Jump to content

Typhlopidae: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Oslater (talk | contribs)
2 edits
No edit summary
 
(47 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Family of snakes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Typhlops vermicularis 9.jpg
| name = Typhlopidae
| image_caption = [[European blind snake]] (''Xerotyphlops vermicularis'')
| image = Ramphotyphlops braminus.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ramphotyphlops braminus]]''
| display_parents = 2
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Typhlopidae
| taxon = Typhlopidae
| authority = [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820
| authority = [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820
| synonyms = * Typhlopidae [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820
| synonyms = *Typhlopidae {{small|Merrem, 1820}}
* Typhlopina [[Johannes Peter Müller|J.P. Müller]], 1832
*Typhlopina {{small|[[Johannes Peter Müller|J.P. Müller]], 1832}}
* Typhlopsidae [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1845
*Typhlopsidae {{small|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1845}}
* Typhlopidae – [[Giorgio Jan|Jan]], 1863
*Typhlopidae {{small|— [[Giorgio Jan|Jan]], 1863}}
* Typhlopidae – [[Gaston-François de Witte|de Witte]], 1962<ref name="McD99">[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré TA. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
*Typhlopidae {{small|— [[Gaston-François de Witte|de Witte]], 1962}}<ref name="McD99">[[species:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], [[species:T'Shaka A. Touré|Touré TA]] (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
}}
}}


The '''Typhlopidae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[Scolecophidia|blind snakes]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=174338 |taxon=Typhlopidae |accessdate=14 August 2007}}</ref> They are found mostly in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and all mainland Australia and various islands.<ref>Shine, Richard. 2007. ''Australian Snakes, a Natural History''. Chatswood, New South Wales: New Holland Publishers. 224 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-876334-25-3}}.</ref> The rostral scale overhangs the mouth to form a shovel-like burrowing structure. They live underground in burrows, and since they have no use for vision, their eyes are mostly [[vestigial]]. They have light-detecting black eye spots, and teeth occur in the upper jaw. The tail ends with a horn-like scale. Most of these species are [[oviparous]]. Currently, ten genera are recognized containing over 200 species.<ref name="ITIS" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Pyron, Robert Alexander |author2=Burbrink, Frank T. |author3=Wiens, John J. |year=2013|title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=93&ndash;145|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-13-93.pdf|pmid=23627680|pmc=3682911}}</ref>
The '''Typhlopidae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[Scolecophidia|blind snakes]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=174338 |taxon=Typhlopidae |access-date=14 August 2007}}</ref> They are found mostly in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and all mainland Australia and various islands.<ref>[[Richard Shine|Shine, Richard]] (2007). ''Australian Snakes, a Natural History''. Chatswood, New South Wales: New Holland Publishers. 224 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-876334-25-3}}.</ref> The rostral scale overhangs the mouth to form a shovel-like burrowing structure. They live underground in burrows, and since they have no use for vision, their eyes are mostly [[vestigial]]. They have light-detecting black eye spots, and teeth occur in the upper jaw. Typhlopids do not have dislocatable lower jaw articulations restricting them to prey smaller than their oral aperture. All species in the family Typhlopidae are fossorial and feed on social fossorial invertebrates such as termites and ants. The tracheal lung is present and chambered in all species. One species, the Brahminy's blind snake, is the only unisexual snake, with the entire population being female and reproducing via parthenogenesis. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Webb|first1=Jonathan K.|author-link=species:Jonathan K. Webb|last2=Branch|first2=William R.|author2-link=species:William Roy Branch|last3=Shine|first3=Richard|date=2001|title=Dietary Habits and Reproductive Biology of Typhlopid Snakes from Southern Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1565893|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=35|issue=4|pages=558–567|doi=10.2307/1565893|jstor=1565893|issn=0022-1511}}</ref> The tail ends with a horn-like scale. Most of these species are [[oviparous]]. Currently, 18 genera are recognized containing over 200 species.<ref name="ITIS" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Pyron, Robert Alexander |author-link=species:Robert Alexander Pyron |author2=Burbrink, Frank T. |author2-link=species:Frank T. Burbrink |author3=Wiens, John J. |author3-link=species:John Joseph Wiens |year=2013|title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=93–145|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93|pmid=23627680|pmc=3682911 |bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...93P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Evolution ==
The Typhlopidae are thought to have originated on [[Madagascar]] during the [[Late Cretaceous]], along with their [[sister group]], the [[Xenotyphlops|Xenotyphlopidae]]. The common ancestor of both families is thought to have diverged from the [[Gerrhopilidae]] earlier in the Cretaceous, when [[Insular India]] broke away from Madagascar. Afterwards, the Typhlopidae are thought to have dispersed out of Madagascar (leaving behind a single [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] genus, ''[[Madatyphlops]]'') into mainland [[Africa]] and then [[Eurasia]], in contrast to the Xenotyphlopidae which remained restricted to Madagascar. From these regions, the Typhlopidae went on to colonize the rest of the world, with African typhlopids [[Oceanic dispersal|rafting]] across to Atlantic to [[South America]] during the [[Paleocene]], then colonizing the [[Caribbean]] during the [[Oligocene]], while Asian typhlopids colonized [[Australia]] from [[Southeast Asia]] or [[Indonesia]] later in the Oligocene.<ref name="Vidal-2010">{{Cite journal |author=Vidal, Nicolas |author-link=species:Nicolas Vidal |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana |journal=Biology Letters |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=558–561, page 560 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220 |pmc=2936224 |pmid=20356885}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Jason R. |last2=Hedges |first2=S. Blair |author2-link=Stephen Blair Hedges |date=2023 |title=The colonisation of Madagascar by land‐bound vertebrates |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12966 |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=1583–1606 |language=en |doi=10.1111/brv.12966 |pmid=37142264 |s2cid=258507224 |issn=1464-7931}}</ref>

