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'''Pokuttia''', also known as '''Pokuttya''' or '''Pokutia''' ({{lang-uk|Покуття |
'''Pokuttia''', also known as '''Pokuttya''' or '''Pokutia''', ({{lang-uk|Покуття}}; {{lang-pl|Pokucie}}; {{lang-ro|Pocuția}}) is an historical area of [[East-Central Europe]], situated between the [[Dniester]] and [[Cheremosh]] rivers and [[Eastern Carpathians|Carpathian Mountains]], in the southwestern part of modern [[Ukraine]]. Although the historic heart of the area was [[Kolomyia]], the name itself is derived from the town of [[Kuty]] that literally means 'round the corner' ("Kut" by itself means "corner"). The region is now inhabited mainly by [[Ukrainians]]. |
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Part of the [[Antes (people)|Antean tribal alliance]] since the 4th century, it joined Kievan Rus' in the 10th century, and was eventually annexed by Poland in the 14th century, then at times briefly controlled by [[Moldavia]], and since 1772, it was at various times ruled by [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], Poland and the [[Soviet Union]]. Although the historic heart of the area was [[Kolomyia]], the name itself is derived from the town of [[Kuty]] that literally means 'round the corner' ("Kut" by itself means "corner").{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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⚫ | Having been a part of [[Kievan Rus']] and then one of its successor states, [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Halych-Volhynia]] in the early medieval period, the area was conquered by the [[Kingdom of Poland (1320–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] in 1325, and later annexed in 1349 by [[Casimir III of Poland]]. |
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The accounts of Greek and Roman historians describing the "widespread Slavic settlement"<ref name="encyclopedia"/> in Pokuttia have been confirmed by archaeological findings.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web|title=Pokutia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPokutia.htm|publisher=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/78eTD|archive-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> |
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[[Władysław II Jagiełło]], needing financial support for his battles against the [[Teutonic Knights]], used the region as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from [[Petru II of Moldavia]], who himself gained control of the region in 1388. Petru was eager to gain influence in the internal politics of the Kingdom of Poland, supporting the cause of his long-time allies, the [[Jagiellons]] of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. Pokuttia, thus, became the feudal property of the princes of [[Moldavia]], but remained within the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]. As in other such famous 'deals' in medieval Europe (e.g. [[Foix]], or the [[Dauphiné]]), when the local feudal lord had to swear an [[oath of allegiance]] to the king ''for the specific territory'', even when the former was himself an independent ruler of another state. Consequently, the region became a matter for judicial and military dispute between the two countries, because the debt was never repaid in full by Poland. |
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In the 4th century, the Slavic inhabitants of Pokuttia became part of a tribal alliance known as the [[Antes (people)|Antean tribal alliance]]. By the 6th century they had become part of the [[Dulibians|Dulibian alliance]], and in the 8th and 9th centuries they were part of the [[Tivertsians|Tivertsian tribal alliance]]. Finally, in the 10th century, they joined [[Kievan Rus']]. Following the [[Council of Liubech]], Pokuttia became part of [[Principality of Halych]].<ref name="encyclopedia"/> |
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In 1485, Moldavian [[List of rulers of Moldavia|prince]] [[Stephen the Great]], having lost his country's access to the [[Black Sea]] the previous year to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]], King of Poland for Pokuttia, in what is known as the ''[[Kolomyia|Colomeea]] oath''. |
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The region was sparsely settled, but there were some towns, such as [[Sniatyn]] (named after the [[boyar]] Kostiantyn Stroslavic and first attested in 1158) and [[Kolomyia]], first attested in 1240 in the [[Hypatian Codex]], an [[Old East Slavic]] chronicle that is the most important source of historical data for southern [[Rus' people|Rus']].<ref name=dim>{{cite book |title=The Dynasty of Chernigov 1054–1146 |first=Martin |last=Dimnik |publisher=Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies |year= 1994 |isbn=0-88844-116-9 |page=xii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn2300wRcckC&pg=PR13}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha, joined by other Ukrainians, such as Cossacks and Hutsuls, in addition to Moldavians. Known as [[Mukha Rebellion]], this series of battles was supported by Moldavian prince Stephen the Great, and it is one of the earliest known uprisings of Ukrainians against Polish oppression. These rebellions saw the capture of various cities of Pokuttia, and reached as far west as Lviv.<ref name="Mukha's Rebellionn">[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CU%5CMukharebellion.htm Mukha's Rebellion]</ref> |
