coming from the west but exposed to the influences of humid air masses coming from the south. The city receives predominantly western winds. Temperatures below {{convert|0|C}} are registered, on average, once a year. In contrast to the western coasts of Portugal, [[fog]] is very uncommon in Tavira, occurring on average only three times a year.<ref name="siaia" />
Tavira has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Csa'') with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Together with [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], it is among the sunniest cities in Portugal and in Europe, typically averaging around 3,150 hours of sunshine.<ref name="siaia">{{cite web |title=Estudo de Impacte Ambiental do Porto de Pesca de Tavira |url=https://siaia.apambiente.pt/AIADOC/AIA1232/volume%20i_relat%C3%B3rio%20s%C3%ADntese2019322102216.pdf |publisher=Portuguese Environmental Agency |access-date=26 June 2021 |page=76}}</ref> Due to its location on the Algarvian [[Sotavento Algarvio|Sotavento]], Tavira is sheltered from frontal systems coming from the west but exposed to the influences of humid air masses coming from the south. The city receives predominantly western winds. Temperatures below {{convert|0|C}} are registered, on average, once a year. In contrast to the western coasts of Portugal, [[fog]] is very uncommon in Tavira, occurring on average only three times a year.<ref name="siaia" />


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Tavira, elevation: {{convert|25|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, normals 1981-2010, extremes 1973-1994
| location = Tavira, elevation: {{convert|25|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, normals 1991-2020, extremes 1973-1994
|metric first = yes
| metric first = yes
|single line = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 22.0

|Jan record high C = 22.0
| Feb record high C = 24.5
|Feb record high C = 24.5
| Mar record high C = 28.5
|Mar record high C = 28.5
| Apr record high C = 30.0
|Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 32.6
|May record high C = 32.6
| Jun record high C = 37.4
|Jun record high C = 37.4
| Jul record high C = 39.0
|Jul record high C = 39.0
| Aug record high C = 39.4
|Aug record high C = 39.4
| Sep record high C = 39.2
|Sep record high C = 39.2
| Oct record high C = 34.0
|Oct record high C = 34.0
| Nov record high C = 28.0
|Nov record high C = 28.0
| Dec record high C = 24.0
|Dec record high C = 24.0
| year record high C =
|year record high C =
| Jan high C = 15.4
| Feb high C = 16.1

|Jan high C = 15.9
| Mar high C = 18.8
|Feb high C = 16.6
| Apr high C = 20.7
|Mar high C = 19.1
| May high C = 22.5
|Apr high C = 20.1
| Jun high C = 26.6
|May high C = 22.9
| Jul high C = 30.7
|Jun high C = 26.8
| Aug high C = 29.8
|Jul high C = 30.1
| Sep high C = 27.2
|Aug high C = 29.6
| Oct high C = 22.0
|Sep high C = 27.7
| Nov high C = 19.2
|Oct high C = 23.3
| Dec high C = 16.5
|Nov high C = 19.5
| year high C =
|Dec high C = 16.8
| Jan mean C = 11.0
|year high C =
| Feb mean C = 11.8
| Mar mean C = 14.1

|Jan mean C = 11.5
| Apr mean C = 15.4
|Feb mean C = 12.3
| May mean C = 17.8
|Mar mean C = 14.2
| Jun mean C = 21.4
|Apr mean C = 15.1
| Jul mean C = 25.0
|May mean C = 17.7
| Aug mean C = 24.2
|Jun mean C = 21.4
| Sep mean C = 21.8
|Jul mean C = 24.2
| Oct mean C = 17.7
|Aug mean C = 24.0
| Nov mean C = 15.0
|Sep mean C = 22.4
| Dec mean C = 12.9
|Oct mean C = 18.7
| year mean C =
|Nov mean C = 15.4
| Jan low C = 6.6
|Dec mean C = 12.9
| Feb low C = 7.6
|year mean C =
| Mar low C = 9.5
| Apr low C = 10.1