=== Fossil record ===
Possible Typhlopid skin has been identified in [[Dominican amber]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Poinar |first1=George O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUJu9_zrPLQC |title=The Amber Forest: A Reconstruction of a Vanished World |last2=Poinar |first2=Roberta |date=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-05728-6 |language=en |author-link=species:George Orlo Poinar, Jr. |author2-link=species:Roberta Poinar}}</ref>


==Geographic range==
==Geographic range==
Line 34: Line 40:
|-
|-
|''[[Afrotyphlops]]''
|''[[Afrotyphlops]]''
|[[:fr:Donald George Broadley|Broadley]] & Wallach, 2009<ref name="Broadley-Wallach-2009">{{Cite journal |author=Broadley, Donald G. |author1-link=:fr:Donald George Broadley |author2=Wallach, Van |author2-link=Van Wallach |last-author-amp=yes |year=2009 |title=A review of the eastern and southern African blind-snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae), excluding ''Letheobia'' Cope, with the description of two new genera and a new species|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2255|pages=1&ndash;100|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02255p100f.pdf}}</ref>
|[[Donald George Broadley|Broadley]] & Wallach, 2009<ref name="Broadley-Wallach-2009">{{Cite journal |author=Broadley, Donald G. |author1-link=Donald George Broadley |author2=Wallach, Van |author2-link=Van Wallach |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A review of the eastern and southern African blind-snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae), excluding ''Letheobia'' Cope, with the description of two new genera and a new species|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2255|pages=1–100|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2255.1.1 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02255p100f.pdf}}</ref>
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|29
|
|
Line 40: Line 46:
|-
|-
|''[[Amerotyphlops]]''
|''[[Amerotyphlops]]''
|Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin, & Vidal, 2014
|[[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]], [[species:Angela B. Marion|Marion]], [[species:Kely M. Lipp|Lipp]], [[species:Julie Marin|Marin]] & [[species:Nicolas Vidal|Vidal]], 2014
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|19
|
|
|style="width:40%"|Mexico through South America
|style="width:40%"|Mexico through South America
|-
|-
|''[[Anilios]]''
|''[[Anilios]]''
|Gray, 1845
|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1845
|align="center"| 47
|align="center"| 48
|
|
|style="width:40%"|Australia and New Guinea.
|style="width:40%"|Australia and New Guinea.
⚫
|-
|''[[Antillotyphlops]]''
|[[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]], Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
|align="center"| 12
|
|style="width:40%"|Caribbean islands
|-
|''[[Argyrophis]]''
|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1845
|align="center"| 12
|
|style="width:40%"|Asia
|-
|''[[Cubatyphlops]]''
|[[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]], Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
|align="center"| 12
|
|style="width:40%"|Caribbean islands
|-
|-
|''[[Cyclotyphlops]]''
|''[[Cyclotyphlops]]''
|Bosch & Ineich, 1994
|[[species:Herman A.J. in den Bosch|Bosch]] & [[species:Ivan Ineich|Ineich]], 1994
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|
|
Line 58: Line 82:
|-
|-
|''[[Grypotyphlops]]''
|''[[Grypotyphlops]]''
|[[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1881<ref>Resurrected for a reclassified ''Rhinotyphlops acutus'' by Wallach (2003). {{Cite journal |author=Wallach, Van |author2=Pauwels, Olivier S. G. |author2-link=:fr:Olivier Sylvain Gérard Pauwels |last-author-amp=yes |year=2004 |title=''Typhlops lazelli'', a new species of Chinese blindsnake from Hong Kong (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) |journal=Breviora |number=512 |pages=1–21 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8788712#page/3/mode/1up |doi=10.3099/0006-9698(2004)512[1:TLANSO]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>
|[[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1881<ref>Resurrected for a reclassified ''Rhinotyphlops acutus'' by Wallach (2003). {{Cite journal |author=Wallach, Van |author2=Pauwels, Olivier S. G. |author2-link=species:Olivier Sylvain Gérard Pauwels |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=''Typhlops lazelli'', a new species of Chinese blindsnake from Hong Kong (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) |journal=Breviora |volume=512 |number=512 |pages=1–21 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8788712#page/3/mode/1up |doi=10.3099/0006-9698(2004)512[1:TLANSO]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86212032 }}</ref>
