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A milkmaid, milk maid, milkwoman, dairymaid, or dairywoman is a girl or woman who milks cows.^[1] She also uses the milk to prepare dairy products such as cream, butter, and cheese. Many large houses employ milkmaids instead of having other staff do the work. The term milkmaid is not the female equivalent of milkman in the sense of one who delivers milk to the consumer;^{[citation needed]} it is the female equivalent of milkman in the sense of cowman or dairyman.^[2]

As a result of exposure to cowpox, which conveys a partial immunity to the disfiguring (and often fatal) disease smallpox, it was noticed that milkmaids lacked the scarred, pockmarked complexion common to smallpox survivors. This observation led to the development of the first vaccine.^[3]

Cultural references

A legend of a Dun Cow is about the milkmaid who guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city of Durham in 995 AD.
There is a famous painting by Johannes Vermeer entitled The Milkmaid (c. 1658).
Aelbert Cuyp, another Dutch artist, created the drawing known as A Milkmaid (c. 1640–1650).
The eponymous heroine of Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1892) works as a milkmaid.
The folktale The milkmaid and her pail is a cautionary tale about a milkmaid who spends her time daydreaming.
The California native flower commonly called milkmaids is named for its resemblance to the hat often worn by milkmaids.
Kid Harpoon has a song called "Milkmaid"; the music video features actress Juno Temple.
Tori Amos references a milkmaid in the first verse of the song "Father Lucifer”.
The "8th day" verse of the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas" mentions "eight maids a-milking".^[4]
The Philippines has a condensed milk brand called Milkmaid, a product of Nestle.
The San Francisco Milk Maid is cookbook author Louella Hill, author of Kitchen Creamery (Chronicle, 2014).
The character Milkmaid in August Strindberg's The Ghost Sonata.

References

^ Galen, Jessica A. B. (2017). "Dairymaids". The Oxford Companion to Cheese (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199330881.013.0270 (inactive 2024-04-29). ISBN 978-0-19-933088-1. Retrieved 2022-12-23.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
^ Hough, Carole (2001). "Middle English Deye in a Fifteenth-Century Cookery Book". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 102 (3): 303–305. JSTOR 43344800. The standard edition of the cookbook glosses deye as 'dairymaid', and indeed the term is otherwise recorded as a simplex in Middle English only with this meaning or the masculine equivalent 'dairyman'.
^ Stern, Alexandra Minna; Howard Markel (2005). "The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges" (PDF). Health Affairs. 24 (3): 611–621. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611. PMID 15886151. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
^ The Associated Press (November 26, 2012). "'12 days of Christmas' cost: How much is a partridge in a pear tree?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 8 May 2014.

[Oxford_cheese_companion-1] Galen, Jessica A. B. (2017). "Dairymaids". The Oxford Companion to Cheese (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199330881.013.0270 (inactive 2024-04-29). ISBN 978-0-19-933088-1. Retrieved 2022-12-23.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)

[2] Hough, Carole (2001). "Middle English Deye in a Fifteenth-Century Cookery Book". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 102 (3): 303–305. JSTOR 43344800. The standard edition of the cookbook glosses deye as 'dairymaid', and indeed the term is otherwise recorded as a simplex in Middle English only with this meaning or the masculine equivalent 'dairyman'.

[3] Stern, Alexandra Minna; Howard Markel (2005). "The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges" (PDF). Health Affairs. 24 (3): 611–621. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611. PMID 15886151. Retrieved 25 December 2010.

