Black-fronted nunbird: Difference between revisions

Black-fronted nunbird
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Piciformes
Family:	Bucconidae
Genus:	Monasa
Species:	M. nigrifrons
Binomial name
	Monasa nigrifrons; (Spix, 1824)

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The black-fronted nunbird (Monasa nigrifrons) is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.^[2]^[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The black-fronted nunbird has two subspecies, the nominate M. n. nigrifrons and M. n. canescens. Some authors treat it, the black nunbird (M. atra) and the white-fronted nunbird (M. morphoeus) as a superspecies.^[4]^[5]

Description

The black-fronted nunbird is 26 to 29 cm (10 to 11 in) long and weighs 68 to 98 g (2.4 to 3.5 oz). The adult of the nominate subspecies is mostly sooty black that is darkest around the bill (the "front"). The rear part of the body is blue-gray and the tail blue-black. The bill is red, the eye dark, and the legs black. M. n. canescens is slightly paler and grayer than the nominate. The juvenile of both is a dirty slate gray with irregular reddish marks.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of black-fronted nunbird is widespread in the Amazon Basin. It is found in southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and much of Brazil. In Brazil it occurs north of the Amazon as far east as the Rio Negro and south of the Amazon as far east as Pará and Alagoas states and south to eastern Mato Grosso do Sul and western São Paulo states. M. n. canescens is found only in eastern Bolivia.^[5]

The black-fronted nunbird inhabits a variety of landscapes, but favors trees and bamboo along the margins of rivers and lakes. Principal forest types include várzea, igapó and gallery. It is also found in secondary forest, swampy river islands, transitional forest, and mid-succession to mature floodplain forest. Unlike many other nunbirds, it shuns terra firme forest. In elevation it is found from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).^[5]

Behavior

Feeding

The black-fronted nunbird takes most of its prey in flight, though it also picks it from the ground and foliage up to about 6 m (20 ft) above it. Its diet is mostly insects and also includes other arthropods and small lizards and amphibians. It follows troops of primates and army ant swarms to capture prey dislodged by them, and sometimes also joins mixed-species foraging flocks.^[5]

Breeding

The black-fronted nunbird's breeding season varies geographically but generally spans from April to October. It nests in a hole excavated in a bank or gently sloping or flat ground. The clutch size is three eggs.^[5]

Songs and calls

Listen to black-fronted nunbird on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The black-fronted nunbird's song is " a rapid series of melodious upslurred 'clerry' or 'curry' whistles, broken by [an] occasional downslurred 'turra turra' trill". It is often sung as a chorus by several birds.^[5]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the black-fronted nunbird as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range, but its population has not been quantified and is believed to be decreasing.^[1] It is common to abundant in most of its range.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Black-fronted Nunbird Monasa nigrifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved 14 July 2021.
^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved 24 August 2021
^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved 24 August 2021
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Rasmussen, P. C., N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Black-fronted Nunbird (Monasa nigrifrons), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blfnun1.01 retrieved 11 November 2021

External links

Black-fronted nunbird photo gallery VIREO
Photo-Medium Res; Article chandra.as.utexas.edu—"Birds of Brazil"
Photo-High Res; Article & synopsis arthurgrosset–"South American Birds"
Photo-(Close-up); Article
Photo-High Res; Article geometer—"Photos from Brazil"

[IUCN-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Black-fronted Nunbird Monasa nigrifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

[IOC11.2-2] Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved 14 July 2021.

[SACCcountries-3] Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved 24 August 2021

[SACClist-4] Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved 24 August 2021

[BFNI-BOW-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Rasmussen, P. C., N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Black-fronted Nunbird (Monasa nigrifrons), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blfnun1.01 retrieved 11 November 2021

