Levin August von Bennigsen: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|German general serving Russia (1745–1826)}} |
{{Short description|German general serving Russia (1745–1826)}} |
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{{For|other uses and people with the same surname|Bennigsen (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox military person |
{{Infobox military person |
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| honorific_prefix = '''[[Graf]]''' |
| honorific_prefix = '''''[[Graf]]''''' |
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| name = Levin August von Bennigsen |
| name = Levin August Gottlieb Theophil von Bennigsen |
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| image = Bennigsen.jpg |
| image = Bennigsen.jpg |
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| caption = Portrait by [[George Dawe]] |
| caption = Portrait by [[George Dawe]] |
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| other_name = {{lang-rus|Леонтий Леонтьевич Беннигсен|Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen}}<ref name="Britannica" /> |
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| native_name = {{lang-ru|Лео́нтий Лео́нтьевич Бе́ннигсен}} |
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| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> |
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| allegiance = |
| allegiance = {{flag|Electorate of Hanover}}<br />{{flag|Russian Empire}} |
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| branch = {{flagdeco|Electorate of Hanover}} [[Hanoverian Army]]<br />{{flagdeco|Russian Empire}} [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Army]] |
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| commands = |
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| battles = * Russo-Turkish Wars ([[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|1768–1774]]; [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|1787–1792]]) |
| battles = * [[Seven Years' War]] |
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* Russo-Turkish Wars ([[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|1768–1774]]; [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|1787–1792]]) |
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** [[Siege of Ochakov (1788)|Siege of Ochakov]] |
** [[Siege of Ochakov (1788)|Siege of Ochakov]] |
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* Polish-Russian Wars ([[Polish–Russian War of 1792|2nd Partition]]; [[Kościuszko Uprising|3rd Partition]]) |
* Polish-Russian Wars ([[Polish–Russian War of 1792|2nd Partition]]; [[Kościuszko Uprising|3rd Partition]]) |
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** {{ill|Battle of Zelwa|ru|Битва под Зельвой}} |
** {{ill|Battle of Zelwa|ru|Битва под Зельвой}} |
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** {{ill|Battle of Brest (1792)|ru|Битва под Брестом (1792)}} |
** {{ill|Battle of Brest (1792)|ru|Битва под Брестом (1792)}} |
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** |
** [[Battle of Lipniszki]] |
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** {{ill|Battle of Soły|ru|Битва под Солами}} |
** {{ill|Battle of Soły|ru|Битва под Солами}} |
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* [[Persian Expedition of 1796]] |
* [[Persian Expedition of 1796]] |
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** [[Battle of Pułtusk]] |
** [[Battle of Pułtusk]] |
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** [[Battle of Allenstein]] |
** [[Battle of Allenstein]] |
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** [[ |
** [[Battle of Preussisch Eylau]] |
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** [[Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen|Battle of Guttstadt]] |
** [[Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen|Battle of Guttstadt]] |
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** [[Battle of Heilsberg]] |
** [[Battle of Heilsberg]] |
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** [[Siege of Hamburg]] |
** [[Siege of Hamburg]] |
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| awards = [[Order of St. Andrew]]<br />[[Order of St. George]]<br />[[Order of St. Vladimir]]<br />[[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]]<br />[[Order of St. Anna]]<br />[[Golden Weapon for Bravery]]<br />[[Order of the Black Eagle]]<br />[[Royal Guelphic Order]]<br />[[Order of the Elephant]]<br />[[Legion of Honour]]<br />[[Order of the Sword]]<br />[[Military Order of Maria Theresa]] |
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| awards = [[Order of St. Andrew]] |
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| spouse = <!-- Add spouse if reliably sourced --> |
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'''Levin August Gottlieb Theophil |
'''Levin August Gottlieb Theophil,{{Efn|also '''Leonty Leontyevich''' in English<ref name="Britannica">Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonty-Leontyevich-Graf-von-Bennigsen Leonty Leontyevich, count von Bennigsen]". ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 6 Feb. 2023. Accessed 9 May 2023.</ref>}} Graf'''<ref>{{German title Graf}}</ref> '''von Bennigsen''' ({{lang-ru|Левин Август Готлиб Теофиль фон Беннигсен|Levin Avgust Gotlib Teofil' fon Bennigsen}}, as well in {{lang-ru|Леонтий Леонтьевич Беннигсен|Leontiy Leont'yevič Bennigsen}}; 10 February 1745 – 3 December 1826) was a German [[general]] in the service of the [[Russian Empire]]. Bennigsen made a name for himself in [[Military history of the Russian Empire|Russian history]] as the man who fought [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] with distinction at the [[Battle of Eylau]]; but, suffering from ill-health, he was then defeated [[Battle of Friedland|at Friedland]] several months later. Bennigsen also played a pivotal role in decisively defeating Napoleon in the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]]. |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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===Early service=== |