|Jan low C = 7.0
| May low C = 13.1
|Feb low C = 7.9
| Jun low C = 16.2
|Mar low C = 9.4
| Jul low C = 19.2
|Apr low C = 10.1
| Aug low C = 18.7
|May low C = 12.4
| Sep low C = 16.3
|Jun low C = 16.0
| Oct low C = 13.3
|Jul low C = 18.3
| Nov low C = 10.9
|Aug low C = 18.3
| Dec low C = 9.2
|Sep low C = 17.0
| year low C =
|Oct low C = 14.1
| Jan record low C = -2.0
|Nov low C = 11.3
| Feb record low C = −1.5
|Dec low C = 9.0
| Mar record low C = 0.5
|year low C =
| Apr record low C = 3.0
| May record low C = 4.2

|Jan record low C = -2.0
| Jun record low C = 7.2
|Feb record low C = −1.5
| Jul record low C = 9.5
|Mar record low C = 0.5
| Aug record low C = 11.0
|Apr record low C = 3.0
| Sep record low C = 8.4
|May record low C = 4.2
| Oct record low C = 5.2
|Jun record low C = 7.2
| Nov record low C = 1.5
|Jul record low C = 9.5
| Dec record low C = -2.0
|Aug record low C = 11.0
| year record low C =
|Sep record low C = 8.4
| rain colour = green
|Oct record low C = 5.2
| Jan rain mm = 30.7
|Nov record low C = 1.5
| Feb rain mm = 68.3
|Dec record low C = -2.0
| Mar rain mm = 42.0
|year record low C =
| Apr rain mm = 38.8
⚫
| May rain mm = 38.7

|rain colour = green
| Jun rain mm = 11.9
|Jan rain mm = 56.5
| Jul rain mm = 0.2
|Feb rain mm = 58.3
| Aug rain mm = 2.1
|Mar rain mm = 32.8
| Sep rain mm = 12.3
|Apr rain mm = 42.8
| Oct rain mm = 55.9
|May rain mm = 20.9
| Nov rain mm = 45.6
|Jun rain mm = 6.8
| Dec rain mm = 89.8
|Jul rain mm = 1.7
| year rain mm =
|Aug rain mm = 1.2
| unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Sep rain mm = 14.2
| Jan rain days = 5.7
|Oct rain mm = 70.3
| Feb rain days = 5.4
|Nov rain mm = 110.9
| Mar rain days = 4.4
|Dec rain mm = 108.1
| Apr rain days = 5.7
|year rain mm =
| May rain days = 2.9
⚫
| Jun rain days = 1.1

|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| Jul rain days = 0.4
|Jan rain days = 5.7
| Aug rain days = 0.4
|Feb rain days = 5.4
| Sep rain days = 1.7
|Mar rain days = 4.4
| Oct rain days = 5.0
|Apr rain days = 5.7
| Nov rain days = 6.9
|May rain days = 2.9
| Dec rain days = 7.6
|Jun rain days = 1.1
| year rain days =
|Jul rain days = 0.4
| Jan humidity = 80
|Aug rain days = 0.4
| Feb humidity = 79
|Sep rain days = 1.7
| Mar humidity = 72
|Oct rain days = 5.0
| Apr humidity = 69
|Nov rain days = 6.9
| May humidity = 64
|Dec rain days = 7.6
| Jun humidity = 63
|year rain days =
| Jul humidity = 59
| Aug humidity = 58

|Jan humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 64
|Feb humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 72
| Nov humidity = 77
|Apr humidity = 69
| Dec humidity = 79
|May humidity = 64
| Jan sun = 170.8
|Jun humidity = 63
| Feb sun = 193.4
|Jul humidity = 59
| Mar sun = 206.0
|Aug humidity = 58
| Apr sun = 277.4
|Sep humidity = 64
| May sun = 334.6
|Oct humidity = 72
| Jun sun = 358.1
|Nov humidity = 77
| Jul sun = 395.3
|Dec humidity = 79
| Aug sun = 370.4
⚫
| Sep sun = 290.5

|Jan sun = 170.8
| Oct sun = 243.0
|Feb sun = 193.4
| Nov sun = 172.5
|Mar sun = 206.0
| Dec sun = 164.9
|Apr sun = 277.4
| year sun =
⚫
| Jan percentsun = 55
⚫
|May sun = 334.6
⚫
| Feb percentsun = 63
⚫
|Jun sun = 358.1
⚫
| Mar percentsun = 55
|Jul sun = 395.3
⚫
| Apr percentsun = 52
|Aug sun = 370.4
⚫
| May percentsun = 75
⚫
|Sep sun = 290.5
⚫
| Jun percentsun = 81
|Oct sun = 243.0
⚫
| Jul percentsun = 89
|Nov sun = 172.5
⚫
| Aug percentsun = 88
|Dec sun = 164.9
⚫
| Sep percentsun = 78
|year sun =
| Oct percentsun = 70

