Inter-process communication: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|How computer operating systems enable data sharing}} |
{{Short description|How computer operating systems enable data sharing}} |
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{{Other uses|IPC (disambiguation){{!}}IPC}} |
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{{more footnotes|date=August 2015}} |
{{more footnotes|date=August 2015}} |
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[[File:ArchitectureCloudLinksSameSite.png|thumb|upright=1.2|A [[grid computing]] system that connects many personal computers over the Internet via inter-process network communication]] |
[[File:ArchitectureCloudLinksSameSite.png|thumb|upright=1.2|A [[grid computing]] system that connects many personal computers over the Internet via inter-process network communication]] |
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In [[computer science]], '''inter-process communication''' |
In [[computer science]], '''inter-process communication''' ('''IPC'''), also spelled '''interprocess communication''', are the mechanisms provided by an [[operating system]] for [[Process (computing)|processes]] to manage shared data. Typically, applications can use IPC, categorized as [[client–server model|clients and servers]], where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests.<ref name="microsoft.com">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365574(v=vs.85).aspx| title= Interprocess Communications|publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in [[distributed computing]]. |
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IPC is very important to the design process for [[microkernel]]s and [[nanokernel]]s, which reduce the number of functionalities provided by the kernel. Those functionalities are then obtained by communicating with servers via IPC, leading to a large increase in communication when compared to a regular monolithic kernel. IPC interfaces generally encompass variable analytic framework structures. These processes ensure compatibility between the multi-vector protocols upon which IPC models rely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Camurati |first1=P |title=Inter-process communications for system-level design |journal= International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign |date=1993}}</ref> |
IPC is very important to the design process for [[microkernel]]s and [[nanokernel]]s, which reduce the number of functionalities provided by the kernel. Those functionalities are then obtained by communicating with servers via IPC, leading to a large increase in communication when compared to a regular monolithic kernel. IPC interfaces generally encompass variable analytic framework structures. These processes ensure compatibility between the multi-vector protocols upon which IPC models rely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Camurati |first1=P |title=Inter-process communications for system-level design |journal= International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign |date=1993}}</ref> |
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An IPC mechanism is either [[Synchronization (computer science)|synchronous]] or asynchronous. [[Synchronization (computer science)#Implementation |
An IPC mechanism is either [[Synchronization (computer science)|synchronous]] or asynchronous. [[Synchronization (computer science)#Implementation|Synchronization primitives]] may be used to have synchronous behavior with an asynchronous IPC mechanism. |
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== Approaches == |
== Approaches == |
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* [[XML-RPC]] or [[SOAP (protocol)|SOAP]] |
* [[XML-RPC]] or [[SOAP (protocol)|SOAP]] |
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* [[JSON-RPC]] |
* [[JSON-RPC]] |
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* Message Bus (Mbus) (specified in RFC 3259) |
* {{anchor|RFC 3259}}Message Bus (Mbus) (specified in RFC 3259) (not to be confused with [[M-Bus (EN 13757)|M-Bus]]) |
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* [[.NET Remoting]] |
* [[.NET Remoting]] |
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*[[gRPC]] |
*[[gRPC]] |
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* [[Enduro/X]] Middleware |
* [[Enduro/X]] Middleware |
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* [http://www.inspirel.com/yami4 YAMI4] |
* [http://www.inspirel.com/yami4 YAMI4] |
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* [[Enlightenment_(software)]] E16 uses eesh as an IPC |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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The following are platform or programming language-specific APIs: |
The following are platform or programming language-specific APIs: |
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{{Div col|colwidth=30em}} |
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Apple Computer]]'s [[Apple events]], previously known as Interapplication Communications (IAC) |
* [[Apple Computer]]'s [[Apple events]], previously known as Interapplication Communications (IAC) |
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* [[ARexx]] ports |
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* [[ENEA AB|Enea's]] [[LINX (IPC)|LINX]] for Linux (open source) and various DSP and general-purpose processors under [[Operating System Embedded|OSE]] |
