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{{short description|American actress}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Celia Adler PD image.jpg
| image = Celia Adler PD image.jpg
| image_size = 130px
| image_size = 130px
| caption = The young Celia Adler
| birth_name = Celia Feinman Adler
| caption = The young Celia Adler
| birth_name = Tzirele Adler
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|12|06}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|12|06}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1979|01|31|1889|12|06}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1979|01|31|1889|12|06}}
| death_place = [[Bronx]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| resting_place = Mount Hebron Cemetery<br>Yiddish Theatre Section
| resting_place = Mount Hebron Cemetery<br>Yiddish Theatre Section
| occupation = Actress
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1937–1961
| years_active = 1937–1961
| spouse = {{marriage|Lazar Freed|1914|1919|end=div.}}<br>{{marriage|Jack Cone|1930|1959|end=d.}}<br>{{marriage|Nathan Forman|1959|1979|end=d.}}
| spouse = {{plain list|
* {{marriage|Lazar Freed|1914|1919|end=div.}}
* {{marriage|Jack Cone|1930|1959|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|Nathan Forman|1959|1979|end=d.}}
}}
| parents = {{plain list|
* [[Jacob Pavlovich Adler]]
* [[Dinah Shtettin]]
}}
| relatives = {{plain list|
* [[Jay Adler]] (half-brother)
* [[Julia Adler]] (half-sister)
* [[Stella Adler]] (half-sister)
* [[Luther Adler]] (half-brother)
* [[Allen Adler]] (nephew)
}}
}}
}}
[[File:Celia-Adler.jpg|thumb|Celia Adler as a child]]
[[File:Celia-Adler.jpg|thumb|Celia Adler as a child]]
Line 17: Line 36:


==Early life==
==Early life==
She was born in [[New York City]], as Tzirele Adler (soon after known as Celia), the daughter of [[Jacob Pavlovich Adler|Jacob Adler]] and [[Dinah Shtettin]], who were both actors in the Yiddish theater.<ref name="DictAmBio">"Celia Adler Forman" (1995). ''Dictionary of American Biography''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</ref> She was the half-sister of [[Stella Adler]], [[Luther Adler]], and Jacob Adler's five other children.<ref name=imdb /><ref name=Rosenfeld>{{cite book| author=Adler, Jacob| title=A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld| publisher=Knopf| place=New York|year=1999| isbn=0-679-41351-0| page=381 (commentary)}}</ref> Unlike Stella and Luther, who became well known for their work with the [[Group Theatre (New York)|Group Theater]], their film work and as theorists of the craft of acting, she was almost exclusively a stage actress.<ref name=Rosenfeld />
Tzirele Adler was born in [[New York City]] on December 6, 1889, to daughter of [[Jacob Pavlovich Adler|Jacob Adler]] and [[Dinah Shtettin]], who were both actors in the Yiddish theater.<ref name="DictAmBio">"Celia Adler Forman" (1995). ''Dictionary of American Biography''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</ref> From a young age, she was referred to as Celia. She was the half-sister of [[Stella Adler]], [[Luther Adler]], and Jacob Adler's five other children.<ref name=imdb /><ref name=Rosenfeld>{{cite book| author=Adler, Jacob| title=A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld| publisher=Knopf| place=New York| year=1999|isbn=0-679-41351-0| page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeonstagememoi00adle/page/381 381 (commentary)]| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/lifeonstagememoi00adle/page/381}}</ref> Unlike Stella and Luther, who became well known for their work with the [[Group Theatre (New York)|Group Theater]] and their film work and as theorists of the craft of acting, she was almost exclusively a stage actress.<ref name=Rosenfeld />


