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{{About|the inventor of Russia's first mechanical and public clock|the Serbian Prince (1371–1389)|Lazar of Serbia}}
{{About|the inventor of Russia's first mechanical and public clock|the Serbian Prince (1371–1389)|Lazar of Serbia}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Lazar the Serb
| name = Lazar the Serb
| image = Facial Chronicle - b.12, p.038 - Lazar the Serb showing Vasily I the clock.jpg
| image = Facial Chronicle - b.12, p.038 - Lazar the Serb showing Vasily I the clock.jpg
| caption = Monk Lazar the Serb showing his clock tower to [[Vasily I of Moscow]]
| caption = Lazar the Serb showing his clock tower to [[Vasily I of Moscow]], miniature from the [[Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible]]
| birth_date = in the second half of the 14th century
| birth_date = mid-14th century
| birth_place = [[Prizren]], [[Serbian Empire]]
| birth_place = [[Prizren]], [[Serbian Empire]]
| death_date = after 1404
| death_date = after 1404
| death_place =
| death_place =
⚫
| field = [[Invention]]
| residence = [[Prizren]],<br>[[Mount Athos]],<br>[[Moscow]]
⚫
| known_for = Inventing the first mechanical clock in Russia, which was also the country's first public clock
⚫
| field = [[Invention]]
⚫
| known_for = Inventing the first mechanical clock in Russia, which was also the country's first public clock
}}
}}
'''Lazar''' ({{lang-sr|Лазар}}, {{lang-ru|Лазарь}}), also known as '''Lazar the Serb''' or '''Lazar the Hilandarian'''{{Cref2|a}} (<small>[[floruit|fl.]]</small> 1404), was a [[Serbian Orthodox]] monk-[[scribe]] and [[horologist]] who invented and built the first known mechanical public [[clock]] in Russia in 1404. The clock, which also [[Striking clock|struck the hours]], was built at the request of Grand Prince [[Vasily I of Moscow]] (r. 1389–1425). Prior to his arrival in [[Moscow]], Lazar had served as a monk in the Serbian [[Hilandar monastery]] at [[Mount Athos]]. The [[clock tower]] was located in the palace behind the [[Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow|Cathedral of the Annunciation]]. However, the clock and the church in which it was located have not survived.
'''Lazar''' ({{lang-sr|Лазар}}; {{lang-ru|Лазарь}}), also known as '''Lazar the Serb''' or '''Lazar the Hilandarian'''{{Cref2|a}} ({{fl|1404}}), was a [[Serbian Orthodox]] monk-[[scribe]] and [[horologist]] who invented and built the first known mechanical public [[clock]] in Russia in 1404. The clock, which also [[Striking clock|struck the hours]], was built at the request of Grand Prince [[Vasily I of Moscow]] ({{reigned|1389|1425}}). Prior to his arrival in [[Moscow]], Lazar had served as a monk in the Serbian [[Hilandar monastery]] at [[Mount Athos]]. The [[clock tower]] was located in the palace behind the [[Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow|Cathedral of the Annunciation]]. However, the clock and the church in which it was located have not survived.