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⚫ | Bennigsen was born on 10 February 1745 into a [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanoverian]] noble family in [[Braunschweig]] (English toponym: Brunswick).{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} His family owned several estates at Banteln in Hanover.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} Bennigsen served successively as a page at the Hanoverian court and as an officer of foot-guards,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} and four years later, in 1763, as captain, he participated in the final campaign of the [[Seven Years' War]].{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} In 1764, after the death of his father and his marriage to Baroness Steinberg, he retired from the [[Hanoverian Army]], and settled at the estates he owned in Banteln.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} In 1773, shortly after reentering Hanoverian service for a brief period, he entered the Russian service as a field officer, and was subsequently accepted into the Vyatka musketeer regiment in the same year.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} He fought against the Turks in 1774 and in 1778, becoming lieutenant-colonel in the latter year. In 1787 his conduct at the storming of [[Ochakiv|Ochakov]] won him promotion to the rank of [[brigadier]], and he distinguished himself repeatedly in smashing the [[Kościuszko Uprising]] (battles of Lipniszki, Soły) and in the [[Persian War of 1796]] where he fought [[Storming of Derbent|at Derbent]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}}{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} On 9 July 1794, he was promoted to major general for his accomplishments in the former campaign, and on 26 September 1794 he was awarded the [[Order of St. George]] of the Third Degree and an estate in [[Minsk]] [[guberniya]].{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} |
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In 1798 Bennigsen was fired from military service by the [[Emperor of Russia|Tsar]] [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] allegedly because of his connections with [[Platon Zubov]].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} It is known that he took an active part in the planning phase of the conspiracy to assassinate Paul I, but his role in the actual killing remains a matter of conjecture. [[Alexander I of Russia|Tsar Alexander I]] made him [[governor-general of Lithuania]] in 1801, and in 1802 a general of cavalry.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} |
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⚫ | Bennigsen was born on 10 February 1745 into a [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanoverian]] noble family in [[Braunschweig]] (English toponym: Brunswick).{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} His family owned several estates at Banteln in Hanover.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} Bennigsen served successively as a page at the Hanoverian court and as an officer of foot-guards,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} and four years later, in 1763, as captain, he participated in the final campaign of the [[Seven Years' War]].{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} In 1764, after the death of his father and his marriage to Baroness Steinberg, he retired from the [[Hanoverian Army]], and settled at the estates he owned in Banteln.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} In 1773, shortly after reentering Hanoverian service for a brief period, he entered the Russian service as a field officer, and was subsequently accepted into the Vyatka musketeer regiment in the same year.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} He fought against the Turks in 1774 and in 1778, becoming lieutenant-colonel in the latter year. In 1787 his conduct at the storming of [[Ochakiv|Ochakov]] won him promotion to the rank of [[brigadier]], and he distinguished himself repeatedly in smashing the [[Kościuszko Uprising]] (battles of Lipniszki, Soły) and in the [[Persian War of 1796]] where he fought [[Storming of Derbent|at Derbent]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}}{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} On 9 July 1794, he was promoted to |
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===Napoleonic Wars=== |
