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{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Sommacco.jpg
| image = Sommacco.jpg
|genus = Rhus
| genus = Rhus
|species = coriaria
| species = coriaria
| status = LC
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rivers, M.C. |author2=Harvey-Brown, Y. |date=2020 |title=''Rhus coriaria'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T63485A112727303 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63485A112727303.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Rhus coriaria'' | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70477-1 | access-date = 22 May 2020}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{Species list
| Rhus heterophylla | C.C.Gmel.
| Rhus sumac | O.Targ.Tozz.
| Rhus variifolia | DC.
| Toxicodendron coriaria | (L.) Kuntze
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}
}}


'''''Rhus coriaria''''', commonly called '''Sicilian sumac''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=RHCO14|taxon=Rhus coriaria|accessdate=21 October 2015}}</ref> '''tanner's sumach''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web |title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> or '''elm-leaved sumach''', is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] to small [[tree]] in the [[Anacardiaceae]] or [[cashew]] family, native to southern [[Europe]].<ref name=pfaf>[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+coriaria Plants for a Future database] accessed August 2010</ref> The dried [[fruit]]s are used as a [[spice]], particularly in combination with other spices in the mixture called [[za'atar]].
'''''Rhus coriaria''''', commonly called '''Sicilian sumac''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=RHCO14|taxon=Rhus coriaria|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> '''tanner's sumach''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> or '''elm-leaved sumach''', is a [[deciduous]] shrub to small tree in the cashew family [[Anacardiaceae]]. It is native to southern Europe and western Asia.<ref name=POWO/> The dried fruits are used as a spice, particularly in combination with other spices in the mixture called [[za'atar]].

==Etymology==
The word originally comes from hebrew - סמק.... ....then through the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] ''summāqā'' 'red', via Arabic, Latin, and French.<ref name="oed">''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 3rd edition, September 2019, [https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/193908 ''s.v.'']</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Rhus coriaria'' is native to the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], [[Crimea]], [[Caucasus]] and northern [[Iran]], but is now naturalized in most of the [[Mediterranean Basin]] as well as [[Macaronesia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rhus coriaria |url=http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/09_114_01_Rhus.pdf |publisher=[[Flora Iberica]] |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
The plant will grow in any type of [[soil]] that is deep and well-drained.<ref name=pfaf/>
The plant will grow in any type of soil that is deep and well-drained.<ref name=pfaf>[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+coriaria Plants for a Future database] accessed August 2010</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
Caution should be used about consuming [[sumac]] (see Toxicity, below). The fruit has a sour taste; dried and crushed, it is a popular spice in the Middle East.<ref name=pfaf/> Immature fruits and seeds are also eaten. It is traditionally used and also clinically investigated for lipid lowering effects.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rhus coriaria L. increases serum apolipoprotein-A1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.|doi=10.1016/j.joim.2017.12.007|pmid=29397092|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209549641730016X?via%3Dihub}}</ref>
The fruit has a sour taste; dried and crushed, it is a popular spice in the Middle East.<ref name=pfaf/> Immature fruits and seeds are also eaten. Mature fruits were also known well before lemons to the Europeans since the times of the ancient Romans, who appreciated its sourness and used it in vinaigrettes like lemons in modern times. It is traditionally used and also clinically investigated for lipid lowering effects.<ref name=pmid29397092>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.joim.2017.12.007 |pmid=29397092 |title=Rhus coriaria L. Increases serum apolipoprotein-A1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial |journal=Journal of Integrative Medicine |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |year=2018 |last1=Hajmohammadi |first1=Zahra |last2=Heydari |first2=Mojtaba |last3=Nimrouzi |first3=Majid |last4=Faridi |first4=Pouya |last5=Zibaeenezhad |first5=Mohammad Javad |last6=Omrani |first6=Gholamhossein Ranjbar |last7=Shams |first7=Mesbah }}</ref>

⚫
The [[leaf|leaves]] and the bark were traditionally used in tanning and contain [[tannic acid]].