==Life==
==Life==
A [[Serbs|Serb]], Lazar was born in the town of [[Prizren]], in the [[Serbian Empire]]. He was a [[monk]] with the rank of ''crnorizac'' ({{lang-sr|црноризац}}, {{lang-ru|чернец}}, ''černec'') serving at the [[Serbian Orthodox]] [[Hilandar monastery]], a centre of Serbian religious and secular culture<ref>Parry 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA233 p. 233]</ref> and "the first Serbian university",<ref>Upadhya 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LCPx0R1TqOMC&pg=PA65 p. 65]</ref> located on [[Mount Athos]].<ref name=Mojsije>{{harvnb|Архимандрит Мојсије|2004}}</ref><ref name=Trifunovic>{{harvnb|Trifunović|2006}}</ref> Lazar likely left Mount Athos as a result of the [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire]].<ref>Tsonev 1976, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m9wMAQAAIAAJ&q=Неговото+идване+в+Русия+от+манастирите Mŭdrostta na starite charkove, p. 24]: {{quote|*... монах Лазар [86, стр. 416]. Неговото идване в Русия от манастирите на Атон подсказва, че бившите земи на Византийската империя и след падането на Балканите под турска власт продъл- Фиг. 2. 1. Часовников механизъм с ...}}</ref><ref name=Radetic>{{harvnb|Radetić|2004}}</ref> [[:Category:East Slavic chronicles|Russian (East Slavic) chronicles]] speak of Lazar, newly arrived from Serbia, inventing and building a clock on a tower in the Grand Prince's palace in [[Moscow]] behind the Cathedral of the Annunciation at the request of [[Vasily I of Moscow|Vasily I]], the [[Grand Prince of Moscow]] (r. 1389–1425).<ref name=Trifunovic/><ref name=Uliyanov>{{harvnb|Uliyanov|2005}}</ref><ref name=Matica>{{harvnb|Matica srpska|1965|p=284}}</ref><ref name=TosicTadic>{{harvnb|Tošić|Tadić|2004}}</ref><ref name=Raduga>{{harvnb|Raduga Publishers |1984|p=63}}</ref> It was the first ever spring-driven (mechanical) clock, or [[striking clock]], in Russia, and also the country's first public clock.<ref name=Trifunovic/><ref name=Matica/><ref name=TosicTadic/><ref name=Raduga/><ref>{{harvnb|Astronomska opservatorija u Beogradu|1999|p=93}} {{quote|In the year 1404 a monk from the Mons Athos named Lazar, a born Serb, made in Moscow, at the court of the great duke Vasilij Dimitrović, the first tower clock which struck hours}}</ref> The clock numbers were written in [[Church Slavonic]].<ref name=Radetic/> It was among the first ten such advanced clocks in Europe,<ref name=Blecic>{{harvnb|Blečić|2011}}</ref> and was regarded a technical miracle at the time.<ref name=Radetic/> Clocks in urban towers, or municipal hour signals, did exist earlier in Italy, though it is not known how they indicated the hours. In 1344, Paduan chronicles confirmed an entirely new technology – a clock in a tower at the Paduan palace which automatically struck the hours (24h).<ref name=Rossum-109>{{harvnb|Rossum|1996|p=109}}</ref>
A [[Serbs|Serb]], Lazar was born in the town of [[Prizren]], in the [[Serbian Empire]]. He was a [[monk]] with the rank of ''crnorizac'' ({{lang-sr|црноризац}}; {{lang-ru|чернец|chernets}}) serving at the [[Serbian Orthodox]] [[Hilandar monastery]], a centre of Serbian religious and secular culture<ref>Parry 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA233 p. 233]</ref> and "the first Serbian university",<ref>Upadhya 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LCPx0R1TqOMC&pg=PA65 p. 65]</ref> located on [[Mount Athos]].<ref name=Mojsije>{{harvnb|Архимандрит Мојсије|2004}}</ref><ref name=Trifunovic>{{harvnb|Trifunović|2006}}</ref> Lazar likely left Mount Athos as a result of the [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire]].<ref>Tsonev 1976, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m9wMAQAAIAAJ&q=Неговото+идване+в+Русия+от+манастирите Mŭdrostta na starite charkove, p. 24]: {{blockquote|*... монах Лазар [86, стр. 416]. Неговото идване в Русия от манастирите на Атон подсказва, че бившите земи на Византийската империя и след падането на Балканите под турска власт продъл- Фиг. 2. 1. Часовников механизъм с ...}}</ref><ref name=Radetic>{{harvnb|Radetić|2004}}</ref> Russian chronicles speak of Lazar, newly arrived from Serbia, inventing and building a clock on a tower in the Grand Prince's palace in [[Moscow]] behind the Cathedral of the Annunciation at the request of [[Vasily I of Moscow|Vasily I]], the [[Grand Prince of Moscow]] (r. 1389–1425).<ref name=Trifunovic/><ref name=Uliyanov>{{harvnb|Uliyanov|2005}}</ref><ref name=Matica>{{harvnb|Matica srpska|1965|p=284}}</ref><ref name=TosicTadic>{{harvnb|Tošić|Tadić|2004}}</ref>{{Sfn|Raduga Publishers|1984|p=63}} It was the first ever spring-driven (mechanical) clock, or [[striking clock]], in Russia, and also the country's first public clock.<ref name=Trifunovic/><ref name=Matica/><ref name=TosicTadic/>{{Sfn|Raduga Publishers|1984|p=63}}<ref>{{harvnb|Astronomska opservatorija u Beogradu|1999|p=93}} {{blockquote|In the year 1404 a monk from the Mons Athos named Lazar, a born Serb, made in Moscow, at the court of the great duke Vasilij Dimitrović, the first tower clock which struck hours}}</ref> The clock numbers were written in [[Church Slavonic]].<ref name=Radetic/> It was among the first ten such advanced clocks in Europe,<ref name=Blecic>{{harvnb|Blečić|2011}}</ref> and was regarded a technical miracle at the time.<ref name=Radetic/> Clocks in urban towers, or municipal hour signals, did exist earlier in Italy, though it is not known how they indicated the hours. In 1344, Paduan chronicles confirmed an entirely new technology – a clock in a tower at the Paduan palace which automatically struck the hours (24h).<ref name=Rossum-109>{{harvnb|Rossum|1996|p=109}}</ref>