Celia's mother, Dinah Shtettin, was the second wife of Jacob Adler. The couple had met and married in London, and they arrived in the United States from there shortly before Celia's birth.<ref name="DictAmBio"/> They divorced when Celia was a young child, although they continued to work together in the theater. Stettin subsequently married the actor and playwright Sigmund Feinmann. Celia used her stepfather's last name when she was growing up but later changed her name to "Adler" for her stage career.<ref name="DictAmBio"/>
Celia's mother, Dinah Shtettin, was the second wife of Jacob Adler, whose first wife had died.<ref>Jacob Pavlovich Adler, ''A Life on the Stage: A Memoir'', translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, {{ISBN|0-679-41351-0}}, pp. 261, 302, 303.</ref> The couple had met and married in London, and they arrived in the United States from there shortly before Celia's birth.<ref name="DictAmBio"/> They divorced when Celia was a young child when Adler eloped with [[Sara Heine]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Celia Adler |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/adler-celia |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> although they continued to work together in the theater.

Shtettin subsequently married the actor and playwright Sigmund Feinman, and Celia was raised by her mother and stepfather. Needing work, Shtettin continued to work with Adler's troupe and brought Celia onstage as a prop at as young as six months old. When Celia was four, she acted in [[The Yiddish King Lear]] alongside her father and step-mother, in a role playwright [[Jacob Gordin]] had written specifically for her.<ref name=":0" />

Celia used her stepfather's last name when she was growing up but later changed her name to "Adler" for her stage career.<ref name="DictAmBio" />


==Career==
==Career==
After playing many child roles in the [[Yiddish theatre|Yiddish theater]], Adler distanced herself from the theater for a time during her teenage years, but then resumed her acting career with the encouragement of the actress [[Bertha Kalich|Bertha Kalisch]], with whom she co-starred in a production of [[Hermann Sudermann]]'s play ''[[Heimat (play)|Heimat]]''.<ref name="DictAmBio"/>
After playing many child roles in the [[Yiddish theatre|Yiddish theater]], Adler distanced herself from the theater for a time during her teenage years, but then resumed her acting career in 1909 as Celia Feinman with the encouragement of the actress [[Bertha Kalich|Bertha Kalisch]], with whom she co-starred in a production of [[Hermann Sudermann]]'s play ''[[Heimat (play)|Heimat]]''.<ref name="DictAmBio"/><ref name=":0" /> Adler acted alongside her mother in the [[London Pavilion]] Theatre, and they toured together in 1910. When she was hired by [[Boris Thomashefsky]] as an understudy for the New York People’s Theater, and she signed on as Celia Adler. Her first several years of acting were difficult, as she moved between temporary contracts in the male-dominated field.<ref name=":0" />

⚫
She was associated with the [[Yiddish Art Theater]] movement of the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name=Rosenfeld /> She also gave one of the first theatrical portrayals of a [[Holocaust]] survivor, in Luther Adler's 1946 [[Broadway theater|Broadway]] production of ''[[A Flag Is Born]]'' (written by [[Ben Hecht]] and featuring a 22-year-old [[Marlon Brando]], Stella Adler's prize pupil in [[method acting]]).<ref>{{cite journal| author=Medoff, Rafael| url=http://israelbehindthenews.com/Archives/Jul-07-04.htm#godfather|title=When Marlon Brando Spoke Up for the Jews| journal=Israel Resource Review| date=2004-07-07|accessdate=2007-04-09 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040508/http://israelbehindthenews.com/Archives/Jul-07-04.htm#godfather <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-03-11}}</ref> Adler, along with co-stars [[Paul Muni]] and [[Marlon Brando]], refused to accept compensation above the Actor's Equity minimum wage because of her commitment to the cause of creating a Jewish State in Israel.<ref>Medoff, Rafael. "[http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2004-04-flagisborn.php Ben Hecht's 'A Flag is Born': A Play That Changed History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325063213/http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2004-04-flagisborn.php |date=2015-03-25 }}." David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies. Retrieved 2016-05-11.</ref>
Adler's first major dramatic success was in Ossip Dymou's “The Eternal Wanderer,” at Boris Thomashefsky's National Theater in New York in 1913.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Cook |first=Joan |date=1979-02-02 |title=CELIA FORMAN DIES; STAGE ACTRESS, 89 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/02/archives/celia-forman-dies-stage-actress-89-first-lady-of-the-yiddish.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1918, she was hired by the [[Yiddish Art Theatre|Yiddish Art Theater]], which put on as many as thirty-five plays per season and relied on actors ad-libbing their lines. Adler was typically cast as a weeping maiden or desperate mother.<ref name=":0" /> Adler and [[Jacob Ben-Ami]] convinced director [[Maurice Schwartz]] to stage a serious drama, which was an instant hit, but did not ultimately change Schwartz's directing style. Because of this, in 1919, Ben-Ami separated into the Jewish Art Theater, which Adler joined. This theater Jewish playwrights and Yiddish translations of English, Russian, and German plays at the Irving Palace Theater.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name="Rosenfeld" /> The next year, she, along with and others, left to create the Jewish Art Theater. However, this theater was short-lived due to a conflict with the financial backer.<ref name=":0" />