⚫
The leaves and the bark were traditionally used in [[leather tanning]] and contain [[tannic acid]].
Dyes of various colours, [[red]], [[yellow]], [[black]], and [[brown]], can be made from different parts of the plant.<ref name=pfaf/>


[[Oil]] extracted from the [[seed]]s can be used to make [[candle]]s.<ref name=pfaf/>
Dyes of various colours, red, yellow, black, and brown, can be made from different parts of the plant.<ref name=pfaf/>


Oil extracted from the seeds can be used to make candles.<ref name=pfaf/>
==Toxicity==
It has been postulated that the sap and the fruit contain toxins that can cause severe irritation in people who are sensitive to these compounds.<ref name=pfaf/> Because of its botanical relationship to other [[urushiol]]-containing species of the genus ''Rhus'', consumption or contact with any part of the plant have been implicated with allergic reactions. However, cases involving pure ''Rhus coriaria'' have not been documented in medical literature.


==Images==
==Images==
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[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]




Latest revision as of 08:23, 29 April 2024

Rhus coriaria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Rhus
Species:
R. coriaria
Binomial name
Rhus coriaria
Synonyms[2]
  • Rhus heterophylla C.C.Gmel.
  • Rhus sumac O.Targ.Tozz.
  • Rhus variifolia DC.
  • Toxicodendron coriaria (L.) Kuntze

Rhus coriaria, commonly called Sicilian sumac,[3] tanner's sumach,[4] or elm-leaved sumach, is a deciduous shrub to small tree in the cashew family Anacardiaceae. It is native to southern Europe and western Asia.[2] The dried fruits are used as a spice, particularly in combination with other spices in the mixture called za'atar.

Etymology

[edit]

The word originally comes from hebrew - סמק.... ....then through the Aramaic summāqā 'red', via Arabic, Latin, and French.[5]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Rhus coriaria is native to the Eastern Mediterranean, Crimea, Caucasus and northern Iran, but is now naturalized in most of the Mediterranean Basin as well as Macaronesia.[6]

Cultivation

[edit]

The plant will grow in any type of soil that is deep and well-drained.[7]

Uses

[edit]

The fruit has a sour taste; dried and crushed, it is a popular spice in the Middle East.[7] Immature fruits and seeds are also eaten. Mature fruits were also known well before lemons to the Europeans since the times of the ancient Romans, who appreciated its sourness and used it in vinaigrettes like lemons in modern times. It is traditionally used and also clinically investigated for lipid lowering effects.[8]

The leaves and the bark were traditionally used in leather tanning and contain tannic acid.

Dyes of various colours, red, yellow, black, and brown, can be made from different parts of the plant.[7]

Oil extracted from the seeds can be used to make candles.[7]

Images

[edit]
  • Cultivated R. coriaria, with olive trees, in Spain
    Cultivated R. coriaria, with olive trees, in Spain
  • Spice (ground fruit) for sale in Istanbul
    Spice (ground fruit) for sale in Istanbul
  • Spice, close-up
    Spice, close-up

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rivers, M.C.; Harvey-Brown, Y. (2020). "Rhus coriaria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T63485A112727303. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63485A112727303.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Rhus coriaria". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Rhus coriaria". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  4. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, September 2019, s.v.
  6. ^ "Rhus coriaria" (PDF). Flora Iberica. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Plants for a Future database accessed August 2010
  8. ^ Hajmohammadi, Zahra; Heydari, Mojtaba; Nimrouzi, Majid; Faridi, Pouya; Zibaeenezhad, Mohammad Javad; Omrani, Gholamhossein Ranjbar; Shams, Mesbah (2018). "Rhus coriaria L. Increases serum apolipoprotein-A1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial". Journal of Integrative Medicine. 16 (1): 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.joim.2017.12.007. PMID 29397092.


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