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Moreover, Casimir's successor, [[John I Albert of Poland]], used the aforementioned treaty as a pretext to invade [[Moldavia]] itself in 1497. Even after four months of siege, he failed to take the fortress of [[Suceava]], Stephen's capital, and abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap that caused many of his nobles to die (''see [[Battle of the Cosmin Forest]]''). |
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In 1388, [[Władysław II Jagiełło]], needing financial support for his battles against the [[Teutonic Knights]],<ref>I. Căruntu, ''Istoria României în date'', Chișinău 1992, pag. 75</ref> placed Pokuttia under the administration of Petru II of Moldavia, a Moldavian ''voivode'', for a loan of 3,000 coins of gold.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> |
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In 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by [[Moldavia]] until the [[Battle of Obertyn]] in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's [[hetman]] [[Jan Tarnowski]], who defeated Stephen's son [[Petru Rareș]]. Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for the next 15 years, until Petru Rareș's death. |
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[[Image:Ukraine. Pokutia. Beuaplan 1648.jpg|thumb|right|Pokuttia in a 1648 map by [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]]]] |
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In 1485, Moldavian [[List of rulers of Moldavia|prince]] [[Stephen the Great]], having lost his country's access to the [[Black Sea]] the previous year to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]], King of Poland, in exchange of Pokuttia, in what is known as the ''[[Kolomyia|Colomeea]] oath''.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}{{efn|In local folklore it is held that Casimir ordered the tent where the oath was taking place to be suddenly uncovered, so as to show Stephen on his knees in front of his nobles and escort. It is said that Stephen, renowned for his religious piety, quickly turned towards an icon and crossed himself, in order not to appear shamed in front of his men.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}}} Casimir's successor, [[John I Albert of Poland]], used the aforementioned treaty as a pretext to start [[Moldavian Campaign (1497–1499)|an invasion]] of [[Moldavia]] itself in 1497. However, after four months of siege, he failed to take the fortress of [[Suceava]], Moldavia's capital, and abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap that caused many of his nobles to die ([[Battle of the Cosmin Forest]]).{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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Following the [[Partitions of Poland]] of 1772, Pokuttia fell under the [[Habsburg Monarchy]]. |
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⚫ | In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by Ukrainian hero |
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In the wake of the [[World War I]] and the fall of [[Austria-Hungary]], it became disputed between Poland and the short-lived [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]], which had its seat of government in [[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanyslaviv]] after it failed to hold [[Lwow|Lviv]]. In May 1919, Polish and Romanian forces [[Romanian occupation of Pokuttya|occupied Pokuttia]] in order to create a corridor between Poland and Romania. In August 1919, the Romanian Army handed eastern Pokuttia over to Poland.<ref>Philippe Henri Blasen: Pocuce, injuste prius detractum, recepit... Rumänische Ansprüche auf die südostgalizische Gegend Pokutien ? In: Analele Bucovinei, 1/2014</ref> After the [[Polish-Soviet War]], it remained in Poland. |
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[[File:Ukraine. Pokutia 1648.jpg|thumb|Representation of Pokuttia (c. 1639)]] |
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In 1498, Stephen the Great, aided by the Turks and the Tatars,<ref name="brit1">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Rumania |volume= 23 |last= Gaster |first= Moses |author-link= Moses Gaster | pages = 825–849; see page 835 |quote=Stephen the Great....Stephen, aided by a Turkish and Tatar contingent, laid waste the Polish territories to the upper waters of the Vistula, and succeeded in annexing for a time the Polish province of Pokutia, between the Carpathians and the Dniester}}</ref> conducted his first campaign in Pokuttia. He conduced a second campaign in 1502, pushing the Poles beyond the [[Bystrytsia River]]. Stephan's success was in that he managed to occupy Pokuttia for a period of time during his lifetime.