|Jan percentsun = 55
| Nov percentsun = 57
|Feb percentsun = 63
| Dec percentsun = 55
⚫
| source 1 = Météo Climat 1991-2020,<ref>{{cite web |title=Moyennes 1991/2020 Tavira | work = Baseline climate means (1991–2020) from stations all over the world |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p175.php |publisher=Météo Climat |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> 1973-1994<ref>{{cite web |title=Extremes for Tavira |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-340-1973-2020.php |publisher=Météo Climat |access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>
⚫
|Mar percentsun = 55
⚫
| source 2 = [[IPMA]] (1951-1980 sunshine hours),<ref>{{cite web |title=Plano de Gestão das Bacias Hidrográficas das Ribeiras do Algarve |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/PlaneamentoOrdenamento/PGRH/2010-2015/PTRH8/PGRH_1_RH8_Parte2_T1A.pdf |publisher=Portuguese Environmental Agency |access-date=26 June 2021 |page=131}}</ref> (1961-1990 Humidity)<ref>{{cite web |title=Plano Municipal de Defesa da Floresta Contra Incêndios |url=https://www.cm-tavira.pt/site/sites/default/files/cmt/PMDFCI_caderno-II.pdf |publisher=Tavira Municipality |access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>
⚫
|Apr percentsun = 52
|May percentsun = 75
| source =
⚫
|Jun percentsun = 81
⚫
|Jul percentsun = 89
⚫
|Aug percentsun = 88
⚫
|Sep percentsun = 78
⚫
|Oct percentsun = 70
⚫
|Nov percentsun = 57
⚫
|Dec percentsun = 55

⚫
|source 1 = Météo Climat 1981-2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=Moyennes 1981/2010 Tavira | work = Baseline climate means (1981–2010) from stations all over the world |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p175.php |publisher=Météo Climat |access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref> 1973-1994<ref>{{cite web |title=Extremes for Tavira |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-340-1973-2020.php |publisher=Météo Climat |access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>
⚫
| source 2 = [[IPMA]] (1951-1980 sunshine hours),<ref>{{cite web |title=Plano de Gestão das Bacias Hidrográficas das Ribeiras do Algarve |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/PlaneamentoOrdenamento/PGRH/2010-2015/PTRH8/PGRH_1_RH8_Parte2_T1A.pdf |publisher=Portuguese Environmental Agency |access-date=26 June 2021 |page=131}}</ref> (1961-1990 Humidity)<ref>{{cite web |title=Plano Municipal de Defesa da Floresta Contra Incêndios |url=https://www.cm-tavira.pt/site/sites/default/files/cmt/PMDFCI_caderno-II.pdf |publisher=Tavira Municipality |access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
}}


==Parishes==
==Parishes==


Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (''[[freguesia (Portugal)|freguesias]]''):<ref>{{cite web|title=Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552 118-119|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2013/01/01901/0000200147.pdf |access-date=31 July 2014|author=Diário da República|author-link=Diário da República|language=pt|format=pdf}}</ref>
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (''[[freguesia (Portugal)|freguesias]]''):<ref>{{cite web|title=Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552 118-119|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2013/01/01901/0000200147.pdf |access-date=31 July 2014|author=Diário da República|author-link=Diário da República|language=pt}}</ref>
{{div col |colwidth=20em}}
{{div col |colwidth=20em}}
* [[Conceição e Cabanas de Tavira]]
* [[Conceição e Cabanas de Tavira]]
Line 284: Line 281:
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[San Bartolomé de la Torre]], Spain
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[San Bartolomé de la Torre]], Spain
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

The Associação Internacional de Paremiologia / International Association of Paremiology (AIP-IAP) is based in Tavira. It hosts an annual conference of [[proverb]] scholars in Tavira.<ref>[https://www.colloquium-proverbs.org/icp/en/ AIP-AIP]</ref>


== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==
Line 293: Line 292:
* [[António Cabreira]] (1868–1953) aristocrat, mathematician, polygraph and publicist
* [[António Cabreira]] (1868–1953) aristocrat, mathematician, polygraph and publicist
* [[Álvaro de Campos]] (1890–1935) heteronym of the poet [[Fernando Pessoa]], known for his powerful and wrathful writing
* [[Álvaro de Campos]] (1890–1935) heteronym of the poet [[Fernando Pessoa]], known for his powerful and wrathful writing

=== Sport ===
=== Sport ===
* [[Miguel Cabrita]] (born 1974) swimmer, competed at the [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992]] and [[1996 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Miguel Cabrita]] (born 1974) swimmer, competed at the [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992]] and [[1996 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Fernando Livramento]] (born 1982) a former footballer with 369 club caps
* [[António Livramento]] (born 1982) a former footballer with 369 club caps
* [[João Neves (footballer)]] (born 2004) international footballer currently playing for [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]


==See also==
==See also==
Line 310: Line 311:
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[http://www.cm-tavira.pt/site/index.php Website of the Municipality (in Portuguese)]
*[http://www.cm-tavira.pt/site/index.php Website of the Municipality (in Portuguese)]
*[http://arkeotavira.com/ Arkeotavira: Archaeology, History and Old Maps]
*[http://arkeotavira.com/ Arkeotavira: Archaeology, History and Old Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401200830/http://www.arkeotavira.com/ |date=2016-04-01 }}


{{Municipality of Faro District (Algarve)}}
{{Municipality of Faro District (Algarve)}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}{{Phoenician cities and colonies|state=Portugal}}

[[Category:Tavira| ]]
[[Category:Tavira| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Portugal]]
[[Category:Cities in Portugal]]
Line 323: Line 323:
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Portugal]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Portugal]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Faro District]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Faro District]]
[[Category:Phoenician colonies in Portugal]]

Revision as of 19:16, 25 April 2024

For other uses, see Tavira (disambiguation).
Tavira
Municipality
General view of Tavira
General view of Tavira
Flag of Tavira
Flag
Coat of arms of Tavira
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 37°07′N 7°39′W / 37.117°N 7.650°W / 37.117; -7.650
Land Portugal
RegionAlgarve
Intermunic. comm.Algarve
DistrictFaro
Parishes6
Regierung
 • PresidentAna Paula Martins (PS)
Area
 • Total606.97 km2 (234.35 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total26,167
 • Density43/km2 (110/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (WEST)
Websitewww.cm-tavira.pt/

Tavira (Portuguese pronunciation: [tɐˈviɾɐ] ⓘ) is a Portuguese town and municipality, capital of the Costa do Acantilado, situated in the east of the Algarve on the south coast of Portugal.[1] It is 28 kilometres (17 miles) east of Faro and 75 kilometres (47 miles) west of Huelva across the river Guadiana into Spain. The Gilão River meets the Atlantic Ocean in Tavira. The population in 2011 was 26,167,[2] in an area of 606.97 km2.[3] Tavira is the Portuguese representative community for the inscription of the Mediterranean Diet as a Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO.[4]

History

Bronze Age to the Roman Empire

Tavira medieval bridge.

Tavira's origins date back to the late Bronze Age (1,000-800 BC).[5] In the 8th century BC it became one of the first Phoenician settlements in the Iberian West. The Phoenicians created a colonial urban center here with massive walls, at least two temples, two harbours and a regular urban structure which lasted until the end of 6th century BC, when it was destroyed by conflict.

It is thought its original name was Baal Saphon, named after the Phoenician Thunder and Sea god. The Romans later called it Balsa.[6]

After laying abandoned for a century, it was revived and became an even larger settlement during the so-called Tartessian Period of Tavira, was again abandoned by the end of the 4th century BC. Another urban center emerged at nearby Cerro do Cavaco, a fortified hill occupied until the time of Emperor Augustus.

The Roman Empire to the Moorish Conquest

During the time of Caesar, the Romans created a new port, some 7 kilometres (4 miles) from Tavira, named Balsa. Balsa became a big town, in fact much bigger than Tavira, that grew, prospered and decayed in parallel with the Roman Empire. When the Moors conquered Iberia, in the 8th century, Balsa was already extinct as a town.