In 1921-22, Adler was the leading lady in Schwartz's troupe. the next year, she was a guest star in Philadelphia with [[Anshel Schorr]] and touring Europe and America with [[Ludwig Satz]]. In 1927-28, she directed her own repertory company. The next year, she re-encountered her childhood acquaintance theater manager and actor Jack Cone, who suggested he marry her so he could join her on her journey to perform in [[Buenos Aires]] and appease her fear of traveling alone.<ref name=":0" />

During her career, Adler created leading roles in Yiddish versions of many classic plays, including the work of [[Gerhart Hauptmann|Hauptmann]], [[Hermann Sudermann|Sudermann]], [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]], [[George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]] and [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]].<ref name=":1" /> As Yiddish-language theater became less popular with the dispersal of the Jewish community and decrease in Yiddish-speakers, Adler made her loyalty to the genre clear; when she acted in an English version of [[David Pinski]]'s ''The Treasure'', she wrote a letter in the ''Yiddish World'' assuring her fans that this was temporary.<ref name=":0" />

⚫
After World War II, Adler was contracted by the [[National Jewish Welfare Board|Jewish Welfare Board]] to entertain troops in American military camps with an English and Yiddish program that she later brought off-Broadway.<ref name=":0" /> In 1946, Adler gave one of the first theatrical portrayals of a [[Holocaust]] survivor in Luther Adler's [[Broadway theater|Broadway]] production ''[[A Flag Is Born]]'' (written by [[Ben Hecht]] and featuring a 22-year-old [[Marlon Brando]], Stella Adler's prize pupil in [[method acting]]).<ref>{{cite journal| author=Medoff, Rafael| url=http://israelbehindthenews.com/Archives/Jul-07-04.htm#godfather|title=When Marlon Brando Spoke Up for the Jews| journal=Israel Resource Review| date=2004-07-07|access-date=2007-04-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040508/http://israelbehindthenews.com/Archives/Jul-07-04.htm#godfather <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-03-11}}</ref> Adler, along with co-stars [[Paul Muni]] and [[Marlon Brando]], refused to accept compensation above the Actor's Equity minimum wage because of her commitment to the cause of creating a Jewish State in Israel.<ref>Medoff, Rafael. "[http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2004-04-flagisborn.php Ben Hecht's 'A Flag is Born': A Play That Changed History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325063213/http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2004-04-flagisborn.php |date=2015-03-25 }}." David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies. Retrieved 2016-05-11.</ref> While this play was expected to run for a month, it lasted thirty weeks.<ref name=":0" />

Adler's last appearance on stage was in 1961 in ''Women in Horseradish.'' After her death, she continued to occasionally act at recitals, benefits, and lectures until her death.<ref name=":1" />