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
+{{speciesbox
 | name = Black-fronted nunbird
 | image = Black-fronted Nunbird - Brazil H8O2216.jpg
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22682328 |title=''Monasa nigrifrons'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22682328/92941338 |title=Black-fronted Nunbird ''Monasa nigrifrons'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
-| regnum = [[Animalia]]
+| genus = Monasa
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| species = nigrifrons
+| authority = ([[Johann Baptist von Spix|Spix]], 1824)
-| classis = [[Aves]]
+| synonyms =
-| ordo = [[Piciformes]]
+| range_map = Monasa nigrifrons map.svg
-| familia = [[Bucconidae]]
-| genus = ''[[Monasa]]''
-| species = '''''M. nigrifrons'''''
-| binomial = ''Monasa nigrifrons''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Baptist von Spix|Spix]], 1824)
-| synonyms = }}
-The '''black-fronted nunbird''' (''Monasa nigrifrons'') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Bucconidae]], the [[puffbird]]s.
+}}
-It is found in Amazonian [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]]; also regions of eastern and southeastern Brazil.
-Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical and tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s, subtropical and tropical [[swamp]]s, and heavily degraded former forest.
+The '''black-fronted nunbird''' ('''''Monasa nigrifrons''''') is a species of [[near-passerine]] [[bird]] in the family [[Bucconidae]], the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]].<ref name=IOC11.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.2) |last1=Gill |first1= F. |last2=Donsker|first2=D.|last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=July 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name=SACCcountries>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved 24 August 2021</ref>
-The black-fronted nunbird has a black body and bright red-orange bill. It is found in small gregarious groups in lower to mid-level forests.
+==Taxonomy and systematics==
-==Distribution==
+The black-fronted nunbird has two subspecies, the nominate ''M. n. nigrifrons'' and ''M. n. canescens''. Some authors treat it, the [[black nunbird]] (''M. atra'') and the [[white-fronted nunbird]] (''M. morphoeus'') as a [[superspecies]].<ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved 24 August 2021</ref><ref name=BFNI-BOW>Rasmussen, P. C., N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Black-fronted Nunbird (''Monasa nigrifrons''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blfnun1.01 retrieved 11 November 2021</ref>
-The black-fronted nunbird is found mostly in the [[Amazon Basin]], south of the [[Amazon River]]. It also occurs in two river regions further north: in the east between the confluence with the [[Xingu River]] westwards to the [[Tapajós]] River; and at the confluence of the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] and upstream on the Amazon.
+==Description==
-The species range expands eastward and southward beyond the Tocantins, of the [[Araguaia River|Araguaia-]][[Tocantins River]] system{{Clarify|date=June 2014|reason=ungrammatical, and I can't figure out what is meant. Is a word missing before "of"?}} towards the region of the [[Cerrado]] of east-central Brazil; it is also found in the [[Pantanal]], but not the very southern portion.
+The black-fronted nunbird is {{convert|26|to|29|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|68|to|98|g|oz|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. The adult of the nominate subspecies is mostly sooty black that is darkest around the bill (the "front"). The rear part of the body is blue-gray and the tail blue-black. The bill is red, the eye dark, and the legs black. ''M. n. canescens'' is slightly paler and grayer than the nominate. The juvenile of both is a dirty slate gray with irregular reddish marks.<ref name=BFNI-BOW/>
-The southwest and western regions of black-fronted nunbird's range occur in Amazonian Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia, with the Amazonian Colombian region being the southwest portion of the entire northwestern Amazon region. The species' range is mostly [[contiguous]]; there are two localized populations in eastern coastal Brazil, the northern population in [[Alagoas]] state, and the southern locale in [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] state.
+==Distribution and habitat==
+The nominate subspecies of black-fronted nunbird is widespread in the [[Amazon Basin]]. It is found in southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and much of Brazil. In Brazil it occurs north of the Amazon as far east as the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] and south of the Amazon as far east as [[Pará]] and [[Alagoas]] states and south to eastern [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] and western [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] states. ''M. n. canescens'' is found only in eastern Bolivia.<ref name=BFNI-BOW/>