<ref name="brit1"/> His son Bogdan III (1504–1517), "the one-eyed"<ref name="brit1"/> disclaimed the region and briefly occupied it between 1509 and 1510. The [[voivode]] [[Petru Rareș]] attempted to recapture Pokuttia, but both his attempts, in 1531 and 1535, failed.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> The last Moldavian attempt to seize Pokuttia occurred in 1572, with [[John III the Terrible]]. The invasions of the Moldavians and the ensuing wars between Poles and Moldavians brought great distress on the population, with many Pokuttians captured and resettled in Moldavia, reinforcing the Ukrainian element in Moldavian regions like [[Bukovina]].<ref name="encyclopedia"/> [[Kolomyia]] is said to have "suffered severely during the 15th and 16th centuries from the attacks of the Moldavians and the Tatars".<ref name="brit">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Kolomea |volume= 15 | page= 891 |quote= [Kolomea] was the principal town of the Polish province of Pokutia, and it suffered severely during the 15th and 16th centuries from the attacks of the Moldavians and the Tatars.}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In mid-September 1939, during the [[invasion of Poland]] at the start of [[World War II]], the Polish [[gold reserve]] was evacuated from [[Warsaw]] and stored by the Polish government in [[Śniatyn]], before it was eventually further evacuated via [[Romania]] to territory of [[Franco-Polish alliance|Polish-allied]] France.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wróbel|first=Janusz|year=2002|title=Wojenne losy polskiego złota|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=8–9 (19–20)|pages=56–57|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> As a result of the [[Polish September Campaign|1939 invasion and partition of Poland]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]], the area was initially attached to the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], falling to Nazi control after the start of [[Operation Barbarossa]] until 1944. It was then incorporated into the Soviet controlled Western Ukrainian ''[[Subdivisions of Ukraine|oblast]]'' of [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], roughly corresponding to the southern half of the oblast. |
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Pokuttia remained under Polish rule until the [[First Partition of Poland]] in 1772, when it became part of the Austrian Empire.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Ukrainian [[opryshoks]] were active in the region from the 17th to the 19th century. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in the aftermath of [[World War I]], the greater part of Pokuttia became part of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] and disputed with Poland. In mid-1919 the region was [[Romanian occupation of Pokuttia|occupied by Romania]], which then handed it over to reborn independent Poland, within which it was administratively part of the [[Stanisławów Voivodeship]] in the interbellum. |
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[[File:Henryk Poddębski - Kołomyja (131-15331).jpg|thumb|[[Kolomyia|Kołomyja]], the largest city of Pokuttia, in the 1930s]] |
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⚫ | In mid-September 1939, during the [[invasion of Poland]] at the start of [[World War II]], the Polish [[gold reserve]] was evacuated from [[Warsaw]] and stored by the Polish government in [[Śniatyn]], before it was eventually further evacuated via [[Romania]] to territory of [[Franco-Polish alliance|Polish-allied]] France.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wróbel|first=Janusz|year=2002|title=Wojenne losy polskiego złota|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=8–9 (19–20)|pages=56–57|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> |
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== Language == |
== Language == |
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The |
The territory of Pokuttia had been part of Moldavia since the 14th century. The Moldavian state had appeared by the mid-14th century, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea. Bukovina and neighboring regions were the nucleus of the Moldavian Principality, with the city of Iași as its capital from 1388 (after Baia and Siret).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southwestern dialects|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSouthwesterndialects.htm|access-date=2020-11-09|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> The Romanian language influenced the language spoken by locals, and the [[Pokuttia–Bukovina dialect]] was formed. It is distinct from other Ukrainian dialects because most of them are influenced by other Slavic languages, while the Pokuttia-Bukovina dialect was formed under the influence of Romance languages. The dialect preserved several archaic endings and soft declension, and certain lexical peculiarities, including Romanianisms. The expansion of ancient Pokuttian phonetic features in the 14th-16th centuries in western Podolia contributed to the formation of a broader group of Dniester dialects.{{cn|date=January 2021}} |