=== Film ===
In 1937, Celia Adler starred in the [[Henry Lynn]] [[Yiddish language|Yiddish film]], ''Where Is My Child''. From 1937-1952, she appeared in several films and television programs.<ref>''Bridge of Light (Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds), pages 36,51,111n,209,212,253,306'', J. Hoberman, Museum of Modern Art, Published by Shocken Books, 1991, YIVO translations</ref> Her last film was a 1985 British documentary with archive footage, ''Almonds and Raisins'',<ref>''Bridge of Light (Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds), page 358n'', J. Hoberman, Museum of Modern Art, Published by Shocken Books, 1991, YIVO translations</ref> narrated by, among others, [[Orson Welles]], [[Herschel Bernardi]] and [[Seymour Rechzeit]].<ref name=imdb />
In 1937, Celia Adler starred in the [[Henry Lynn]] [[Yiddish language|Yiddish film]], ''Where Is My Child''. From 1937-1952, she appeared in several films and television programs.<ref>''Bridge of Light (Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds), pages 36,51,111n,209,212,253,306'', J. Hoberman, Museum of Modern Art, Published by Shocken Books, 1991, YIVO translations</ref> Her last film was a 1985 British documentary with archive footage, ''Almonds and Raisins'',<ref>''Bridge of Light (Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds), page 358n'', J. Hoberman, Museum of Modern Art, Published by Shocken Books, 1991, YIVO translations</ref> narrated by, among others, [[Orson Welles]], [[Herschel Bernardi]] and [[Seymour Rechzeit]].<ref name="imdb" />


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
She was married three times,<ref name=gale>{{cite web|title=Adler, Celia (1890–1979)|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591300135.html|work=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia|publisher=Gale Research Inc.|accessdate=9 January 2013}}{{subscription}}</ref> to actor Lazar Freed, theatrical manager Jack Cone, and businessman Nathan Forman.<ref name=imdb /> She and Freed married in 1914; they had one child, and divorced in 1919.<ref name="DictAmBio"/> In 1930 Adler married Cone, who was her manager at the time; he died in 1959. Later that same year she married Forman, who died just one month before Adler, in 1979.<ref name="DictAmBio"/>
She was married three times,<ref name=gale>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Adler, Celia (1890–1979)|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591300135.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329055605/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591300135.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2015|encyclopedia=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia|publisher=Gale Research Inc.|access-date=9 January 2013}}{{subscription required}}</ref> to actor Lazar Freed, theatrical manager Jack Cone, and businessman Nathan Forman.<ref name=imdb /> She and Freed married in 1914; they had one child, Selwyn (Zelig) Freed<ref name=":0" /> and divorced in 1919.<ref name="DictAmBio"/> In 1930 Adler married Cone, who was her manager at the time; he died in 1959. Later that same year she married Forman, who died just one month before Adler, in 1979.<ref name="DictAmBio"/>


==Death==
==Death==
She is buried in the Yiddish Theatre Section of [[Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)|Mount Hebron Cemetery]] having died from a heart attack <!-- Her autobiography was ghost-written by Jacob Tickman. צילי אדלער דערציילט / Tsili Adler dertseylt by אדלער, צילי, 1899-1979. Celia Adler Language: Yiddish Type: Book Publisher: צילי אדלער פאונדיישאן און בוך־קאָמיטעט, Nyu-York: Tsili Adler Faundeyshon un Bukh-Komitet, 1959. references/citations needed; rewrite also per WP:MOS -->
Adler is buried in the Yiddish Theatre Section of [[Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)|Mount Hebron Cemetery]] in [[New York City]] having died from a stroke. <!-- Her autobiography was ghost-written by Jacob Tickman. צילי אדלער דערציילט / Tsili Adler dertseylt by אדלער, צילי, 1899-1979. Celia Adler Language: Yiddish Type: Book Publisher: צילי אדלער פאונדיישאן און בוך־קאָמיטעט, Nyu-York: Tsili Adler Faundeyshon un Bukh-Komitet, 1959. references/citations needed; rewrite also per WP:MOS --><ref>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More than 14000 Famous Persons, Scott Wilson</ref><ref name=":1" />