+The black-fronted nunbird inhabits a variety of landscapes, but favors trees and bamboo along the margins of rivers and lakes. Principal forest types include ''[[Várzea forest|várzea]]'', ''igapó'' and [[gallery forest|gallery]]. It is also found in [[secondary forest]], swampy river islands, [[transitional forest]], and mid-succession to mature floodplain forest. Unlike many other nunbirds, it shuns ''[[Forest#Tropical moist|terra firme]]'' forest. In elevation it is found from sea level to {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=BFNI-BOW/>
+==Behavior==
+===Feeding===
+The black-fronted nunbird takes most of its prey in flight, though it also picks it from the ground and foliage up to about {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} above it. Its diet is mostly insects and also includes other [[arthropod]]s and small lizards and amphibians. It follows troops of primates and [[army ant]] swarms to capture prey dislodged by them, and sometimes also joins [[mixed-species foraging flock]]s.<ref name=BFNI-BOW/>
+===Breeding===
+The black-fronted nunbird's breeding season varies geographically but generally spans from April to October. It nests in a hole excavated in a bank or gently sloping or flat ground. The clutch size is three eggs.<ref name=BFNI-BOW/>
+{{birdsong|url=https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Monasa-nigrifrons |species=black-fronted nunbird}}
+===Vocalization===
+The black-fronted nunbird's song is " a rapid series of melodious upslurred 'clerry' or 'curry' whistles, broken by [an] occasional downslurred 'turra turra' trill". It is often sung as a chorus by several birds.<ref name=BFNI-BOW/>
+==Status==
+The [[IUCN]] has assessed the black-fronted nunbird as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range, but its population has not been quantified and is believed to be decreasing.<ref name=IUCN/> It is common to abundant in most of its range.<ref name=BFNI-BOW/>
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}<!-- BullBOC124:28 -->
+{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
+*[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=black-fronted+nunbird&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Black-fronted nunbird photo gallery] VIREO
-*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=3617 Black-fronted nunbird videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612184758/http://chandra.as.utexas.edu/~kormendy/brazilss/BlackFrontedNunbird-1784ss.jpg Photo-Medium Res]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071221050237/http://chandra.as.utexas.edu/~kormendy/brazilbirds.html Article] chandra.as.utexas.edu—''"Birds of Brazil"''
-*[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=black-fronted+nunbird&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Black-fronted nunbird photo gallery] VIREO [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/species_image.php?species=Monasa+nigrifrons Photo-High Res]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612184758/http://chandra.as.utexas.edu/~kormendy/brazilss/BlackFrontedNunbird-1784ss.jpg Photo-Medium Res]; [http://chandra.as.utexas.edu/~kormendy/brazilbirds.html Article] chandra.as.utexas.edu—''"Birds of Brazil"''
 *[http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/photos/monnig3624.jpg Photo-High Res]; [http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/black-frontednunbird.html Article & synopsis] arthurgrosset–"South American Birds"
 *[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/images/Black-fronted-Nunbird-Explo.gif Photo-(Close-up)]; [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/brdphoto.htm Article]
 *[http://www.geometer.org/Brazil2006/images/BlackFrontedNunbird.jpg Photo-High Res]; [http://www.geometer.org/Brazil2006/index.html Article] geometer—"Photos from Brazil"
-*[http://www.mangoverde.com/birdsound/picpages/pic100-30-3.html Photo & location]; [http://www.mangoverde.com/birdsound/spec/spec100-30.html Article w/ photo gallery-(5)]; [http://www.mangoverde.com/birdsound/picpages/pic100-30-4.html Photo no. 2 of 5] mangoverde
-<!--see the good RangeMap/maps, lists, etc at": "www.natureserve.org"(then 'InfoNatura')(Mostly south of the AMAZON RIVER except in Colombia in NWest)(and the (2) two locale areas.....for the species, the entire category shown is: "PERMANENT RESIDENT"-->
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Black-Fronted Nunbird}}
-[[Category:Monasa]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Amazon Basin|Nunbird, Black-fronted]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Cerrado|Nunbird, Black-fronted]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Pantanal|Nunbird, Black-fronted]]<!--not the very southern Pantanal-->
-[[Category:Birds of Colombia|Nunbird, Black-fronted]]
-[[Category:Birds of Ecuador|Nunbird, Black-fronted]]
-[[Category:Birds of Peru|Nunbird, Black-fronted]]
-[[Category:Birds of Bolivia|Nunbird, Black-fronted]]
-[[Category:Birds of Brazil|Nunbird, Black-fronted]]
-[[Category:Birds described in 1824]]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q955203}}
+[[Category:Monasa|black-fronted nunbird]]
-{{Piciformes-stub}}
+[[Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest]]
+[[Category:Birds of Brazil]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1824|black-fronted nunbird]]
+[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]