|align="center"|
|align="center"|1
|
|
|peninsular [[India]]
|-
|''[[Indotyphlops]]''
|[[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]], Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
|align="center"| 23
|
|
|style="width:40%"|Asia
|-
|-
|''[[Letheobia]]''
|''[[Letheobia]]''
|[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1869<ref>Resurrected by Broadley & Wallach (2007). {{Cite journal|author=Wallach, Van |author2=Brown, R.M. |author2-link=:fr:Rafe Marion Brown |author3=Diesmos, A.C. |author3-link=:fr:Arvin Cantor Diesmos |author4=Gee, G.V.A. |last-author-amp=yes |year=2007|title=An enigmatic new species of blind snake from Luzon Island, northern Philippines, with a synopsis of the genus ''Acutotyphlops'' (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=690–702 |url=http://www.nhm.ku.edu/rbrown/Rafes%20PDF%20publications/2007.Wallach.et.al.pdf|doi=10.1670/206-5.1}}</ref>
|[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1869<ref>Resurrected by Broadley & Wallach (2007). {{Cite journal|author=Wallach, Van |author2=Brown, R.M. |author2-link=species:Rafe Marion Brown |author3=Diesmos, A.C. |author3-link=species:Arvin Cantor Diesmos |author4=Gee, G.V.A. |author4-link=species:Genevieve V.A. Gee |name-list-style=amp |year=2007|title=An enigmatic new species of blind snake from Luzon Island, northern Philippines, with a synopsis of the genus ''Acutotyphlops'' (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=690–702 |url=http://www.nhm.ku.edu/rbrown/Rafes%20PDF%20publications/2007.Wallach.et.al.pdf|doi=10.1670/206-5.1|s2cid=7385343 }}</ref>
|align="center"|
|align="center"|37
|
|
|style="width:40%"|Africa and the Middle East
|-
|''[[Madatyphlops]]''
|[[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]], Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
|align="center"| 15
|
|
|style="width:40%"|Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Mauritius
|-
|-
|''[[Megatyphlops]]''
|''[[Malayotyphlops]]''
|[[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]], Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
|Broadley & Wallach, 2009<ref name="Broadley-Wallach-2009" />
|align="center"|
|align="center"| 12
⚫
|
|
|
|style="width:40%"|the Philippines and Indonesia
|-
|-
|''[[Ramphotyphlops]]''
|''[[Ramphotyphlops]]''
|[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1843
|[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1843
|align="center"|49
|align="center"|22
|long-tailed blind snakes<ref name="ITIS"/>
|long-tailed blind snakes<ref name="ITIS"/>
|southern and southeast Asia, as well as many islands in the southern Pacific Ocean
|[[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Hong Kong]], China, the [[Lesser Sundas]], [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], the [[Palau Islands]], Australia, [[New Guinea]], the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], the Solomon Islands, the [[Loyalty Islands]], the [[Fiji|Fiji Islands]], and possibly [[New Calidonia]]
|-
|-
|''[[Rhinotyphlops]]''
|''[[Rhinotyphlops]]''
|Fitzinger, 1843
|Fitzinger, 1843
|align="center"|28
|align="center"|7
|
|
|Africa
|India, the Middle East, and Africa south of the [[Sahara]]
|-
|''[[Sundatyphlops]]''
|[[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]], Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
|align="center"|1
|
|Indonesia and East Timor
|-
|-
|''[[Typhlops]]''<span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>T</sup></span>
|''[[Typhlops]]''<span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>T</sup></span>
|[[Nicolaus Michael Oppel|Oppel]], 1811
|[[Nicolaus Michael Oppel|Oppel]], 1811
|align="center"|120
|align="center"|20
|
|blind snakes<ref name="ITIS"/>
|the [[West Indies]]
|Southeastern Europe, the Middle East, tropical and subtropical Asia, most of Africa, [[Madagascar]] and certain islands of the Indian Ocean, the [[Philippines]], [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]], [[New Guinea]], Central America, South America, and the [[West Indies]]
|-
|''[[Xerotyphlops]]''
|[[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]], Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
|align="center"|6
|
|Palearctic
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 97: Line 145:


===Former genera===
===Former genera===
''[[Xenotyphlops]]'', formerly classified as a Typhlopidae, is now classed as a [[Xenotyphlopidae]].
''[[Xenotyphlops]]'', formerly classified in the Typhlopidae, is now classed in the [[Xenotyphlopidae]].


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of typhlopid species and subspecies]]
* [[List of typhlopid species and subspecies]]
* {{c|Typhlopidae by common name}}
* {{c|Typhlopidae by taxonomic synonyms}}
* [[List of snakes]], overview of all snake genera


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 114: Line 159:
{{Snake families}}
{{Snake families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q664781}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q664781}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Typhlopidae| ]]
[[Category:Typhlopidae| ]]

Latest revision as of 19:12, 28 April 2024

Typhlopidae
European blind snake (Xerotyphlops vermicularis)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Infraorder: Scolecophidia
Superfamily: Typhlopoidea
Family: Typhlopidae
Merrem, 1820
Synonyms

The Typhlopidae are a family of blind snakes.[2] They are found mostly in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and all mainland Australia and various islands.[3] The rostral scale overhangs the mouth to form a shovel-like burrowing structure. They live underground in burrows, and since they have no use for vision, their eyes are mostly vestigial. They have light-detecting black eye spots, and teeth occur in the upper jaw. Typhlopids do not have dislocatable lower jaw articulations restricting them to prey smaller than their oral aperture. All species in the family Typhlopidae are fossorial and feed on social fossorial invertebrates such as termites and ants. The tracheal lung is present and chambered in all species. One species, the Brahminy's blind snake, is the only unisexual snake, with the entire population being female and reproducing via parthenogenesis. [4] The tail ends with a horn-like scale. Most of these species are oviparous. Currently, 18 genera are recognized containing over 200 species.[2][5]

Evolution[edit]

The Typhlopidae are thought to have originated on Madagascar during the Late Cretaceous, along with their sister group, the Xenotyphlopidae. The common ancestor of both families is thought to have diverged from the Gerrhopilidae earlier in the Cretaceous, when Insular India broke away from Madagascar. Afterwards, the Typhlopidae are thought to have dispersed out of Madagascar (leaving behind a single basal genus, Madatyphlops) into mainland Africa and then Eurasia, in contrast to the Xenotyphlopidae which remained restricted to Madagascar. From these regions, the Typhlopidae went on to colonize the rest of the world, with African typhlopids rafting across to Atlantic to South America during the Paleocene, then colonizing the Caribbean during the Oligocene, while Asian typhlopids colonized Australia from Southeast Asia or Indonesia later in the Oligocene.[6][7]