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⚫ | In 1806 Bennigsen was in command of one of the Russian armies operating against [[Napoleon]], when he fought the [[Battle of Pułtusk|Battle of Pultusk]] and met the emperor in person in the bloody [[battle of Eylau]] (8 February 1807).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} In the [[Battle of Pułtusk|Battle of Pultusk]] he resisted French troops under [[Jean Lannes]] before retreating. This brought him the Order of St. George of the Second Degree while after the battle of Eylau he was awarded [[Order of St. Andrew]] — the highest order in the Russian empire.{{Sfn|Polovtsov|1900}} Here he could claim to have inflicted the first reverse suffered by Napoleon, but six months later Bennigsen met with the [[battle of Friedland|crushing defeat of Friedland]] (14 June 1807) the direct consequence of which was the [[treaty of Tilsit]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} |
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Bennigsen was heavily criticised for the [[Battle of Friedland]] and for the decline of discipline in the army{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} and now retired for some years, but in the campaign of 1812 he reappeared in the army in various responsible positions. He was present at [[battle of Borodino|Borodino]], and defeated [[Joachim Murat|Murat]] in the [[battle of Tarutino|engagement of Tarutino]]{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} where he was wounded in the leg,{{Sfn|Polovtsov|1900}} but on account of a quarrel with Marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov|Kutuzov]], the Russian commander-in-chief, he was compelled to retire from active military employment on 15 November.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} |
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⚫ | In 1806 Bennigsen was in command of one of the Russian armies operating against [[Napoleon]], when he fought the [[Battle of Pułtusk|Battle of Pultusk]] and met the emperor in person in the bloody [[battle of Eylau]] (8 February 1807).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} In the [[Battle of Pułtusk|Battle of Pultusk]] he resisted French troops under [[Jean Lannes]] before retreating. This brought him the Order of St. George of the Second Degree while after the battle of Eylau he was awarded [[Order of St. Andrew]] |
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Bennigsen was heavily criticised for the [[Battle of Friedland]] and for the decline of discipline in the army{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} and now retired for some years, but in the campaign of 1812 he reappeared in the army in various responsible positions. He was present at [[battle of Borodino|Borodino]], and defeated [[Joachim Murat|Murat]] in the [[battle of Tarutino|engagement of Tarutino]]{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} where he was wounded in the leg,{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} but on account of a quarrel with Marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov|Kutuzov]], the Russian commander-in-chief, he was compelled to retire from active military employment on 15 November.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} |
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[[File:L.A.Bennigsen by P.E.Stroehling (c.1810-15, Royal coll.).jpg|thumb|upright|Bennigsen with the [[Ribbon of Saint George]].]] |
[[File:L.A.Bennigsen by P.E.Stroehling (c.1810-15, Royal coll.).jpg|thumb|upright|Bennigsen with the [[Ribbon of Saint George]].]] |
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[[File:Levin count von Bennigsen.jpg|thumb|right|Count Bennigsen and his family<br/>* Wife Maria-Leonarda<br/>* Son Alexander]] |
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⚫ | After the death of Kutuzov, Bennigsen was recalled and placed at the head of an army.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} Bennigsen participated in the battles of [[Battle of Bautzen (1813)|Bautzen]] and [[Battle of Lützen (1813)|Lützen]],{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} leading one of the columns that made the decisive attack on the last day of the [[Battle of Leipzig]] (16–19 October 1813). On the same evening he was made a count by the emperor Alexander I, and he afterwards commanded the forces which operated against [[Louis Nicolas Davout|Marshal Davout]] in North Germany,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} most notably in the year-long [[Siege of Hamburg]] (1813–14). After the [[treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]] he was awarded the St. George order of the First Degree |
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⚫ | After the death of Kutuzov, Bennigsen was recalled and placed at the head of an army.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} Bennigsen participated in the battles of [[Battle of Bautzen (1813)|Bautzen]] and [[Battle of Lützen (1813)|Lützen]],{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} leading one of the columns that made the decisive attack on the last day of the [[Battle of Leipzig]] (16–19 October 1813). On the same evening he was made a count by the emperor Alexander I, and he afterwards commanded the forces which operated against [[Louis Nicolas Davout|Marshal Davout]] in North Germany,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} most notably in the year-long [[Siege of Hamburg]] (1813–14). After the [[treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)|Treaty of Fontainebleau]] he was awarded the St. George order of the First Degree — the highest Russian military order - for his actions in the [[Napoleonic wars]] in general.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} |