* [[ENEA AB|Enea's]] [[LINX (IPC)|LINX]] for Linux (open source) and various DSP and general-purpose processors under [[Operating System Embedded|OSE]] |
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* The [[Mach kernel]]'s Mach Ports |
* The [[Mach kernel]]'s Mach Ports |
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* [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] [[Doors (computing)|Doors]] |
* [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] [[Doors (computing)|Doors]] |
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* [[System V]]'s message queues, semaphores, and shared memory |
* [[System V]]'s message queues, semaphores, and shared memory |
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* [[OpenBinder]] Open binder |
* [[OpenBinder]] Open binder |
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* [[QNX]]'s PPS (Persistent Publish/Subscribe) service |
* [[QNX]]'s PPS (Persistent Publish/Subscribe) service |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|Computer programming}} |
{{Portal|Computer programming}} |
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* [[Berkeley sockets]] |
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* [[Computer network programming]] |
* [[Computer network programming]] |
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* [[Communicating Sequential Processes]] (CSP paradigm) |
* [[Communicating Sequential Processes]] (CSP paradigm) |
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* [[Data Distribution Service]] |
* [[Data Distribution Service]] |
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* [[Database-as-IPC]] |
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* [[Protected procedure call]] |
* [[Protected procedure call]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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⚫ | |||
{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* [[W. Richard Stevens|Stevens, Richard]]. ''UNIX Network Programming, Volume 2, Second Edition: Interprocess Communications.'' Prentice Hall, 1999. {{ISBN|0-13-081081-9}} |
* [[W. Richard Stevens|Stevens, Richard]]. ''UNIX Network Programming, Volume 2, Second Edition: Interprocess Communications.'' Prentice Hall, 1999. {{ISBN|0-13-081081-9}} |
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* U. Ramachandran, M. Solomon, M. Vernon ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=30371&coll=portal&dl=ACM Hardware support for interprocess communication]'' Proceedings of the 14th annual international symposium on Computer architecture. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Pages: 178 - 188. Year of Publication: 1987 {{ISBN|0-8186-0776-9}} |
* U. Ramachandran, M. Solomon, M. Vernon ''[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=30371&coll=portal&dl=ACM Hardware support for interprocess communication]'' Proceedings of the 14th annual international symposium on Computer architecture. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Pages: 178 - 188. Year of Publication: 1987 {{ISBN|0-8186-0776-9}} |
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* Crovella, M. Bianchini, R. LeBlanc, T. Markatos, E. Wisniewski, R. ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=242738 Using communication-to-computation ratio in parallel program designand performance prediction]'' 1–4 December 1992. pp. 238–245 {{ISBN|0-8186-3200-3}} |
* Crovella, M. Bianchini, R. LeBlanc, T. Markatos, E. Wisniewski, R. ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=242738 Using communication-to-computation ratio in parallel program designand performance prediction]'' 1–4 December 1992. pp. 238–245 {{ISBN|0-8186-3200-3}} |
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⚫ | |||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [https://www.hummingbirdcode.net/ Linux IPC with sub-microsecond latencies] |
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* [http://linux.die.net/man/5/ipc Linux ipc(5) man page] describing System V IPC |
* [http://linux.die.net/man/5/ipc Linux ipc(5) man page] describing System V IPC |
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* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365574(VS.85).aspx Windows IPC] |
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365574(VS.85).aspx Windows IPC] |
Latest revision as of 00:27, 2 May 2024
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (August 2015) |
In computer science, inter-process communication (IPC), also spelled interprocess communication, are the mechanisms provided by an operating system for processes to manage shared data. Typically, applications can use IPC, categorized as clients and servers, where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests.[1] Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in distributed computing.
IPC is very important to the design process for microkernels and nanokernels, which reduce the number of functionalities provided by the kernel. Those functionalities are then obtained by communicating with servers via IPC, leading to a large increase in communication when compared to a regular monolithic kernel. IPC interfaces generally encompass variable analytic framework structures. These processes ensure compatibility between the multi-vector protocols upon which IPC models rely.[2]
An IPC mechanism is either synchronous or asynchronous. Synchronization primitives may be used to have synchronous behavior with an asynchronous IPC mechanism.