{{centered pull quote|This hour-marker is called an hour-measure; each hour a hammer strikes the bell, measuring and counting the hours of the night and of the day . . . No man strikes it, but it is somehow wondrous strangely fashioned to look like a man and sound and move of itself, by man's cunning, with great invention and cleverness.|author=A description of Lazar's clock<ref name=Rossum-110/>}}
{{centered pull quote|This hour-marker is called an hour-measure; each hour a hammer strikes the bell, measuring and counting the hours of the night and of the day . . . No man strikes it, but it is somehow wondrous strangely fashioned to look like a man and sound and move of itself, by man's cunning, with great invention and cleverness.|author=A description of Lazar's clock<ref name=Rossum-110/>}}


The clock tower has not survived, and its exact location is undetermined, although it is believed to have been located at or near the [[Spasskaya Tower]] (formerly known as Frolovskaya).<ref>{{harvnb|British Scientific Instrument Research Association|1961|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{quote|A mechanical tower clock appeared in Russia in 1404 during the reign of Prince Vasilii Dmitrievich, son of Dmitrii of Don. This clock was mounted in Moscow on the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower of the Kremlin.}}</ref> The clock was for a long time the only one in Moscow and Russia,<ref>{{harvnb|Sovinformbiuro|1972}} {{quote|For a long time Lazar Serbin' s clock . . .}}</ref> and worked for more than two centuries without failure.<ref name=Mojsije/><ref name=Radetic/> It was then replaced by another clock which was destroyed in a fire.<ref name=Blecic/> A miniature from the 16th-century Ostermanovskij manuscript (of the Litsevoy Collection of Chronicles, Ancient Chronicle, sheet 587, drawing 1175<ref name=Uliyanov/>) exists which depicts the monk Lazar showing Vasily and two of his vassals the finished clock tower.<ref name=Rossum-110>{{harvnb|Rossum|1996|p=110}}</ref><ref name=GligorianMerkulova>{{harvnb|Григорьян|Меркулова|1981|p=71}}</ref> Although the tower is gone, the illustration of the clock tower and monastery can be seen in the [[Polytechnical Museum in Moscow]] as of 2006.<ref name=Trifunovic/> A 16th-century chronicle says that Lazar was paid 150 rubles for his work ("''sta bole polutorasta rublev''").<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1989|p=382}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Radetić|2004}}: {{quote|"U leto 6912. (1404) veliki knez (Vasilij Prvi) naumi časnik (časovnik) i postavi ga na svome dvoru kod crkve Sv. Blagovesti... Majstor i umetnik ovoga beše neki monah, koji je došao sa Svete gore, rodom Srbin, po imenu Lazar, a cena ovome beše 150 rubalja..."}}</ref>
The clock tower has not survived, and its exact location is undetermined, although it is believed to have been located at or near the [[Spasskaya Tower]] (formerly known as Frolovskaya).<ref>{{harvnb|British Scientific Instrument Research Association|1961|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{blockquote|A mechanical tower clock appeared in Russia in 1404 during the reign of Prince Vasilii Dmitrievich, son of Dmitrii of Don. This clock was mounted in Moscow on the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower of the Kremlin.}}</ref> The clock was for a long time the only one in Moscow and Russia,<ref>{{harvnb|Sovinformbiuro|1972}} {{blockquote|For a long time Lazar Serbin' s clock . . .}}</ref> and worked for more than two centuries without failure.<ref name=Mojsije/><ref name=Radetic/> It was then replaced by another clock which was destroyed in a fire.<ref name=Blecic/> A miniature from the 16th-century Ostermanovskij manuscript (of the Litsevoy Collection of Chronicles, Ancient Chronicle, sheet 587, drawing 1175<ref name=Uliyanov/>) exists which depicts the monk Lazar showing Vasily and two of his vassals the finished clock tower.<ref name=Rossum-110>{{harvnb|Rossum|1996|p=110}}</ref><ref name=GligorianMerkulova>{{harvnb|Григорьян|Меркулова|1981|p=71}}</ref> Although the tower is gone, the illustration of the clock tower and monastery can be seen in the [[Polytechnical Museum in Moscow]] as of 2006.<ref name=Trifunovic/> A 16th-century chronicle says that Lazar was paid 150 rubles for his work ("''sta bole polutorasta rublev''").<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1989|p=382}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Radetić|2004}}: {{blockquote|"U leto 6912. (1404) veliki knez (Vasilij Prvi) naumi časnik (časovnik) i postavi ga na svome dvoru kod crkve Sv. Blagovesti... Majstor i umetnik ovoga beše neki monah, koji je došao sa Svete gore, rodom Srbin, po imenu Lazar, a cena ovome beše 150 rubalja..."}}</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:Spasskaya Tower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[Spasskaya Tower]], which was possibly built on or near the location of the clock tower.]]
[[File:Spasskaya Tower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[Spasskaya Tower]], which was possibly built on or near the location of the clock tower]]
The Serbian Orthodox Church decided to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the monk Lazar's invention and construction of the great clock tower in the Moscow [[Kremlin]] on the feast of the [[Presentation of Mary]] (Ваведење) on 4 December 2004. The liturgies of the [[churches in Belgrade]] and Moscow, the [[Hilandar]] (where the brotherhood had their ''[[krsna slava]]'') and the [[Monastery of the Holy Archangels]], mentioned Lazar.<ref name=Mojsije/> A memorial [[sundial]] was placed on the Academy of the Serbian Orthodox Church in [[Belgrade]].<ref name=Mojsije/><ref name=Radetic/>
The Serbian Orthodox Church decided to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the monk Lazar's invention and construction of the great clock tower in the Moscow [[Kremlin]] on the feast of the [[Presentation of Mary]] (Ваведење) on 4 December 2004. The liturgies of the [[churches in Belgrade]] and Moscow, the [[Hilandar]] (where the brotherhood had their ''[[krsna slava]]'') and the [[Monastery of the Holy Archangels]], mentioned Lazar.<ref name=Mojsije/> A memorial [[sundial]] was placed on the Academy of the Serbian Orthodox Church in [[Belgrade]].<ref name=Mojsije/><ref name=Radetic/>