Fossil record[edit]

Possible Typhlopid skin has been identified in Dominican amber.[8]

Geographic range[edit]

They are found in most tropical and many subtropical regions all over the world, particularly in Africa, Asia, islands in the Pacific, tropical America, and southeastern Europe.[1]

Genera[edit]

Genus[2] Taxon author[2] Species[2] Common name Geographic range[1]
Acutotyphlops Wallach, 1995 5 Eastern Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
Afrotyphlops Broadley & Wallach, 2009[9] 29 sub-Saharan Africa
Amerotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014 19 Mexico through South America
Anilios Gray, 1845 48 Australia and New Guinea.
Antillotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014 12 Caribbean islands
Argyrophis Gray, 1845 12 Asia
Cubatyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014 12 Caribbean islands
Cyclotyphlops Bosch & Ineich, 1994 1 Indonesia: Selatan Province, southern Sulawesi
Grypotyphlops W. Peters, 1881[10] 1 peninsular India
Indotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014 23 Asia
Letheobia Cope, 1869[11] 37 Africa and the Middle East
Madatyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014 15 Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Mauritius
Malayotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014 12 the Philippines and Indonesia
Ramphotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 22 long-tailed blind snakes[2] southern and southeast Asia, as well as many islands in the southern Pacific Ocean
Rhinotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 7 Africa
Sundatyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014 1 Indonesia and East Timor
TyphlopsT Oppel, 1811 20 the West Indies
Xerotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014 6 Palearctic

TType genus[1]

Former genera[edit]

Xenotyphlops, formerly classified in the Typhlopidae, is now classed in the Xenotyphlopidae.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Typhlopidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
  3. ^ Shine, Richard (2007). Australian Snakes, a Natural History. Chatswood, New South Wales: New Holland Publishers. 224 pp. ISBN 978-1-876334-25-3.
  4. ^ Webb, Jonathan K.; Branch, William R.; Shine, Richard (2001). "Dietary Habits and Reproductive Biology of Typhlopid Snakes from Southern Africa". Journal of Herpetology. 35 (4): 558–567. doi:10.2307/1565893. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1565893.
  5. ^ Pyron, Robert Alexander; Burbrink, Frank T.; Wiens, John J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 93–145. Bibcode:2013BMCEE..13...93P. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
  6. ^ Vidal, Nicolas; et al. (2010). "Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana". Biology Letters. 6 (4): 558–561, page 560. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220. PMC 2936224. PMID 20356885.
  7. ^ Ali, Jason R.; Hedges, S. Blair (2023). "The colonisation of Madagascar by land‐bound vertebrates". Biological Reviews. 98 (5): 1583–1606. doi:10.1111/brv.12966. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 37142264. S2CID 258507224.
  8. ^ Poinar, George O.; Poinar, Roberta (1999). The Amber Forest: A Reconstruction of a Vanished World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05728-6.
  9. ^ Broadley, Donald G. & Wallach, Van (2009). "A review of the eastern and southern African blind-snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae), excluding Letheobia Cope, with the description of two new genera and a new species" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2255: 1–100. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2255.1.1.
  10. ^ Resurrected for a reclassified Rhinotyphlops acutus by Wallach (2003). Wallach, Van & Pauwels, Olivier S. G. (2004). "Typhlops lazelli, a new species of Chinese blindsnake from Hong Kong (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)". Breviora. 512 (512): 1–21. doi:10.3099/0006-9698(2004)512[1:TLANSO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86212032.
  11. ^ Resurrected by Broadley & Wallach (2007). Wallach, Van; Brown, R.M.; Diesmos, A.C. & Gee, G.V.A. (2007). "An enigmatic new species of blind snake from Luzon Island, northern Philippines, with a synopsis of the genus Acutotyphlops (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)" (PDF). Journal of Herpetology. 41 (4): 690–702. doi:10.1670/206-5.1. S2CID 7385343.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhlopidae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhlopidae&oldid=1221244105"