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==Population== |
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[[File:Wystawa 1880 pokucka.jpg|thumb|upright|Flyer of the first Pokuttia ethnographic exhibition in [[Kolomyia]] from 1880]] |
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Pokuttia is one of the most densely populated parts of Ukraine. The region was historically populated by Slavic tribes, which, starting from the 4th century, organized in tribal alliances. The first entity to form in the region was the Antean tribal alliance, which emerged as a union of local tribes around the 4th century. Pokuttia then joined the Dulibian and Tivertsian tribal alliances. Part of Kievan Rus' since the 10th century, it was annexed by Poland in the 14th century, and then involved in a series of conflicts between Poland and Moldavia, which ceased with the death of Petru Rareș, who failed to conquer the region on two occasions (1531, 1535). A last attempt was made by John III the Terrible in 1572. The region remained under Polish rule, which caused discontent among Pokuttians. During the wars between Poland and Moldavia, many of them were captured and resettled to Moldavia, where they reinforced the Ukrainian element there. The region remained under Polish rule until 1772.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> |
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At the time when the early censuses were made in the 18th century, 75% of the population was ethnically Ukrainian. There were also some Jews and a few Poles and Armenians. In the 1920s and 1930s, more Poles settled in the region. The Ukrainian element slightly decreased in the following years, as in 1939 the population was made up of 64% Ukrainians, 20% Poles, 9% Jews, and 7% Ukrainian-speaking Roman Catholics. In the 21st century (2000s), there were 97% Ukrainians, 2% Russians, less than 1% Poles and 0.2% Jews.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> |
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⚫ | Pokuttia's population still contains today some |
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==List of cities== |
==List of cities== |
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* [[Yaremche]] |
* [[Yaremche]] |
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* [[Zabolotiv]] |
* [[Zabolotiv]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Sources == |
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* Korduba, M. ‘Moldavs’ko-pol’s’ka hranytsia na Pokutiu do smerty Stefana Velykoho,' Naukovyi zbirnyk prysviachenyi profesorovy Mykhailovy Hrushevs’komu (Lviv 1906) |
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* Czyżewski, J.; Koczwara, M.; Zglinicka, A. Pokucie (Lviv 1931) |
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* Kvitkovs’kyi, D.; Bryndzan, T.; Zhukovs’kyi, A. (eds). Bukovyna, ïï mynule i suchasne (Paris–Philadelphia–Detroit 1956) |
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* Koinov, M. Pryroda Stanyslavivs’koï oblasti (Lviv 1960) |
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* Istoriia mist i sil Ukraïns’koï RSR: Ivano-Frankivs’ka oblast’ (Kyiv 1971) |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
Revision as of 09:49, 1 May 2024
Pokuttia | |
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![]() Pokuttia on the map of Ukraine | |
Land | ![]() |
Largest city | Kolomyia |
Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
Pokuttia, also known as Pokuttya or Pokutia, (Ukrainian: Покуття; Polish: Pokucie; Romanian: Pocuția) is an historical area of East-Central Europe, situated between the Dniester and Cheremosh rivers and Carpathian Mountains, in the southwestern part of modern Ukraine. Although the historic heart of the area was Kolomyia, the name itself is derived from the town of Kuty that literally means 'round the corner' ("Kut" by itself means "corner"). The region is now inhabited mainly by Ukrainians.
History
Having been a part of Kievan Rus' and then one of its successor states, Halych-Volhynia in the early medieval period, the area was conquered by the Kingdom of Poland in 1325, and later annexed in 1349 by Casimir III of Poland.
Władysław II Jagiełło, needing financial support for his battles against the Teutonic Knights, used the region as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia, who himself gained control of the region in 1388. Petru was eager to gain influence in the internal politics of the Kingdom of Poland, supporting the cause of his long-time allies, the Jagiellons of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Pokuttia, thus, became the feudal property of the princes of Moldavia, but remained within the Kingdom of Poland. As in other such famous 'deals' in medieval Europe (e.g. Foix, or the Dauphiné), when the local feudal lord had to swear an oath of allegiance to the king for the specific territory, even when the former was himself an independent ruler of another state. Consequently, the region became a matter for judicial and military dispute between the two countries, because the debt was never repaid in full by Poland.
