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The Spaceway system was originally envisioned as a global K_a-band communications system by Hughes Electronics.^[1]^[2] When the project to build the system was taken over by Hughes Network Systems,^[3] a subsidiary of Hughes Electronics, it was transformed into a phased deployment initially only launching a North American satellite system. This is in comparison to other more ambitious systems such as Teledesic^[4] and Astrolink^[5] which retained their full global nature and which subsequently failed to complete their systems. Hughes Network Systems working with Hughes Electronics subsidiary Hughes Space and Communications (and subsequently sold to Boeing and called Boeing Satellite Systems and later the Boeing Satellite Development Center)^[6] completed and built the North American Spaceway system meant to provide broadband capabilities of up to 512 kbit/s, 2 Mbit/s, and 16 Mbit/s uplink data communication rates^[7] with fixed K_a-band satellite terminal antennas sized as small as 74 centimetres (29 in).^[7] The broadband Spaceway system was standardized by Telecommunications Industry Association^[8] and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) as the Regenerative Satellite Mesh - A Air Interface.^[9]

After News Corp purchased a controlling interest in Hughes Electronics, the company sold off its controlling interest in Hughes Network Systems but retained Spaceway-1 and Spaceway-2 for use in the DirecTV satellite television subsidiary of Hughes Electronics.^[10] Boeing retrofitted the first two satellites for bent pipe K_a-band communications for use in high-definition television and disabled the regenerative on-board processing of the original system that was to be used for broadband satellite communications.^[11]

Despite statements to the contrary in the system's initial filings with the Federal Communications Commission, none of the three satellites have inter-satellite links connecting the satellites directly with each other in space.^[6]

Spaceway-1, Spaceway-2 and Spaceway-3 have been launched and Hughes Network Systems had an option to purchase and have Boeing build Spaceway-4.^[11]

Spaceway-1 was decommissioned in February 2020 after suffering extensive thermal damage to its batteries in December 2019, forcing the satellite to be moved to a graveyard orbit to prevent the risk of it exploding.^[12]

Notes[edit]

^ Fitzpatrick, E.J. (August 1995). Spaceway: Providing affordable and versatile communication solutions. 19th NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX 19) and the 7th Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Workshop (APSW 7). Bibcode:1995prex.meet...49F.
^ Metcalfe, Bob (28 October 1996). "Hughes satellite gives telcos, TV companies needed 'net competition". Archived from the original on 20 December 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
^ "Response to Call Proposal of Hughes Communications Galaxy, Inc. to Launch and Operate the SPACEWAY™ GSO FSS Satellite System at 107.3º West Longitude orbital position" (PDF). Hughes Communications Galaxy, Inc. 5 November 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2005. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
^ Wolfenbarger, Todd (30 September 2002). "Teledesic Suspends Work Under Satellite Contract" (Press release). Bellevue, Washington: Teledesic LLC. Archived from the original on 2 October 2002.
^ "2002 Annual Report" (PDF). Lockheed Martin Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
^ ^a ^b "Integrated Defense Systems - SPACEWAY North America". Boeing. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006.
^ ^a ^b Whitefield, David; Gopal, Rajeev; Arnold, Steven (October 2006). Spaceway now and in the Future: On-Board IP Packet Switching Satellte Communication Network (PDF). MILCOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE Military Communications conference. Germantown, MD: Hughes Network Systems, LLC. p. 2. doi:10.1109/MILCOM.2006.302229. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
^ "TIA 2004 Standards & Technology Annual Report (STAR)" (PDF). Telecommunications Industry Association. 8 October 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2021.
^ "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Regenerative Satellite Mesh - A (RSM-A) air interface; Physical layer specification; Part 1: General description" (PDF). ETSI. European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2013.
^ Pearlstein, Steven (8 December 2004). "... And Another Thing". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Amendment No. 4 to Form S-1". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 10 February 2006. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Henry, Caleb (14 February 2020). "DirecTV's defunct Spaceway-1 reaches high graveyard orbit in one piece". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 February 2020.

References[edit]

"SPACEWAY Technical Specifications". Hughes Network Systems. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006.

External links[edit]

[spaceway-report-1] Fitzpatrick, E.J. (August 1995). Spaceway: Providing affordable and versatile communication solutions. 19th NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX 19) and the 7th Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Workshop (APSW 7). Bibcode:1995prex.meet...49F.

[metcalfe-19961028-2] Metcalfe, Bob (28 October 1996). "Hughes satellite gives telcos, TV companies needed 'net competition". Archived from the original on 20 December 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2006.

[hughes-proposal-3] "Response to Call Proposal of Hughes Communications Galaxy, Inc. to Launch and Operate the SPACEWAY™ GSO FSS Satellite System at 107.3º West Longitude orbital position" (PDF). Hughes Communications Galaxy, Inc. 5 November 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2005. Retrieved 14 June 2006.