==References==
==References==
Line 37: Line 70:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Celia Adler}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{IMDb name|0012120}}
* {{IMDb name|0012120}}
* Judith Laikin Elkin, [http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/adler-celia Celia Adler], Jewish Women Encyclopedia
* Judith Laikin Elkin, [http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/adler-celia Celia Adler], Jewish Women Encyclopedia
*{{IBDB name}}
* {{IBDB name}}
*{{Amg name|384}}
* {{Amg name|384}}
*{{FAG|7082777}}
* {{FAG|7082777}}
*[http://digital.cjh.org/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=594219 Adler Family Papers.]; P-890; [[American Jewish Historical Society]], Boston, MA and New York, NY.
* [http://digital.cjh.org/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=594219 Adler Family Papers.]; P-890; [[American Jewish Historical Society]], Boston, MA and New York, NY.


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 13:03, 26 April 2024

Celia Adler
The young Celia Adler
Born
Tzirele Adler

(1889-12-06)December 6, 1889
New York City, U.S.
DiedJanuary 31, 1979(1979-01-31) (aged 89)
New York City, U.S.
Resting placeMount Hebron Cemetery
Yiddish Theatre Section
OccupationActress
Years active1937–1961
Spouses
Lazar Freed
​
​
(m. 1914; div. 1919)​
Jack Cone
​
​
(m. 1930; died 1959)​
Nathan Forman
​
​
(m. 1959; died 1979)​
Parents
Relatives
Celia Adler as a child

Celia Feinman Adler (December 6, 1889 – January 31, 1979) was an American actress, known as the "First Lady of the Yiddish Theatre".[1]

Early life

Tzirele Adler was born in New York City on December 6, 1889, to daughter of Jacob Adler and Dinah Shtettin, who were both actors in the Yiddish theater.[2] From a young age, she was referred to as Celia. She was the half-sister of Stella Adler, Luther Adler, and Jacob Adler's five other children.[1][3] Unlike Stella and Luther, who became well known for their work with the Group Theater and their film work and as theorists of the craft of acting, she was almost exclusively a stage actress.[3]

Celia's mother, Dinah Shtettin, was the second wife of Jacob Adler, whose first wife had died.[4] The couple had met and married in London, and they arrived in the United States from there shortly before Celia's birth.[2] They divorced when Celia was a young child when Adler eloped with Sara Heine,[5] although they continued to work together in the theater.

Shtettin subsequently married the actor and playwright Sigmund Feinman, and Celia was raised by her mother and stepfather. Needing work, Shtettin continued to work with Adler's troupe and brought Celia onstage as a prop at as young as six months old. When Celia was four, she acted in The Yiddish King Lear alongside her father and step-mother, in a role playwright Jacob Gordin had written specifically for her.[5]

Celia used her stepfather's last name when she was growing up but later changed her name to "Adler" for her stage career.[2]

Career

After playing many child roles in the Yiddish theater, Adler distanced herself from the theater for a time during her teenage years, but then resumed her acting career in 1909 as Celia Feinman with the encouragement of the actress Bertha Kalisch, with whom she co-starred in a production of Hermann Sudermann's play Heimat.[2][5] Adler acted alongside her mother in the London Pavilion Theatre, and they toured together in 1910. When she was hired by Boris Thomashefsky as an understudy for the New York People’s Theater, and she signed on as Celia Adler. Her first several years of acting were difficult, as she moved between temporary contracts in the male-dominated field.[5]

Adler's first major dramatic success was in Ossip Dymou's “The Eternal Wanderer,” at Boris Thomashefsky's National Theater in New York in 1913.[6] In 1918, she was hired by the Yiddish Art Theater, which put on as many as thirty-five plays per season and relied on actors ad-libbing their lines. Adler was typically cast as a weeping maiden or desperate mother.[5] Adler and Jacob Ben-Ami convinced director Maurice Schwartz to stage a serious drama, which was an instant hit, but did not ultimately change Schwartz's directing style. Because of this, in 1919, Ben-Ami separated into the Jewish Art Theater, which Adler joined. This theater Jewish playwrights and Yiddish translations of English, Russian, and German plays at the Irving Palace Theater.[6] [3] The next year, she, along with and others, left to create the Jewish Art Theater. However, this theater was short-lived due to a conflict with the financial backer.[5]