In 1485, Moldavian prince Stephen the Great, having lost his country's access to the Black Sea the previous year to the Ottomans, was in serious need of alliances, and swore allegiance to Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland for Pokuttia, in what is known as the Colomeea oath.
In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha, joined by other Ukrainians, such as Cossacks and Hutsuls, in addition to Moldavians. Known as Mukha Rebellion, this series of battles was supported by Moldavian prince Stephen the Great, and it is one of the earliest known uprisings of Ukrainians against Polish oppression. These rebellions saw the capture of various cities of Pokuttia, and reached as far west as Lviv.[1]
Moreover, Casimir's successor, John I Albert of Poland, used the aforementioned treaty as a pretext to invade Moldavia itself in 1497. Even after four months of siege, he failed to take the fortress of Suceava, Stephen's capital, and abandoning the siege, his army ran into a trap that caused many of his nobles to die (see Battle of the Cosmin Forest).
In 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by Moldavia until the Battle of Obertyn in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's hetman Jan Tarnowski, who defeated Stephen's son Petru Rareș. Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for the next 15 years, until Petru Rareș's death. Throughout Middle Ages, Obertyn was Pokuttia's main castle, while Kolomyia was the region's main market town and fair.
Following the Partitions of Poland of 1772, Pokuttia fell under the Habsburg Monarchy.
In the wake of the World War I and the fall of Austria-Hungary, it became disputed between Poland and the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, which had its seat of government in Stanyslaviv after it failed to hold Lviv. In May 1919, Polish and Romanian forces occupied Pokuttia in order to create a corridor between Poland and Romania. In August 1919, the Romanian Army handed eastern Pokuttia over to Poland.[2] After the Polish-Soviet War, it remained in Poland.
In mid-September 1939, during the invasion of Poland at the start of World War II, the Polish gold reserve was evacuated from Warsaw and stored by the Polish government in Śniatyn, before it was eventually further evacuated via Romania to territory of Polish-allied France.[3] As a result of the 1939 invasion and partition of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, the area was initially attached to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, falling to Nazi control after the start of Operation Barbarossa until 1944. It was then incorporated into the Soviet controlled Western Ukrainian oblast of Ivano-Frankivsk, roughly corresponding to the southern half of the oblast.
Pokuttia's population still contains today some Romanian and Ukrainian Hutsul communities. At the 2001 census there were 600 Romanians and Moldovans recorded.
Sprache
The territory of Pokuttia had been part of Moldavia since the 14th century. The Moldavian state had appeared by the mid-14th century, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea. Bukovina and neighboring regions were the nucleus of the Moldavian Principality, with the city of Iași as its capital from 1388 (after Baia and Siret).[4] The Romanian language influenced the language spoken by locals, and the Pokuttia–Bukovina dialect was formed. It is distinct from other Ukrainian dialects because most of them are influenced by other Slavic languages, while the Pokuttia-Bukovina dialect was formed under the influence of Romance languages. The dialect preserved several archaic endings and soft declension, and certain lexical peculiarities, including Romanianisms. The expansion of ancient Pokuttian phonetic features in the 14th-16th centuries in western Podolia contributed to the formation of a broader group of Dniester dialects.[citation needed]
List of cities
- Nadvirna
- Deliatyn
- Hody-Dobrovidka
- Kobaky
- Kolomyia (Polish: Kołomyja, Romanian: Colomeea)
- Kosiv
- Kosmach
- Kuty, Stari Kuty (Romanian: Cuturi)
- Lanchyn
- Pechenizhyn
- Obertyn (Romanian: Obertin)
- Verkhovyna
- Vorokhta
- Yabluniv
- Yaremche
- Zabolotiv
References
- ^ Mukha's Rebellion
- ^ Philippe Henri Blasen: Pocuce, injuste prius detractum, recepit... Rumänische Ansprüche auf die südostgalizische Gegend Pokutien ? In: Analele Bucovinei, 1/2014
- ^ Wróbel, Janusz (2002). "Wojenne losy polskiego złota". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 8–9 (19–20). IPN. pp. 56–57. ISSN 1641-9561.
- ^ "Southwestern dialects". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 2020-11-09.