[teledesic-4] Wolfenbarger, Todd (30 September 2002). "Teledesic Suspends Work Under Satellite Contract" (Press release). Bellevue, Washington: Teledesic LLC. Archived from the original on 2 October 2002.

[astrolink-5] "2002 Annual Report" (PDF). Lockheed Martin Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2006.

[boeing.com-6] "Integrated Defense Systems - SPACEWAY North America". Boeing. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006.

[spaceway-nowfuture-7] Whitefield, David; Gopal, Rajeev; Arnold, Steven (October 2006). Spaceway now and in the Future: On-Board IP Packet Switching Satellte Communication Network (PDF). MILCOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE Military Communications conference. Germantown, MD: Hughes Network Systems, LLC. p. 2. doi:10.1109/MILCOM.2006.302229. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.

[tia-8] "TIA 2004 Standards & Technology Annual Report (STAR)" (PDF). Telecommunications Industry Association. 8 October 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2021.

[etsi.org-9] "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Regenerative Satellite Mesh - A (RSM-A) air interface; Physical layer specification; Part 1: General description" (PDF). ETSI. European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2013.

[post-2004-12-07-10] Pearlstein, Steven (8 December 2004). "... And Another Thing". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2010.

[sec.gov-11] "Amendment No. 4 to Form S-1". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 10 February 2006. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[12] Henry, Caleb (14 February 2020). "DirecTV's defunct Spaceway-1 reaches high graveyard orbit in one piece". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 February 2020.

