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| popplace = [[Esmeraldas Province|Esmeraldas]], [[Guayaquil]], [[Valle del Chota]], [[Imbabura Province]] [[Sucumbíos Province]] Small minorities live in the U.S., and Spain
| popplace = [[Esmeraldas Province|Esmeraldas]], [[Guayaquil]], [[Valle del Chota]], [[Imbabura Province]] [[Sucumbíos Province]] Small minorities live in the U.S., and Spain
| langs = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| langs = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| rels = Predominantly [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| rels = Predominantly [[Catholic]]
| related = Other [[Afro-Latin Americans]].
| related = Other [[Afro-Latin Americans]].
}}
}}
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==History and background==
==History and background==
[[File:Los tres mulatos de Esmeraldas (Sánchez Galque).jpg|left|thumb|''Los tres mulatos de Esmeraldas'' (1599) by Sánchez Galque.]]
[[File:Los tres mulatos de Esmeraldas (Sánchez Galque).jpg|left|thumb|''Los tres mulatos de Esmeraldas'' (1599) by Sánchez Galque.]]
Most Afro-Ecuadorians are the descendants of enslaved Africans who were transported by Spanish slavers to Ecuador from the early 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-15|title=Up from slavery, Afro-Ecuadorians continue the struggle for their place in society|url=https://cuencahighlife.com/up-from-slavery-afro-ecuadorians-struggle-to-make-their-place-in-ecuadors-history/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=CuencaHighLife|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1553, the first enslaved Africans reached Ecuador in Quito when a [[slave ship]] heading to Peru was stranded off the Ecuadorian coast. The enslaved Africans escaped and established [[Maroon (people)|maroon]] settlements in Esmeraldas, which became a safe haven as many Africans fleeing slave conditions either escaped to there or were forced to live there. Eventually, they started moving from their traditional homeland and were settling everywhere in Ecuador.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afro-Ecuadorian - Afropedea|url=http://www.afropedea.org/afro-ecuadorian|access-date=2021-08-12|website=www.afropedea.org}}</ref>
Most Afro-Ecuadorians are the descendants of enslaved Africans who were transported by predominantly British slavers to Ecuador from the early 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-15|title=Up from slavery, Afro-Ecuadorians continue the struggle for their place in society|url=https://cuencahighlife.com/up-from-slavery-afro-ecuadorians-struggle-to-make-their-place-in-ecuadors-history/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=CuencaHighLife|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106084932/https://cuencahighlife.com/up-from-slavery-afro-ecuadorians-struggle-to-make-their-place-in-ecuadors-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1553, the first enslaved Africans reached Ecuador in Quito when a [[slave ship]] heading to Peru was stranded off the Ecuadorian coast. The enslaved Africans escaped and established [[Maroon (people)|maroon]] settlements in Esmeraldas, which became a safe haven as many Africans fleeing slave conditions either escaped to there or were forced to live there. Eventually, they started moving from their traditional homeland and were settling everywhere in Ecuador.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afro-Ecuadorian - Afropedea|url=http://www.afropedea.org/afro-ecuadorian|access-date=2021-08-12|website=www.afropedea.org}}</ref>


[[File:Retrato de una señora principal con su negra esclava por Vicente Albán.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of a Quito Matron Lady with Her Black Slave'' (1783) ''by'' Vicente Albán.]]
[[File:Retrato de una señora principal con su negra esclava por Vicente Albán.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of a Quito Matron Lady with Her Black Slave'' (1783) ''by'' Vicente Albán.]]


Racism, on an individual basis and societally, such as [[Miscegenation|Mestizaje]] and [[Blanqueamiento]] are deeply ingrained from the Spanish colonial era is still encountered; Afro-Ecuadorians are strongly discriminated against by the ''[[mestizo]]'' and ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'' populations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-23|title=Much work needed to 'target unacceptable levels' of racism in Ecuador: UN experts|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/12/1054201|access-date=2021-05-27|website=UN News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afro-Ecuadorians|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-ecuadorians/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Minority Rights Group|language=en-GB}}</ref> As a result, along with lack of government funding and low social mobility poverty affects their community more so than the white and mestizo population of Ecuador.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty rates in Ecuador|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/788946/poverty-rates-ecuador/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-26|title=Government should do more to reduce poverty among Afro-Ecuadorians, UN says|url=https://cuencahighlife.com/government-should-do-more-to-reduce-poverty-among-afro-ecuadorians-un-says/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=CuencaHighLife|language=en-US}}</ref> After slavery was abolished in 1851, Africans became marginalized in Ecuador, dominated by the plantation owners.<ref name="CID">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=13001 |title=Assessment for Blacks in Ecuador |publisher=CIDCM |access-date=August 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622220302/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=13001 |archive-date=June 22, 2012 }}</ref>
Racism, on an individual basis and societally are strongly discriminated against by the ''[[mestizo]]'' and ''[[Criollo people|criollo]]'' populations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-23|title=Much work needed to 'target unacceptable levels' of racism in Ecuador: UN experts|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/12/1054201|access-date=2021-05-27|website=UN News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afro-Ecuadorians|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-ecuadorians/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Minority Rights Group|language=en-GB}}</ref> As a result, along with lack of government funding and low social mobility poverty affects their community more so than the white and mestizo population of Ecuador.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty rates in Ecuador|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/788946/poverty-rates-ecuador/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-26|title=Government should do more to reduce poverty among Afro-Ecuadorians, UN says|url=https://cuencahighlife.com/government-should-do-more-to-reduce-poverty-among-afro-ecuadorians-un-says/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=CuencaHighLife|language=en-US}}</ref> After slavery was abolished in 1851, Africans became marginalized in Ecuador, dominated by the plantation owners.<ref name="CID">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=13001 |title=Assessment for Blacks in Ecuador |publisher=CIDCM |access-date=August 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622220302/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=13001 |archive-date=June 22, 2012 }}</ref>