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==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of Moscow Kremlin towers]]
*[[List of Moscow Kremlin towers]]
*[[Teodosije the Hilandarian]] (1246-1328), one of the most important Serbian writers in the Middle Ages
*[[Teodosije the Hilandarian]] (1246–1328), one of the most important Serbian writers in the Middle Ages
*[[Elder Grigorije]] (fl. 1310-1355), builder of [[Saint Archangels Monastery]]
*[[Elder Grigorije]] (fl. 1310–1355), builder of [[Saint Archangels Monastery]]
*[[Antonije Bagaš]] (fl. 1356-1366), bought and restored the [[Agiou Pavlou monastery]]
*[[Antonije Bagaš]] (fl. 1356–1366), bought and restored the [[Agiou Pavlou monastery]]
*[[Lazar the Hilandarian]] (fl. 1404), the first known Serbian and Russian watchmaker
*[[Lazar the Hilandarian]] (fl. 1404), the first known Serbian and Russian watchmaker
*[[Pachomius the Serb]] (fl. 1440s-1484), hagiographer of the Russian Church
*[[Pachomius the Serb]] (fl. 1440s–1484), hagiographer of the Russian Church
* [[Miroslav Gospel]]
* [[Miroslav Gospel]]
* [[Gabriel the Hilandarian]]
* [[Gabriel the Hilandarian]]
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*{{Cite news |author=Архимандрит Мојсије |date=December 3, 2004 |title=600-ТО ГОДИШЊИЦА ЧАСОВНИКА ЛАЗАРА ХИЛАНДАРЦА У МОСКВИ |url=http://www.hilandar.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=158 |publisher=Hilandar |location=Belgrade }}
*{{Cite news |author=Архимандрит Мојсије |date=December 3, 2004 |title=600-ТО ГОДИШЊИЦА ЧАСОВНИКА ЛАЗАРА ХИЛАНДАРЦА У МОСКВИ |url=http://www.hilandar.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=158 |publisher=Hilandar |location=Belgrade}}
*{{Cite book |author=Astronomska opservatorija u Beogradu |year=1999 |title=Publications de l'Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Belgrade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Lt-AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Nauchna knjiga }}
*{{Cite book |author=Astronomska opservatorija u Beogradu |year=1999 |title=Publications de l'Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Belgrade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Lt-AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Nauchna knjiga}}
*{{Cite news |last=Blečić |first=Petar |date=March 27, 2011 |title=Srbi časovničari dva veka pre Švajcaraca |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Drustvo/243979/Srbi-casovnicari-dva-veka-pre-Svajcaraca |publisher=Blic Online |location=Belgrade }}
*{{Cite news |last=Blečić |first=Petar |date=March 27, 2011 |title=Srbi časovničari dva veka pre Švajcaraca |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Drustvo/243979/Srbi-casovnicari-dva-veka-pre-Svajcaraca |publisher=Blic Online |location=Belgrade}}
*{{Cite book |last=Davidović |first=Blagoje |year=2003 |title=Srbi u istoriji Rusije |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmEiAQAAIAAJ |publisher=[[Narodna knjiga–Alfa]] |page=25 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Davidović |first=Blagoje |year=2003 |title=Srbi u istoriji Rusije |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmEiAQAAIAAJ |publisher=[[Narodna knjiga–Alfa]] |page=25}}
*{{Cite book |author=British Scientific Instrument Research Association |year=1961 |title=Soviet Instrumentation and Control Journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kplTAAAAYAAJ |publisher=British Scientific Instrument Research Association }}