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+{{Use American English|date=August 2020}}
-The '''SPACEWAY''' system was originally envisioned as a global [[Ka band|K<sub>a</sub> band]] communications system by [[Hughes Electronics]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=SPACEWAY: Providing affordable and versatile communication solutions|last=Fitzpatrick|first=E.J.|bibcode=1995prex.meet...49F}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayNew.pl?%2Fmetcalfe%2Fbm102896.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220203136/http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayNew.pl?%2Fmetcalfe%2Fbm102896.htm |archivedate=2004-12-20 |df= }}</ref>  When the project to build the system was taken over by [[Hughes Network Systems]],<ref>http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/insmt-gst.nsf/vwapj/hughesapplication1.pdf/$FILE/hughesapplication1.pdf</ref> a subsidiary of Hughes Electronics, it was transformed into a phased deployment initially only launching a North American satellite system.  This is in comparison to other more ambitious systems such as [[Teledesic]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021002112448/http://www.teledesic.com/newsroom/articles/10-01-2002.html Teledesic Suspends Work Under Satellite Contract<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Astrolink]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/314.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102745/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/314.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-29 |df= }}</ref> which retained their full global nature and which subsequently failed to complete their systems.  Hughes Network Systems working with Hughes Electronics subsidiary [[Hughes Space and Communications]] (and subsequently sold to Boeing and called Boeing Satellite Systems and later the Boeing Satellite Development Center)<ref name="boeing.com">[http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/702/spaceway/spaceway.html Boeing: Integrated Defense Systems - Satellite Development Center - Boeing 702 Fleet - SPACEWAY<sup>TM</sup> North America<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619122729/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/702/spaceway/spaceway.html |date=June 19, 2006 }}</ref> completed and built the North American SPACEWAY system<ref>http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/060515/dcm076.html?.v=5 {{Dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref> meant to provide [[Broadband Internet access|broadband]] capabilities of up to 512&nbsp;kbit/s, 2&nbsp;Mbit/s, and 16&nbsp;Mbit/s uplink data communication rates<ref>[http://www.spaceway.com/ Spaceway<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> with fixed K<sub>a</sub>-band satellite terminal antennas sized as small as {{convert|74|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="etsi.org">http://www.etsi.org/services_products/freestandard/home.htm</ref>  The broadband SPACEWAY system was standardized by [[Telecommunications Industry Association]]<ref>[http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/star/documents/star%202004.pdf Untitled Document<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008211946/http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/star/documents/star%202004.pdf |date=October 8, 2006 }}</ref> and [[European Telecommunications Standards Institute]] as the [[Regenerative Satellite Mesh - A Air Interface]].<ref name="etsi.org"/>
+{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
+The '''Spaceway''' system was originally envisioned as a global [[Ka band|K<sub>a</sub>-band]] communications system by [[Hughes Electronics]].<ref name="spaceway-report" /><ref name="metcalfe-19961028" /> When the project to build the system was taken over by [[Hughes Network Systems]],<ref name="hughes-proposal" /> a subsidiary of Hughes Electronics, it was transformed into a phased deployment initially only launching a North American satellite system. This is in comparison to other more ambitious systems such as [[Teledesic]]<ref name="teledesic" /> and [[Astrolink]]<ref name="astrolink" /> which retained their full global nature and which subsequently failed to complete their systems. Hughes Network Systems working with Hughes Electronics subsidiary [[Hughes Space and Communications]] (and subsequently sold to Boeing and called [[Boeing Satellite Development Center|Boeing Satellite Systems]] and later the [[Boeing Satellite Development Center]])<ref name="boeing.com" /> completed and built the North American Spaceway system meant to provide [[Internet access|broadband]] capabilities of up to 512&nbsp;kbit/s, 2&nbsp;Mbit/s, and 16&nbsp;Mbit/s uplink data communication rates<ref name="spaceway-nowfuture" /> with fixed K<sub>a</sub>-band satellite terminal antennas sized as small as {{convert|74|cm}}.<ref name="spaceway-nowfuture" /> The broadband Spaceway system was standardized by [[Telecommunications Industry Association]]<ref name="tia" /> and [[ETSI|European Telecommunications Standards Institute]] (ETSI) as the [[Regenerative Satellite Mesh – A|Regenerative Satellite Mesh - A Air Interface]].<ref name="etsi.org"/>
-After [[News Corp]] purchased a controlling interest in Hughes Electronics, the company sold off its controlling interest in Hughes Network Systems but retained [[SPACEWAY-1]] and [[SPACEWAY-2]] for use in the DirecTV satellite television subsidiary of Hughes Electronics.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45648-2004Dec7.html | work=The Washington Post | title=. . . And Another Thing | first=Steven | last=Pearlstein | date=2004-12-08 | accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref>  Boeing retrofitted the first two satellites for [[bent pipe]] K<sub>a</sub>-band communications for use in high definition television and disabled the regenerative on-board processing of the original system that was to be used for broadband satellite communications.<ref name="sec.gov">[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1345840/000119312506026457/ds1a.htm Amendment No. 4 to Form S-1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+After [[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]] purchased a controlling interest in [[Hughes Electronics]], the company sold off its controlling interest in [[Hughes Network Systems]] but retained [[Spaceway-1]] and [[Spaceway-2]] for use in the [[DirecTV]] satellite television subsidiary of Hughes Electronics.<ref name="post-2004-12-07" /> Boeing retrofitted the first two satellites for [[bent pipe]] K<sub>a</sub>-band communications for use in [[high-definition television]] and disabled the regenerative on-board processing of the original system that was to be used for broadband satellite communications.<ref name="sec.gov" />
-Despite statements to the contrary in the system's initial filings with the [[Federal Communications Commission]], none of the three satellites have [[Inter-Satellite Links]] connecting the satellites directly with each other in space.<ref name="boeing.com"/>
+Despite statements to the contrary in the system's initial filings with the [[Federal Communications Commission]], none of the three satellites have [[Inter-satellite service|inter-satellite links]] connecting the satellites directly with each other in space.<ref name="boeing.com"/>
-[[SPACEWAY-1]], [[SPACEWAY-2]] and [[SPACEWAY-3]] have been launched and Hughes Network Systems has an option to purchase and have Boeing build [[SPACEWAY-4]].<ref name="sec.gov"/>