Approaches
[edit]Different approaches to IPC have been tailored to different software requirements, such as performance, modularity, and system circumstances such as network bandwidth and latency.[1]
Method | Short Description | Provided by (operating systems or other environments) |
---|---|---|
File | A record stored on disk, or a record synthesized on demand by a file server, which can be accessed by multiple processes. | Most operating systems |
Communications file | A unique form of IPC in the late-1960s that most closely resembles Plan 9's 9P protocol | Dartmouth Time-Sharing System |
Signal; also Asynchronous System Trap | A system message sent from one process to another, not usually used to transfer data but instead used to remotely command the partnered process. | Most operating systems |
Socket | Data sent over a network interface, either to a different process on the same computer or to another computer on the network. Stream-oriented (TCP; data written through a socket requires formatting to preserve message boundaries) or more rarely message-oriented (UDP, SCTP). | Most operating systems |
Unix domain socket | Similar to an internet socket, but all communication occurs within the kernel. Domain sockets use the file system as their address space. Processes reference a domain socket as an inode, and multiple processes can communicate with one socket | All POSIX operating systems and Windows 10[3] |
Message queue | A data stream similar to a socket, but which usually preserves message boundaries. Typically implemented by the operating system, they allow multiple processes to read and write to the message queue without being directly connected to each other. | Most operating systems |
Anonymous pipe | A unidirectional data channel using standard input and output. Data written to the write-end of the pipe is buffered by the operating system until it is read from the read-end of the pipe. Two-way communication between processes can be achieved by using two pipes in opposite "directions". | All POSIX systems, Windows |
Named pipe | A pipe that is treated like a file. Instead of using standard input and output as with an anonymous pipe, processes write to and read from a named pipe, as if it were a regular file. | All POSIX systems, Windows, AmigaOS 2.0+ |
Shared memory | Multiple processes are given access to the same block of memory, which creates a shared buffer for the processes to communicate with each other. | All POSIX systems, Windows |
Message passing | Allows multiple programs to communicate using message queues and/or non-OS managed channels. Commonly used in concurrency models. | Used in LPC, RPC, RMI, and MPI paradigms, Java RMI, CORBA, COM, DDS, MSMQ, MailSlots, QNX, others |
Memory-mapped file | A file mapped to RAM and can be modified by changing memory addresses directly instead of outputting to a stream. This shares the same benefits as a standard file. | All POSIX systems, Windows |
Applications
[edit]Remote procedure call interfaces
[edit]- Java's Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
- ONC RPC
- XML-RPC or SOAP
- JSON-RPC
- Message Bus (Mbus) (specified in RFC 3259) (not to be confused with M-Bus)
- .NET Remoting
- gRPC
Platform communication stack
[edit]The following are messaging, and information systems that utilize IPC mechanisms but don't implement IPC themselves:
- KDE's Desktop Communications Protocol (DCOP) – deprecated by D-Bus
- D-Bus
- OpenWrt uses ubus micro bus architecture
- MCAPI Multicore Communications API
- SIMPL The Synchronous Interprocess Messaging Project for Linux (SIMPL)
- 9P (Plan 9 Filesystem Protocol)
- Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)
- Thrift
- ZeroC's Internet Communications Engine (ICE)
- ØMQ
- Enduro/X Middleware
- YAMI4
- Enlightenment_(software) E16 uses eesh as an IPC
Operating system communication stack
[edit]The following are platform or programming language-specific APIs:
- Apple Computer's Apple events, previously known as Interapplication Communications (IAC)
- ARexx ports
- Enea's LINX for Linux (open source) and various DSP and general-purpose processors under OSE
- The Mach kernel's Mach Ports
- Microsoft's ActiveX, Component Object Model (COM), Microsoft Transaction Server (COM+), Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), anonymous pipes, named pipes, Local Procedure Call, MailSlots, Message loop, MSRPC, .NET Remoting, and Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)
- Novell's SPX
- POSIX mmap, message queues, semaphores,[4] and shared memory
- RISC OS's messages
- Solaris Doors
- System V's message queues, semaphores, and shared memory
- Linux Transparent Inter Process Communication (TIPC)
- OpenBinder Open binder
- QNX's PPS (Persistent Publish/Subscribe) service
Distributed object models
[edit]The following are platform or programming language specific-APIs that use IPC, but do not themselves implement it:
- Libt2n for C++ under Linux only, handles complex objects and exceptions
- PHP's sessions
- Distributed Ruby
- Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)
- Electron's asynchronous IPC, shares JSON objects between a main and a renderer process[5]
See also
[edit]- Berkeley sockets
- Computer network programming
- Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP paradigm)
- Data Distribution Service
- Database-as-IPC
- Protected procedure call
References
[edit]- Stevens, Richard. UNIX Network Programming, Volume 2, Second Edition: Interprocess Communications. Prentice Hall, 1999. ISBN 0-13-081081-9
- U. Ramachandran, M. Solomon, M. Vernon Hardware support for interprocess communication Proceedings of the 14th annual international symposium on Computer architecture. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Pages: 178 - 188. Year of Publication: 1987 ISBN 0-8186-0776-9
- Crovella, M. Bianchini, R. LeBlanc, T. Markatos, E. Wisniewski, R. Using communication-to-computation ratio in parallel program designand performance prediction 1–4 December 1992. pp. 238–245 ISBN 0-8186-3200-3
- ^ a b "Interprocess Communications". Microsoft.
- ^ Camurati, P (1993). "Inter-process communications for system-level design". International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign.
- ^ "Windows/WSL Interop with AF_UNIX". Microsoft. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ "Concurrent programming - communication between processes"
- ^ "IpcMain | Electron".
External links
[edit]- Linux ipc(5) man page describing System V IPC
- Windows IPC
- IPC available using Qt
- Unix Network Programming (Vol 2: Interprocess Communications) by W. Richard Stevens
- Interprocess Communication and Pipes in C
- DIPC, Distributed System V IPC