*{{Cite book |author=British Scientific Instrument Research Association |year=1961 |title=Soviet Instrumentation and Control Journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kplTAAAAYAAJ |publisher=British Scientific Instrument Research Association}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Григорьян |first1=Ашот Тигранович |year=1981 |title=Исследования по истории механики |first2=Наталья Михайловна |last2=Меркулова |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwe4AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Институт истории естествознания и техники (Академия наук СССР) |page=71 |quote=<!--... эпохе развития механики в Сербии, поэтому остановимся на новейшем периоде. Рис. 1. Лазар Хиландарец показывает часы на Соборной площади в 71 ТаЮтгг Р Апдие1Шк Ба геуие йи аеуе1орретеп1 ае 1а тёсашдие еп ЗегЫе.-->}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Григорьян |first1=Ашот Тигранович |year=1981 |title=Исследования по истории механики |first2=Наталья Михайловна |last2=Меркулова |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwe4AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Институт истории естествознания и техники (Академия наук СССР) |page=71 |quote=<!--... эпохе развития механики в Сербии, поэтому остановимся на новейшем периоде. Рис. 1. Лазар Хиландарец показывает часы на Соборной площади в 71 ТаЮтгг Р Апдие1Шк Ба геуие йи аеуе1орретеп1 ае 1а тёсашдие еп ЗегЫе.-->}}
*{{Cite book |author=Matica srpska |year=1965 |title=Zbornik Matice srpske za književnost i jezik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhM_AQAAIAAJ |publisher=Matica srpska |location=Novi Sad |quote=<!--Руски летописи има]у белешку да ]е српски монах Лазар са Сь. Горе 1404. год. наместио часовник на дворцу руског великог кнеза у Москвп. „Свакога часа ...-->}}
*{{Cite book |author=Matica srpska |year=1965 |title=Zbornik Matice srpske za književnost i jezik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhM_AQAAIAAJ |publisher=Matica srpska |location=Novi Sad |quote=<!--Руски летописи има]у белешку да ]е српски монах Лазар са Сь. Горе 1404. год. наместио часовник на дворцу руског великог кнеза у Москвп. "Свакога часа ...-->}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=David B. |date=April 1989 |title=Monumental Building as an Indicator of Economic Trends in Northern Rus' in the Late Kievan and Mongol Periods, 1138–1462 |work=The American Historical Review |volume=94 |issue=2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=360–390 |jstor=1866831 |doi=10.2307/1866831}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=David B. |date=April 1989 |title=Monumental Building as an Indicator of Economic Trends in Northern Rus' in the Late Kievan and Mongol Periods, 1138–1462 |work=The American Historical Review |volume=94 |issue=2 |journal= |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=360–390 |jstor=1866831 |doi=10.2307/1866831}}
*{{Cite news |last=Radetić |first=M. |date=December 4, 2004 |title=Šest vekova Lazarevog sata |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.290.html:164425-Sest-vekova--Lazarevog-sata |publisher=Novosti }}
*{{Cite news |last=Radetić |first=M. |date=December 4, 2004 |title=Šest vekova Lazarevog sata |url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.290.html:164425-Sest-vekova--Lazarevog-sata |publisher=Novosti}}
*{{Cite book |author=Raduga Publishers |year=1984 |title=The Kolomenskoye Museum-Preserve: a guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tYrAAAAIAAJ&q=Lazar+Vasily+clock |publisher=Raduga Publishers |isbn=9785050000705 }}
*{{Cite book |year=1984 |title=The Kolomenskoye Museum-Preserve: a guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tYrAAAAIAAJ&q=Lazar+Vasily+clock |publisher=[[Raduga Publishers]] |isbn=978-5-05-000070-5 |ref={{sfnref|Raduga Publishers|1984}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rossum |first=Gerhard Dohrn-van |year=1996 |title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYhlNoUu-toC&pg=PA109&dq=monk+Lazar+the+clock |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0226155110 |pages=109–111 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Rossum |first=Gerhard Dohrn-van |year=1996 |title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYhlNoUu-toC&pg=PA109&dq=monk+Lazar+the+clock |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-15511-0 |pages=109–111}}