+[[Spaceway-1]], [[Spaceway-2]] and [[Spaceway-3]] have been launched and [[Hughes Network Systems]] had an option to purchase and have Boeing build Spaceway-4.<ref name="sec.gov" />
+[[Spaceway-1]] was decommissioned in February 2020 after suffering extensive thermal damage to its batteries in December 2019, forcing the satellite to be moved to a graveyard orbit to prevent the risk of it exploding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/directvs-defunct-spaceway-1-reaches-high-graveyard-orbit-in-one-piece/|title=DirecTV's defunct Spaceway-1 reaches high graveyard orbit in one piece|first=Caleb|last=Henry|date=2020-02-14|website=SpaceNews|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
 == Notes ==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name="astrolink">
+{{cite web
+|url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/eo/documents/annual-reports/2002-annual-report.pdf
+|title=2002 Annual Report
+|publisher=Lockheed Martin Corporation
+|access-date=2006-06-14
+|url-status=live
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105144213/https://lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/eo/documents/annual-reports/2002-annual-report.pdf
+|archive-date=2022-01-05
+}}
+</ref>
+<ref name="boeing.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/702/spaceway/spaceway.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619122729/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/702/spaceway/spaceway.html|url-status=dead|title=Integrated Defense Systems - SPACEWAY North America|archive-date=June 19, 2006 |publisher=Boeing}}</ref>
+<ref name="etsi.org">{{cite web |title=Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Regenerative Satellite Mesh - A (RSM-A) air interface; Physical layer specification; Part 1: General description |url=https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102100_102199/10218801/01.01.01_60/ts_10218801v010101p.pdf |website=ETSI |publisher=European Telecommunications Standards Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229164148/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102100_102199/10218801/01.01.01_60/ts_10218801v010101p.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2013 |date=2004 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+<ref name="hughes-proposal">{{Cite web |url=http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/insmt-gst.nsf/vwapj/hughesapplication1.pdf/$FILE/hughesapplication1.pdf |title=Response to Call Proposal of Hughes Communications Galaxy, Inc. to Launch and Operate the SPACEWAY™ GSO FSS Satellite System at 107.3º West Longitude orbital position |access-date=14 June 2006 |archive-date=29 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050329011343/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/insmt-gst.nsf/vwapj/hughesapplication1.pdf/$FILE/hughesapplication1.pdf |url-status=dead |date=5 November 2001 |publisher=Hughes Communications Galaxy, Inc. }}</ref>
+<ref name="metcalfe-19961028">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayNew.pl?%2Fmetcalfe%2Fbm102896.htm|title=Hughes satellite gives telcos, TV companies needed 'net competition |last1=Metcalfe |first1=Bob |date=28 October 1996 |access-date=2006-06-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220203136/http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayNew.pl?%2Fmetcalfe%2Fbm102896.htm|archive-date=2004-12-20}}</ref>
+<ref name="post-2004-12-07">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45648-2004Dec7.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=... And Another Thing|first=Steven|last=Pearlstein|date=2004-12-08|accessdate=2010-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109022418/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45648-2004Dec7.html|archive-date=2012-11-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+<ref name="sec.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1345840/000119312506026457/ds1a.htm|title=Amendment No. 4 to Form S-1|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422080007/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1345840/000119312506026457/ds1a.htm |archive-date=2016-04-22 |url-status=live |date=2006-02-10 }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
+<ref name="spaceway-report">{{cite conference|title=Spaceway: Providing affordable and versatile communication solutions|last=Fitzpatrick|first=E.J.|bibcode=1995prex.meet...49F |conference=19th NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX 19) and the 7th Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Workshop (APSW 7) |date=August 1995 }}</ref>
+<ref name="spaceway-nowfuture">{{cite conference |last1=Whitefield |first1=David |last2=Gopal |first2=Rajeev |last3=Arnold |first3=Steven |title=Spaceway now and in the Future: On-Board IP Packet Switching Satellte Communication Network |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/SPACEWAYTodayandTomorrow.pdf |publisher=Hughes Network Systems, LLC |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415152453/https://federalnewsnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/SPACEWAYTodayandTomorrow.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-15 |page=2 |doi=10.1109/MILCOM.2006.302229 |date=October 2006 |url-status=live |conference=MILCOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE Military Communications conference |location=Germantown, MD}}</ref>
+<ref name="teledesic">
+{{cite press release
+| last         = Wolfenbarger
+| first        = Todd
+| date         = 30 September 2002
+| title        = Teledesic Suspends Work Under Satellite Contract
+| url          = http://www.teledesic.com/newsroom/articles/10-01-2002.html
+| location     = Bellevue, Washington
+| publisher    = Teledesic LLC
+| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20021002112448/http://www.teledesic.com/newsroom/articles/10-01-2002.html
+| archive-date = 2 October 2002
+| url-status   = live
+}}
+</ref>
+<ref name="tia">{{cite web |title=TIA 2004 Standards & Technology Annual Report (STAR) |url=http://standards.tiaonline.org//standards/about/documents/star2004.pdf |publisher=Telecommunications Industry Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210005458/http://standards.tiaonline.org/standards/about/documents/star2004.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-10 |date=2006-10-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+}}
 == References ==
-*{{cite web | url = http://www.hughes.com/HUGHES/Rooms/DisplayPages/LayoutInitial?Container=com.webridge.entity.Entity%5BOID%5B247EE93EA910FC4882B3105E9AD73791%5D%5D | title = SPACEWAY Technical Specifications | publisher =  Hughes Network Systems}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.hughes.com/HUGHES/Rooms/DisplayPages/LayoutInitial?Container=com.webridge.entity.Entity%5BOID%5B247EE93EA910FC4882B3105E9AD73791%5D%5D|title=SPACEWAY Technical Specifications
+|publisher=Hughes Network Systems|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030031717/http://www.hughes.com/HUGHES/Rooms/DisplayPages/LayoutInitial?Container=com.webridge.entity.Entity%5BOID%5B247EE93EA910FC4882B3105E9AD73791%5D%5D|archive-date=2006-10-30}}
 == External links ==
-* [http://www.hughes.com/technologies/satellite-platforms/spaceway-3-1 Spaceway 3]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140314031302/http://www.hughes.com/technologies/satellite-platforms/spaceway-3-1 Spaceway 3]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619122729/http://boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/702/spaceway/spaceway.html Boeing's Original Spaceway Specification and Picture]