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⚫ | After the general peace Bennigsen held a command from 1815 to 1818, when he retired from active service and settled on his Hanoverian estate of Banteln near [[Hildesheim]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} By the end of his life he completely lost his sight.{{ |
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===Later life=== |
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⚫ | After the general peace Bennigsen held a command from 1815 to 1818, when he retired from active service and settled on his Hanoverian estate of Banteln near [[Hildesheim]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} By the end of his life he completely lost his sight.{{Sfn|Polovtsov|1900}} He died on 3 December 1826, in [[Banteln]], eight years after he had retired.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} His son, Count ''Alexander Levin von Bennigsen'' (1809-1893) was a distinguished Hanoverian statesman.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=742}} |
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Bennigsen wrote the three-volume ''"Mémoires du général Bennigsen"'', which was published in Paris in 1907-1908.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} Though they contain "fascinating" details regarding the Russian wars and battles between 1806 |
Bennigsen wrote the three-volume ''"Mémoires du général Bennigsen"'', which was published in Paris in 1907-1908.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} Though they contain "fascinating" details regarding the Russian wars and battles between 1806 and 1813, the work often beautifies historical facts.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2005|page=34}} English edition of Bennigsen's memoirs of 1806-1807 campaign appeared in 2023. |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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* {{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|date=2005|publisher=Casemate Publishers|isbn=978-1611210026|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2BwBPz4QFQC}} |
* {{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|date=2005|publisher=Casemate Publishers|isbn=978-1611210026|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2BwBPz4QFQC}} |
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* {{cite book|editor-last1=Mikaberidze|editor-first1=Alexander|title=Confronting Napoleon: Levin von Bennigsen's Memoir of the Campaign in Poland, 1806–1807|date=2023|publisher=Helion|isbn=978-1804513057|url=https://www.helion.co.uk/military-history-books/confronting-napoleon-volume-1-pultusk-to-eylau-levin-von-bennigsens-memoir-of-the-campaign-in-poland-1806-1807.php}} |
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*{{Cite book |last=Polovtsov |first=Alexander |title=[[Russian Biographical Dictionary]] |date=1900 |publisher=Типография Главного Управления Уделов |volume=II: Алексинский – Бестужев-Рюмин |location=St. Petersburg |author-link=Alexander Polovtsov |pages=700–712}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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[[Category:Imperial Russian Army generals]] |
[[Category:Imperial Russian Army generals]] |
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[[Category:Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]] |
[[Category:Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]] |
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[[Category:Counts |
[[Category:Counts in Germany]] |
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[[Category:People from the Electorate of Hanover]] |
[[Category:People from the Electorate of Hanover]] |
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[[Category:1745 births]] |
[[Category:1745 births]] |
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[[Category:Russian Empire regicides]] |
[[Category:Russian Empire regicides]] |
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[[Category:Paul I of Russia]] |
[[Category:Paul I of Russia]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic German people from the Russian Empire]] |
Latest revision as of 20:20, 3 May 2024
Levin August Gottlieb Theophil von Bennigsen | |
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Other name(s) | Russian: Леонтий Леонтьевич Беннигсен, romanized: Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen[1] |
Born | Braunschweig, Electorate of Hanover, Holy Roman Empire | 10 February 1745
Died | 3 December 1826 Banteln, Kingdom of Hanover, German Confederation | (aged 81)
Allegiance | Electorate of Hanover Russian Empire |
Service/ | Hanoverian Army Russian Army |
Battles/wars |
|
Awards | Order of St. Andrew Order of St. George Order of St. Vladimir Order of St. Alexander Nevsky Order of St. Anna Golden Weapon for Bravery Order of the Black Eagle Royal Guelphic Order Order of the Elephant Legion of Honour Order of the Sword Military Order of Maria Theresa |
Levin August Gottlieb Theophil,[a] Graf[2] von Bennigsen (Russian: Левин Август Готлиб Теофиль фон Беннигсен, romanized: Levin Avgust Gotlib Teofil' fon Bennigsen, as well in Russian: Леонтий Леонтьевич Беннигсен, romanized: Leontiy Leont'yevič Bennigsen; 10 February 1745 – 3 December 1826) was a German general in the service of the Russian Empire. Bennigsen made a name for himself in Russian history as the man who fought Napoleon Bonaparte with distinction at the Battle of Eylau; but, suffering from ill-health, he was then defeated at Friedland several months later. Bennigsen also played a pivotal role in decisively defeating Napoleon in the War of the Sixth Coalition.