*{{Cite book |author=Sovinformbiuro |year=1972 |title=The Daily Review, Volume 18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BokhAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Agentstvo pechati "Novosti" }}
*{{Cite book |author=Sovinformbiuro |year=1972 |title=The Daily Review, Volume 18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BokhAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Agentstvo pechati "Novosti"}}
*{{Cite book |last=Tošić |first=Gordana |year=2004 |title=Hilandarski monah Lazar, prvi srpski časovničar |last2=Tadić |first2=Milutin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f932AAAACAAJ |isbn=86-84183-06-1 |publisher=Kalenić |quote=<!--In the year 1404 a monk from the Mons Athos named Lazar, a born Serb, made in Moscow, at the court of the great duke Vasilij Dimitrovic, the first tower clock which struck hours-->}}
*{{Cite book |last=Tošić |first=Gordana |year=2004 |title=Hilandarski monah Lazar, prvi srpski časovničar |last2=Tadić |first2=Milutin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f932AAAACAAJ |isbn=86-84183-06-1 |publisher=Kalenić |quote=<!--In the year 1404 a monk from the Mons Athos named Lazar, a born Serb, made in Moscow, at the court of the great duke Vasilij Dimitrovic, the first tower clock which struck hours-->}}
*{{Cite web |last=Trifunović |first=Dragan |date=November–December 2006 |title=Matematika u srpskom narodu |work=Planeta 21 |url=http://www.planeta.org.rs/21/12istrazivanja.htm |quote=<!--Trifunović je ustanovio sve matematičare i sve naslove koji pripadaju srpskoj matematici u srednjem veku, od Lava Matematika u devetom do Lazara Hilandarca iz vremena despota Stefana i A. Rubljova. Monah Lazar je na poziv moskovskog kneza Vasilija Dimitroviča, sina Dimitrija Donskog koji je proterao Mongole, u Kremlju sagradio pirg sa prvim javnim mehaničkim časovnikom. Tog časovnika više nema, ali se u Politehničkom muzeju u Moskvi, veli, može videti Lazarev časovnik za manastir u Novgorodu. "Mene je kao matematičara interesovalo kako je Lazar Hilandarac kovao zupčanike. On je morao znati Arhimedovu podelu kruga poligonima i procenom njegovog obima kovati tri vrste zupčanika. Predlagao sam da se u Kremlju stavi jedna ploča sa natpisom gde je stajao prig sa časovnikom ovog hilandarskog crnorisca".-->}}
*{{Cite web |last=Trifunović |first=Dragan |date=November–December 2006 |title=Matematika u srpskom narodu |work=Planeta 21 |url=http://www.planeta.org.rs/21/12istrazivanja.htm |quote=<!--Trifunović je ustanovio sve matematičare i sve naslove koji pripadaju srpskoj matematici u srednjem veku, od Lava Matematika u devetom do Lazara Hilandarca iz vremena despota Stefana i A. Rubljova. Monah Lazar je na poziv moskovskog kneza Vasilija Dimitroviča, sina Dimitrija Donskog koji je proterao Mongole, u Kremlju sagradio pirg sa prvim javnim mehaničkim časovnikom. Tog časovnika više nema, ali se u Politehničkom muzeju u Moskvi, veli, može videti Lazarev časovnik za manastir u Novgorodu. "Mene je kao matematičara interesovalo kako je Lazar Hilandarac kovao zupčanike. On je morao znati Arhimedovu podelu kruga poligonima i procenom njegovog obima kovati tri vrste zupčanika. Predlagao sam da se u Kremlju stavi jedna ploča sa natpisom gde je stajao prig sa časovnikom ovog hilandarskog crnorisca".-->}}
*{{Cite web |last=Uliyanov |first=Oleg Germanovich |year=2005 |title=The Deesis painted by Andrey Rublev |url=http://www.icon-art.info/book_contents.php?lng=en&book_id=27#pic4 |work=Makariyevskiye Readings. Issue XII: Hierarchy in ancient Russia |location=Russia |pages=172–223 |access-date=2013-03-31 }}
*{{Cite web |last=Uliyanov |first=Oleg Germanovich |year=2005 |title=The Deesis painted by Andrey Rublev |url=http://www.icon-art.info/book_contents.php?lng=en&book_id=27#pic4 |work=Makariyevskiye Readings. Issue XII: Hierarchy in ancient Russia |location=Russia |pages=172–223 |access-date=2013-03-31}}