In 1921-22, Adler was the leading lady in Schwartz's troupe. the next year, she was a guest star in Philadelphia with Anshel Schorr and touring Europe and America with Ludwig Satz. In 1927-28, she directed her own repertory company. The next year, she re-encountered her childhood acquaintance theater manager and actor Jack Cone, who suggested he marry her so he could join her on her journey to perform in Buenos Aires and appease her fear of traveling alone.[5]

During her career, Adler created leading roles in Yiddish versions of many classic plays, including the work of Hauptmann, Sudermann, Ibsen, Shaw and Shakespeare.[6] As Yiddish-language theater became less popular with the dispersal of the Jewish community and decrease in Yiddish-speakers, Adler made her loyalty to the genre clear; when she acted in an English version of David Pinski's The Treasure, she wrote a letter in the Yiddish World assuring her fans that this was temporary.[5]

After World War II, Adler was contracted by the Jewish Welfare Board to entertain troops in American military camps with an English and Yiddish program that she later brought off-Broadway.[5] In 1946, Adler gave one of the first theatrical portrayals of a Holocaust survivor in Luther Adler's Broadway production A Flag Is Born (written by Ben Hecht and featuring a 22-year-old Marlon Brando, Stella Adler's prize pupil in method acting).[7] Adler, along with co-stars Paul Muni and Marlon Brando, refused to accept compensation above the Actor's Equity minimum wage because of her commitment to the cause of creating a Jewish State in Israel.[8] While this play was expected to run for a month, it lasted thirty weeks.[5]

Adler's last appearance on stage was in 1961 in Women in Horseradish. After her death, she continued to occasionally act at recitals, benefits, and lectures until her death.[6]

Film

In 1937, Celia Adler starred in the Henry Lynn Yiddish film, Where Is My Child. From 1937-1952, she appeared in several films and television programs.[9] Her last film was a 1985 British documentary with archive footage, Almonds and Raisins,[10] narrated by, among others, Orson Welles, Herschel Bernardi and Seymour Rechzeit.[1]

Personal life

She was married three times,[11] to actor Lazar Freed, theatrical manager Jack Cone, and businessman Nathan Forman.[1] She and Freed married in 1914; they had one child, Selwyn (Zelig) Freed[5] and divorced in 1919.[2] In 1930 Adler married Cone, who was her manager at the time; he died in 1959. Later that same year she married Forman, who died just one month before Adler, in 1979.[2]

Death

Adler is buried in the Yiddish Theatre Section of Mount Hebron Cemetery in New York City having died from a stroke. [12][6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Celia Adler at IMDb
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Celia Adler Forman" (1995). Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  3. ^ a b c Adler, Jacob (1999). A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld. New York: Knopf. p. 381 (commentary). ISBN 0-679-41351-0.
  4. ^ Jacob Pavlovich Adler, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-679-41351-0, pp. 261, 302, 303.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Celia Adler". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e Cook, Joan (February 2, 1979). "CELIA FORMAN DIES; STAGE ACTRESS, 89". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  7. ^ Medoff, Rafael (July 7, 2004). "When Marlon Brando Spoke Up for the Jews". Israel Resource Review. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  8. ^ Medoff, Rafael. "Ben Hecht's 'A Flag is Born': A Play That Changed History Archived 2015-03-25 at the Wayback Machine." David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
  9. ^ Bridge of Light (Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds), pages 36,51,111n,209,212,253,306, J. Hoberman, Museum of Modern Art, Published by Shocken Books, 1991, YIVO translations
  10. ^ Bridge of Light (Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds), page 358n, J. Hoberman, Museum of Modern Art, Published by Shocken Books, 1991, YIVO translations
  11. ^ "Adler, Celia (1890–1979)". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale Research Inc. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2013.(subscription required)
  12. ^ Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More than 14000 Famous Persons, Scott Wilson
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