[4] The Associated Press (November 26, 2012). "'12 days of Christmas' cost: How much is a partridge in a pear tree?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 8 May 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Girl or woman employed to milk dairy cows}}
 {{Other uses}}
+[[File:MilkMaid.JPG|thumb|right|Milkmaid in [[Minnesota]], United States.]]
+[[File:Boskapsskötsel i ladugården. Mangskogs socken, Värmland, 1911 - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0043102.jpg|thumb|Milkmaid and [[dairy cattle]] in Mangskog, [[Sweden]], 1911]]
-[[File:MilkMaid.JPG|thumb|right|Milkmaid]]
+A '''milkmaid''', '''milk maid''', '''milkwoman''', '''dairymaid''', or '''dairywoman''' is a girl or woman who milks cows.<ref name="Oxford cheese companion">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199330881.001.0001/acref-9780199330881-e-270 |url-access=subscription |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Cheese |year=2017 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199330881.013.0270 |isbn=978-0-19-933088-1 |title=Dairymaids |first=Jessica A. B. |last=Galen |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=1st |doi-broken-date=2024-04-29 |access-date=2022-12-23}}</ref> She also uses the [[milk]] to prepare [[dairy products]] such as [[cream]], [[butter]], and [[cheese]]. Many large houses employ milkmaids instead of having other staff do the work. The term ''milkmaid'' is not the female equivalent of ''[[milkman]]'' in the sense of one who delivers milk to the consumer;{{Citation needed|reason=in the Netherlands women (also) delivered the milk, so a source for this distinction is needed|date=August 2016}}  it is the female equivalent of ''milkman'' in the sense of ''[[Cowman (profession)|cowman]]'' or ''dairyman''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hough |first=Carole |title=Middle English ''Deye'' in a Fifteenth-Century Cookery Book |journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |volume=102 |issue=3 |year=2001 |pages=303–305 |jstor=43344800 |quote=The standard edition of the cookbook glosses ''deye'' as 'dairymaid', and indeed the term is otherwise recorded as a simplex in Middle English only with this meaning or the masculine equivalent 'dairyman'.}}</ref>
-[[File:Boskapsskötsel i ladugården. Mangskogs socken, Värmland, 1911 - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0043102.jpg|thumb|Milkmaid and [[dairy cattle]] in Mangskog, [[Sweden]], 1911.]]
-A '''milkmaid''' (or '''milk maid''') is a girl or woman employed to milk [[dairy cow]]s.  She also used the [[milk]] to prepare [[dairy products]] such as [[cream]], [[butter]], and [[cheese]]. Many large houses employed milkmaids instead of having other servants do the work. The term ''milkmaid'' is not the female equivalent of ''[[milkman]]'' in the sense of one who delivers milk to the consumer;  it is the female equivalent of ''milkman'' in the sense of ''[[Cowman (profession)|cowman]]''.
-=="As smooth as a milk maid's skin"==
 [[File:Maelkejunger aag fjelstrup haderslev 193x danske kvinders fotoarkiv.jpg|thumb|A Danish milk maid with [[shoulder yoke]]]]
+As a result of exposure to [[cowpox]], which conveys a partial [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] to the disfiguring (and often fatal) disease [[smallpox]], it was noticed that milkmaids lacked the scarred, pockmarked complexion common to smallpox survivors.  This observation led to the development of the first [[vaccine]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stern|first=Alexandra Minna|author2=Howard Markel|author2-link=Howard Markel|title=The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges |journal=Health Affairs|year=2005|volume=24|issue=3|pages=611–621|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611|url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/3/611.full.pdf|access-date=25 December 2010|pmid=15886151}}</ref>
-The expression "as smooth as a milk maid's skin" means exceptionally smooth.