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Latest revision as of 02:43, 27 April 2024

This article is about the inventor of Russia's first mechanical and public clock. For the Serbian Prince (1371–1389), see Lazar of Serbia.
Lazar the Serb
Lazar the Serb showing his clock tower to Vasily I of Moscow, miniature from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
Bornmid-14th century
Prizren, Serbian Empire
Diedafter 1404
Known forInventing the first mechanical clock in Russia, which was also the country's first public clock
Scientific career
FieldsInvention

Lazar (Serbian: Лазар; Russian: Лазарь), also known as Lazar the Serb or Lazar the Hilandarian[a] (fl. 1404), was a Serbian Orthodox monk-scribe and horologist who invented and built the first known mechanical public clock in Russia in 1404. The clock, which also struck the hours, was built at the request of Grand Prince Vasily I of Moscow (r. 1389–1425). Prior to his arrival in Moscow, Lazar had served as a monk in the Serbian Hilandar monastery at Mount Athos. The clock tower was located in the palace behind the Cathedral of the Annunciation. However, the clock and the church in which it was located have not survived.

Leben

[edit]

A Serb, Lazar was born in the town of Prizren, in the Serbian Empire. He was a monk with the rank of crnorizac (Serbian: црноризац; Russian: чернец, romanized: chernets) serving at the Serbian Orthodox Hilandar monastery, a centre of Serbian religious and secular culture[1] and "the first Serbian university",[2] located on Mount Athos.[3][4] Lazar likely left Mount Athos as a result of the Rise of the Ottoman Empire.[5][6] Russian chronicles speak of Lazar, newly arrived from Serbia, inventing and building a clock on a tower in the Grand Prince's palace in Moscow behind the Cathedral of the Annunciation at the request of Vasily I, the Grand Prince of Moscow (r. 1389–1425).[4][7][8][9][10] It was the first ever spring-driven (mechanical) clock, or striking clock, in Russia, and also the country's first public clock.[4][8][9][10][11] The clock numbers were written in Church Slavonic.[6] It was among the first ten such advanced clocks in Europe,[12] and was regarded a technical miracle at the time.[6] Clocks in urban towers, or municipal hour signals, did exist earlier in Italy, though it is not known how they indicated the hours. In 1344, Paduan chronicles confirmed an entirely new technology – a clock in a tower at the Paduan palace which automatically struck the hours (24h).[13]

This hour-marker is called an hour-measure; each hour a hammer strikes the bell, measuring and counting the hours of the night and of the day . . . No man strikes it, but it is somehow wondrous strangely fashioned to look like a man and sound and move of itself, by man's cunning, with great invention and cleverness.

— A description of Lazar's clock[14]

The clock tower has not survived, and its exact location is undetermined, although it is believed to have been located at or near the Spasskaya Tower (formerly known as Frolovskaya).[15][16] The clock was for a long time the only one in Moscow and Russia,[17] and worked for more than two centuries without failure.[3][6] It was then replaced by another clock which was destroyed in a fire.[12] A miniature from the 16th-century Ostermanovskij manuscript (of the Litsevoy Collection of Chronicles, Ancient Chronicle, sheet 587, drawing 1175[7]) exists which depicts the monk Lazar showing Vasily and two of his vassals the finished clock tower.[14][18] Although the tower is gone, the illustration of the clock tower and monastery can be seen in the Polytechnical Museum in Moscow as of 2006.[4] A 16th-century chronicle says that Lazar was paid 150 rubles for his work ("sta bole polutorasta rublev").[19][20]

Legacy

[edit]
The Spasskaya Tower, which was possibly built on or near the location of the clock tower

The Serbian Orthodox Church decided to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the monk Lazar's invention and construction of the great clock tower in the Moscow Kremlin on the feast of the Presentation of Mary (Ваведење) on 4 December 2004. The liturgies of the churches in Belgrade and Moscow, the Hilandar (where the brotherhood had their krsna slava) and the Monastery of the Holy Archangels, mentioned Lazar.[3] A memorial sundial was placed on the Academy of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Belgrade.[3][6]

The Serbian mathematician Dr. Dragan Trifunović noted Lazar and his invention as part of Serbian mathematics of the Middle Ages,[4] saying that "as a mathematician it was interesting how Lazar forged the clock. He had to have knowledge of Archimedes' division of circuit tracks and estimation of the extent to forge three types of gear wheels. I have proposed to the Kremlin to put up a plaque with an inscription where the clock tower once stood."[4]

Along with Pachomius the Serb, Lazar is one of the notable Serbs in Russian medieval history.[21]

See also

[edit]