Under Roman rule, Tavira was a secondary passing place on the important road between Balsa and Baesuris (today Castro Marim).

Moorish Rule

Santiago church

The Moorish occupation of Tavira between the 8th and 13th centuries left its mark on the agriculture, architecture and culture of the area. That influence can still be seen in Tavira today with its whitewashed buildings, Moorish style doors and rooftops. The Tavira Castle, two mosques and palaces were built by the Moors. The impressive seven arched "Roman bridge" is now not considered to be Roman after a recent archaeological survey, but originates from a 12th-century Moorish bridge. This was a good time economically for Tavira, which established itself as an important port for sailors and fishermen. The area remained rural until the 11th century when Moorish Tavira (from the Arabic Tabira, "the hidden") grew rapidly, becoming one of the important towns of the then Gharb al-Andalus (the west), today's Algarve.

The Reconquista

See also: Portuguese Conquest of Algarve

In 1242 Dom Paio Peres Correia took Tavira back from the Moors in a bloody conflict of retaliation after seven of his principal Knights were killed during a period of truce. Dom Paio's Christian troops decimated most of Tavira's population and the few survivors were kept in a tiny quarter known as "Mouraria".

Fishing boat in Tavira

The 1755 earthquake

Main article: 1755 Lisbon earthquake

In the 18th century, the port on its river was of considerable importance for shipping produce such as salt, dried fish and wine. Like most of the Algarve, its buildings were virtually all destroyed by the earthquake of 1755. This earthquake is thought to have reached 8.5–9.0 on the moment magnitude scale and caused extensive damage throughout the Algarve due to high intensity shaking (XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale) and tsunamis.

The earthquake is referred to as the Lisbon earthquake due to its terrible effects on the capital city, although the epicentre was some 200 km (124 mi) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent in the Algarve region.

Demographics

Pop. Tavira Municipality (1801–2011)
1801 1849 1900 1930 1940 1960 1981 1991 2001 2008 2011
10 557 14 162 25 392 27 786 28 920 27 798 24 615 24 857 24 997 25 394 26 167

Tavira today

Panoramic view of Tavira, seen from the Castle
Pousada Convento de Tavira, now a hotel; the church was converted to a room that is a venue for various events

The city has since been rebuilt with many fine 18th-century buildings along with its 37 churches. A bridge links the two parts of the town across the River Gilão. The church of Santa Maria do Castelo, built on the ruins of a mosque, holds the tombs of Dom Paio Peres Correia and his knights. The church dates back to the 13th century, with the clock tower having been recreated from what was once a minaret. A bust of Dom Paio who died in Tavira in 1275, can be seen on the corner of the town hall.

At one time fishing was the area's primary industry but that declined, partly due to the changing migration patterns of tuna fish and advancing silt in the river Gilão.[7][8]

Historic centre of Tavira, 2019
Bell and clock towers, Church of St James (Igreja Matriz de Santiago), Tavira

The population is in the region of 25,000 inhabitants (municipality of Tavira) supporting a military base. Although still relatively untouched by mass tourism, there are several golf courses in the vicinity. The local beach lies past the salt pans and can be reached via the nearby Santa Luzia footbridge or by ferry, taking visitors to the sand-bar island known as Ilha de Tavira, part of the Ria Formosa natural wetlands park.[9]

In recent years the Gran Plaza shopping centre, incorporating a cinema, supermarket shops, and restaurants, was built on the outskirts of the town. House prices have increased sharply in recent years. The development of many golf clubs close to the town has also had an effect.

As one of the popular towns in the Algarve, Tavira benefits from tourism which is the primary aspect of the region's economy.