Biography[edit]
Early service[edit]
Bennigsen was born on 10 February 1745 into a Hanoverian noble family in Braunschweig (English toponym: Brunswick).[3] His family owned several estates at Banteln in Hanover.[3] Bennigsen served successively as a page at the Hanoverian court and as an officer of foot-guards,[4] and four years later, in 1763, as captain, he participated in the final campaign of the Seven Years' War.[3] In 1764, after the death of his father and his marriage to Baroness Steinberg, he retired from the Hanoverian Army, and settled at the estates he owned in Banteln.[3] In 1773, shortly after reentering Hanoverian service for a brief period, he entered the Russian service as a field officer, and was subsequently accepted into the Vyatka musketeer regiment in the same year.[3][4] He fought against the Turks in 1774 and in 1778, becoming lieutenant-colonel in the latter year. In 1787 his conduct at the storming of Ochakov won him promotion to the rank of brigadier, and he distinguished himself repeatedly in smashing the Kościuszko Uprising (battles of Lipniszki, Soły) and in the Persian War of 1796 where he fought at Derbent.[4][3] On 9 July 1794, he was promoted to major general for his accomplishments in the former campaign, and on 26 September 1794 he was awarded the Order of St. George of the Third Degree and an estate in Minsk guberniya.[3]
In 1798 Bennigsen was fired from military service by the Tsar Paul I allegedly because of his connections with Platon Zubov.[citation needed] It is known that he took an active part in the planning phase of the conspiracy to assassinate Paul I, but his role in the actual killing remains a matter of conjecture. Tsar Alexander I made him governor-general of Lithuania in 1801, and in 1802 a general of cavalry.[4]
Napoleonic Wars[edit]
In 1806 Bennigsen was in command of one of the Russian armies operating against Napoleon, when he fought the Battle of Pultusk and met the emperor in person in the bloody battle of Eylau (8 February 1807).[4] In the Battle of Pultusk he resisted French troops under Jean Lannes before retreating. This brought him the Order of St. George of the Second Degree while after the battle of Eylau he was awarded Order of St. Andrew — the highest order in the Russian empire.[5] Here he could claim to have inflicted the first reverse suffered by Napoleon, but six months later Bennigsen met with the crushing defeat of Friedland (14 June 1807) the direct consequence of which was the treaty of Tilsit.[4]
Bennigsen was heavily criticised for the Battle of Friedland and for the decline of discipline in the army[citation needed] and now retired for some years, but in the campaign of 1812 he reappeared in the army in various responsible positions. He was present at Borodino, and defeated Murat in the engagement of Tarutino[4] where he was wounded in the leg,[5] but on account of a quarrel with Marshal Kutuzov, the Russian commander-in-chief, he was compelled to retire from active military employment on 15 November.[4]
After the death of Kutuzov, Bennigsen was recalled and placed at the head of an army.[4] Bennigsen participated in the battles of Bautzen and Lützen,[citation needed] leading one of the columns that made the decisive attack on the last day of the Battle of Leipzig (16–19 October 1813). On the same evening he was made a count by the emperor Alexander I, and he afterwards commanded the forces which operated against Marshal Davout in North Germany,[4] most notably in the year-long Siege of Hamburg (1813–14). After the Treaty of Fontainebleau he was awarded the St. George order of the First Degree — the highest Russian military order - for his actions in the Napoleonic wars in general.[citation needed]
Later life[edit]
After the general peace Bennigsen held a command from 1815 to 1818, when he retired from active service and settled on his Hanoverian estate of Banteln near Hildesheim.[4] By the end of his life he completely lost his sight.[5] He died on 3 December 1826, in Banteln, eight years after he had retired.[3] His son, Count Alexander Levin von Bennigsen (1809-1893) was a distinguished Hanoverian statesman.[4]
Bennigsen wrote the three-volume "Mémoires du général Bennigsen", which was published in Paris in 1907-1908.[3] Though they contain "fascinating" details regarding the Russian wars and battles between 1806 and 1813, the work often beautifies historical facts.[3] English edition of Bennigsen's memoirs of 1806-1807 campaign appeared in 2023.
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Leonty Leontyevich, count von Bennigsen". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Feb. 2023. Accessed 9 May 2023.
- ^ Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mikaberidze 2005, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chisholm 1911, p. 742.
- ^ a b c Polovtsov 1900.
References[edit]
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bennigsen, Levin August". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 742. Also referred to in War and Peace. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Sources[edit]
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2005). Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1611210026.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2023). Confronting Napoleon: Levin von Bennigsen's Memoir of the Campaign in Poland, 1806–1807. Helion. ISBN 978-1804513057.
- Polovtsov, Alexander (1900). Russian Biographical Dictionary. Vol. II: Алексинский – Бестужев-Рюмин. St. Petersburg: Типография Главного Управления Уделов. pp. 700–712.
External links[edit]
- Imperial Russian Army generals
- Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
- Counts in Germany
- People from the Electorate of Hanover
- 1745 births
- 1826 deaths
- Military personnel from Braunschweig
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
- Russian people of the Kościuszko Uprising
- People of the Russo-Persian Wars
- Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree
- Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
- Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
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