Annotations

[edit]
  1. ^
    His name was Lazar (Russian and Serbian: Лазар). Russian documents call him Monk Lazar the Serb (чернец Лазарь Сербии, Србин Лазар черњец).[3] Modern sources also specifically call him Lazar the Serb (Russian: Лазарь Сербии, Лазар Серб,[18] Serbian: Србин Лазар), Lazar the Hilandarian (Russian: Лазар Хиландарец,[18] Serbian: Лазар Хиландарац) and Monk Lazar (Serbian: Монах Лазар).[21]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Parry 2010, p. 233
  2. ^ Upadhya 1994, p. 65
  3. ^ a b c d e Архимандрит Мојсије 2004
  4. ^ a b c d e f Trifunović 2006
  5. ^ Tsonev 1976, Mŭdrostta na starite charkove, p. 24:

    *... монах Лазар [86, стр. 416]. Неговото идване в Русия от манастирите на Атон подсказва, че бившите земи на Византийската империя и след падането на Балканите под турска власт продъл- Фиг. 2. 1. Часовников механизъм с ...
  6. ^ a b c d e Radetić 2004
  7. ^ a b Uliyanov 2005
  8. ^ a b Matica srpska 1965, p. 284
  9. ^ a b Tošić & Tadić 2004
  10. ^ a b Raduga Publishers 1984, p. 63.
  11. ^ Astronomska opservatorija u Beogradu 1999, p. 93

    In the year 1404 a monk from the Mons Athos named Lazar, a born Serb, made in Moscow, at the court of the great duke Vasilij Dimitrović, the first tower clock which struck hours
  12. ^ a b Blečić 2011
  13. ^ Rossum 1996, p. 109
  14. ^ a b Rossum 1996, p. 110
  15. ^ British Scientific Instrument Research Association 1961, p. 4
  16. ^

    A mechanical tower clock appeared in Russia in 1404 during the reign of Prince Vasilii Dmitrievich, son of Dmitrii of Don. This clock was mounted in Moscow on the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower of the Kremlin.
  17. ^ Sovinformbiuro 1972

    For a long time Lazar Serbin' s clock . . .
  18. ^ a b c Григорьян & Меркулова 1981, p. 71
  19. ^ Miller 1989, p. 382
  20. ^ Radetić 2004:

    "U leto 6912. (1404) veliki knez (Vasilij Prvi) naumi časnik (časovnik) i postavi ga na svome dvoru kod crkve Sv. Blagovesti... Majstor i umetnik ovoga beše neki monah, koji je došao sa Svete gore, rodom Srbin, po imenu Lazar, a cena ovome beše 150 rubalja..."
  21. ^ a b Davidović 2003, p. 25

References

[edit]
  • Архимандрит Мојсије (December 3, 2004). "600-ТО ГОДИШЊИЦА ЧАСОВНИКА ЛАЗАРА ХИЛАНДАРЦА У МОСКВИ". Belgrade: Hilandar.
  • Astronomska opservatorija u Beogradu (1999). Publications de l'Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Belgrade. Nauchna knjiga.
  • Blečić, Petar (March 27, 2011). "Srbi časovničari dva veka pre Švajcaraca". Belgrade: Blic Online.
  • Davidović, Blagoje (2003). Srbi u istoriji Rusije. Narodna knjiga–Alfa. p. 25.
  • British Scientific Instrument Research Association (1961). Soviet Instrumentation and Control Journal. British Scientific Instrument Research Association.
  • Григорьян, Ашот Тигранович; Меркулова, Наталья Михайловна (1981). Исследования по истории механики. Институт истории естествознания и техники (Академия наук СССР). p. 71.
  • Matica srpska (1965). Zbornik Matice srpske za književnost i jezik. Novi Sad: Matica srpska.
  • Miller, David B. (April 1989). "Monumental Building as an Indicator of Economic Trends in Northern Rus' in the Late Kievan and Mongol Periods, 1138–1462". The American Historical Review. 94 (2). Oxford University Press: 360–390. doi:10.2307/1866831. JSTOR 1866831.
  • Radetić, M. (December 4, 2004). "Šest vekova Lazarevog sata". Novosti.
  • The Kolomenskoye Museum-Preserve: a guide. Raduga Publishers. 1984. ISBN 978-5-05-000070-5.
  • Rossum, Gerhard Dohrn-van (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 109–111. ISBN 0-226-15511-0.
  • Sovinformbiuro (1972). The Daily Review, Volume 18. Agentstvo pechati "Novosti".
  • Tošić, Gordana; Tadić, Milutin (2004). Hilandarski monah Lazar, prvi srpski časovničar. Kalenić. ISBN 86-84183-06-1.
  • Trifunović, Dragan (November–December 2006). "Matematika u srpskom narodu". Planeta 21.
  • Uliyanov, Oleg Germanovich (2005). "The Deesis painted by Andrey Rublev". Makariyevskiye Readings. Issue XII: Hierarchy in ancient Russia. Russia. pp. 172–223. Retrieved 2013-03-31.

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