Climate

Tavira has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Together with Faro, it is among the sunniest cities in Portugal and in Europe, typically averaging around 3,150 hours of sunshine.[10] Due to its location on the Algarvian Sotavento, Tavira is sheltered from frontal systems coming from the west but exposed to the influences of humid air masses coming from the south. The city receives predominantly western winds. Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) are registered, on average, once a year. In contrast to the western coasts of Portugal, fog is very uncommon in Tavira, occurring on average only three times a year.[10]

Climate data for Tavira, elevation: 25 m or 82 ft, normals 1991-2020, extremes 1973-1994
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.5
(83.3) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.6
(90.7) 		37.4
(99.3) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.4
(102.9) 		39.2
(102.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		28.0
(82.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		39.4
(102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		26.6
(79.9) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.8
(85.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		22.1
(71.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		17.3
(63.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		10.1
(50.2) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.2
(66.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		10.9
(51.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.6
(54.6)
Record low °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		0.5
(32.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		4.2
(39.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		11.0
(51.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−2.0
(28.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 30.7
(1.21) 		68.3
(2.69) 		42.0
(1.65) 		38.8
(1.53) 		38.7
(1.52) 		11.9
(0.47) 		0.2
(0.01) 		2.1
(0.08) 		12.3
(0.48) 		55.9
(2.20) 		45.6
(1.80) 		89.8
(3.54) 		436.3
(17.18)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.7 5.4 4.4 5.7 2.9 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.7 5.0 6.9 7.6 47.2
Average relative humidity (%) 80 79 72 69 64 63 59 58 64 72 77 79 70
Mean monthly sunshine hours 170.8 193.4 206.0 277.4 334.6 358.1 395.3 370.4 290.5 243.0 172.5 164.9 3,176.9
Percent possible sunshine 55 63 55 52 75 81 89 88 78 70 57 55 68
Source 1: Météo Climat 1991-2020,[11] 1973-1994[12]
Source 2: IPMA (1951-1980 sunshine hours),[13] (1961-1990 Humidity)[14]

Parishes

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (freguesias):[15]

Aerial view of Tavira

Transport

Tavira has its own railway station on the line from Vila Real de Santo António to Faro and Lagos. Trains are operated by Comboios de Portugal (CP). Connections are available at Faro station for trains to Lisbon and the rest of Portugal.

The A22 toll motorway passes near to the town. This offers fast road access along the Algarve coast and eastwards to Seville.

The nearest international airports are Faro and Seville.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal

Tavira is twinned with:[16]

The Associação Internacional de Paremiologia / International Association of Paremiology (AIP-IAP) is based in Tavira. It hosts an annual conference of proverb scholars in Tavira.[17]

Notable people

portrait of Álvaro de Campos

Sport

See also

References

  1. ^ Detail Regional Map, Algarve- Southern Portugal, ISBN 3-8297-6235-6
  2. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística
  3. ^ "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
  4. ^ "Portugal's Representative Community | Dieta mediterrânica". dietamediterranica.net. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  5. ^ Pappa, Eleftheria (2012) "Retracting the divisions? Fresh perspectives on Phoenician settlement in Iberia from Tavira, Portugal." TMA (Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie / Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology) vol. 47: 7-13
  6. ^ Maria Giulia, Amadasi Guzzo; José-Ángel, Zamora Lopez (2008). "Un ostrakon phénicien de Tavira (Portugal)". Vicino Oriente. 14: 231.
  7. ^ https://wanderingportugal.com/maps/14/algarve+map, Algarve Cities and Attractions Map
  8. ^ http://www.ealgarve.com/destinations/tavira/, Tavira
  9. ^ "Ria Formosa, a Natural Park to discover in the Algarve - Formosamar".
  10. ^ a b "Estudo de Impacte Ambiental do Porto de Pesca de Tavira" (PDF). Portuguese Environmental Agency. p. 76. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  11. ^ "Moyennes 1991/2020 Tavira". Baseline climate means (1991–2020) from stations all over the world. Météo Climat. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  12. ^ "Extremes for Tavira". Météo Climat. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  13. ^ "Plano de Gestão das Bacias Hidrográficas das Ribeiras do Algarve" (PDF). Portuguese Environmental Agency. p. 131. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  14. ^ "Plano Municipal de Defesa da Floresta Contra Incêndios" (PDF). Tavira Municipality. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  15. ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552 118-119" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  16. ^ "Geminações". cm-tavira.pt (in Portuguese). Tavira. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  17. ^ AIP-AIP
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tavira.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Tavira".
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tavira.
Municipality of Faro District (Algarve)

Map of the Greater Metropolitan Area of the Algarve

Albufeira
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