-This phrase came about as a result of exposure to [[cowpox]], which causes no serious symptoms, but does convey a partial [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] to the disfiguring (and often fatal) disease [[smallpox]].  Thus, milkmaids lacked the "pockmarked" complexion common to smallpox survivors.  This observation led to the development of the first [[vaccine]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stern|first=Alexandra Minna|author2=[[Howard Markel]] |title=The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges |journal=Health Affairs|year=2005|volume=24|issue=3|pages=611–621|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611|url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/3/611.full.pdf|accessdate=25 December 2010|pmid=15886151}}</ref>
 ==Cultural references==
-*The legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who guided the monks of [[Lindisfarne]] carrying the body of [[Saint Cuthbert]] to the site of the present city of [[Durham, England|Durham]] in 995 AD.
+* A legend of a [[Dun Cow]] is about the milkmaid who guided the monks of [[Lindisfarne]] carrying the body of [[Saint Cuthbert]] to the site of the present city of [[Durham, England|Durham]] in 995 AD.
+* There is a famous painting by [[Johannes Vermeer]] entitled ''[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|The Milkmaid]]'' ({{circa}} 1658).
-*The eponymous heroine of [[Thomas Hardy]]'s ''[[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]]'' works as a milkmaid.
-*There is a famous painting by [[Johannes Vermeer]] entitled ''[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|The Milkmaid]]'' (ca. 1658).  [[Aelbert Cuyp]], another [[Netherlands|Dutch]] artist, created the drawing known as ''A Milkmaid'' (ca. 1640–1650).
+* [[Aelbert Cuyp]], another Dutch artist, created the drawing known as ''A Milkmaid'' (c. 1640–1650).
+* The eponymous heroine of [[Thomas Hardy]]'s ''[[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]]'' (1892) works as a milkmaid.
-*The California native flower commonly called [[Cardamine californica|Milkmaids]] is named for its resemblance to the hat often worn by milkmaids.
+* The folktale [[The milkmaid and her pail]] is a cautionary tale about a milkmaid who spends her time daydreaming.
-*[[Kid Harpoon]] has a song called ''Milkmaid''; the music video features actress [[Juno Temple]].
+* The California native flower commonly called [[Cardamine californica|milkmaids]] is named for its resemblance to the hat often worn by milkmaids.
-*The [[The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)|The Twelve Days of Christmas]]' 8th day mentions a maid-a-milking, or, a milk maid.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/Latest-News-Wires/2012/1126/12-days-of-Christmas-cost-How-much-is-a-partridge-in-a-pear-tree | title='12 days of Christmas' cost: How much is a partridge in a pear tree? | publisher=The Christian Science Monitor | date=November 26, 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2014 | author=The Associated Press}}</ref>
-* The Philippines has a condensed milk brand called ''Milkmaid'', a product of Alaska Milk Corporation.
+* [[Kid Harpoon]] has a song called "Milkmaid"; the music video features actress [[Juno Temple]].
+* [[Tori Amos]] references a milkmaid in the first verse of the song "Father Lucifer”.
-* The [http://www.sfmilkmaid.com San Francisco Milk Maid] is cookbook author Louella Hill, author of Kitchen Creamery (Chronicle, 2014)
+* The "8th day" verse of the song "[[The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)|The Twelve Days of Christmas]]" mentions "eight maids a-milking".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/Latest-News-Wires/2012/1126/12-days-of-Christmas-cost-How-much-is-a-partridge-in-a-pear-tree | title='12 days of Christmas' cost: How much is a partridge in a pear tree? | publisher=The Christian Science Monitor | date=November 26, 2012 | access-date=8 May 2014 | author=The Associated Press}}</ref>
-* The character Milkmaid in August Strindberg's ''The Ghost Sonata.''
+* The Philippines has a [[condensed milk]] brand called Milkmaid, a product of [[Nestle]].
+* The San Francisco Milk Maid is cookbook author Louella Hill, author of ''Kitchen Creamery'' (Chronicle, 2014).
+* The character Milkmaid in [[August Strindberg]]'s ''[[The Ghost Sonata]]''.
 ==See also==
+*[[Milkman]]
-{{Commons category|Milkmaids}}
-*[[Maid]]
-*[[Nursemaid]]
-*[[Wet nurse]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
+{{Milk navbox}}
-[[Category:Agricultural occupations (animal)]]
-[[Category:Milk]]
+[[Category:Animal husbandry occupations]]
-{{Job-stub}}
+[[Category:Dairy industry]]
+[[Category:Gendered occupations]]

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