[[File:EsmeraldasStreetScene.jpg|thumb|A typical street scene in [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]] (2005).]]
[[File:EsmeraldasStreetScene.jpg|thumb|A typical street scene in [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]] (2005).]]
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[[File:Afroecuatorianos ofrecen reconocimiento a Canciller (7118962049).jpg|thumb|'''Afro-Ecuadorians''' at a convention to receive cultural recognition, traditional instruments can be seen in the background]]
[[File:Afroecuatorianos ofrecen reconocimiento a Canciller (7118962049).jpg|thumb|'''Afro-Ecuadorians''' at a convention to receive cultural recognition, traditional instruments can be seen in the background]]


Afro-Ecuadorian culture may be analysed by considering the two main epicenters of historical presence: the province of [[Esmeraldas Province|Esmeraldas]], and the [[Chota Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecuadorian Culture: Customs, History, Society, Food {{!}} don Quijote|url=https://www.donquijote.org/ecuatorian-culture/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.donquijote.org}}</ref> In Equador it is often said that Afro Equadorians live predominantly in warm places like Esmeraldas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=Mónica, the first {{!}} Translation |url=https://radioambulante.org/en/translation/monica-the-first-translation |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Radio Ambulante |language=en-US}}</ref> Afro-Ecuadorian culture is a result of the [[Atlantic slave trade|Trans-atlantic slave trade]].<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> Their culture and its impact on Ecuador has led to many aspects from [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]] cultures being preserved via ordinary acts of resistance and commerce.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ph. D.|first1=History|last2=M. A.|first2=History|last3=B. A.|first3=Rhodes College|title=There Were 3 Major Ways That Enslaved People Resisted a Life in Bondage|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/ways-slaves-showed-resistance-to-slavery-45401|access-date=2021-05-27|website=ThoughtCo|language=en}}</ref> Examples of these include the use of [[Polyrhythm|polyrhythmic techniques]], traditional instruments and dances; along with food ways such as the use of [[:Category:Crops originating from Africa|crops brought from Africa]], like the [[Cooking banana|Plantain]] and [[Pigeon pea]], and oral traditions and mythology like [[La Tunda]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-04|title=A Botanical Story of Slavery and the Survival of the Wisdom of Africa|url=https://hiddengarden.co/botanical-story-of-slavery/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Hidden Garden|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pigeonpea|url=https://www.cwrdiversity.org/crop/pigeonpea/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Crop Wild Relatives|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Breslin|first=Patrick|date=2007|title=Juan Garcia and the Oral Tradition of Afro-Ecuador|hdl=10644/5940|url=http://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/handle/10644/5940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=La Tunda es un mito afroecuatoriano con fondo emancipador|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/intercultural/tunda-mito-afroecuatoriano-fondo-emancipador.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-27|website=El Comercio|language=es-EC}}</ref> When women wear their hair as it grows naturally, it is often associated with poverty, which is why successful or upwardly mobile women tended to straighten their hair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lago |first=Ivonne |title=Paola Cabezas: "A la vida hay que ponerle tumbao" |url=https://www.expreso.ec/ocio/paola-cabezas-vida-hay-ponerle-tumbao-95666.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.expreso.ec}}</ref>
Afro-Ecuadorian culture may be analysed by considering the two main epicenters of historical presence: the province of [[Esmeraldas Province|Esmeraldas]], and the [[Chota Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecuadorian Culture: Customs, History, Society, Food {{!}} don Quijote|url=https://www.donquijote.org/ecuatorian-culture/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.donquijote.org}}</ref> In Ecuador it is often said that Afro Ecuadorians live predominantly in warm places like Esmeraldas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=Mónica, the first {{!}} Translation |url=https://radioambulante.org/en/translation/monica-the-first-translation |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Radio Ambulante |language=en-US}}</ref> Afro-Ecuadorian culture is a result of the [[Atlantic slave trade|Trans-atlantic slave trade]].<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> Their culture and its impact on Ecuador has led to many aspects from [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]] cultures being preserved via ordinary acts of resistance and commerce.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ph. D.|first1=History|last2=M. A.|first2=History|last3=B. A.|first3=Rhodes College|title=There Were 3 Major Ways That Enslaved People Resisted a Life in Bondage|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/ways-slaves-showed-resistance-to-slavery-45401|access-date=2021-05-27|website=ThoughtCo|language=en}}</ref> Examples of these include the use of [[Polyrhythm|polyrhythmic techniques]], traditional instruments and dances; along with food ways such as the use of [[:Category:Crops originating from Africa|crops brought from Africa]], like the [[Cooking banana|Plantain]] and [[Pigeon pea]], and oral traditions and mythology like [[La Tunda]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-04|title=A Botanical Story of Slavery and the Survival of the Wisdom of Africa|url=https://hiddengarden.co/botanical-story-of-slavery/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Hidden Garden|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pigeonpea|url=https://www.cwrdiversity.org/crop/pigeonpea/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Crop Wild Relatives|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Breslin|first=Patrick|date=2007|title=Juan Garcia and the Oral Tradition of Afro-Ecuador|hdl=10644/5940|url=http://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/handle/10644/5940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=La Tunda es un mito afroecuatoriano con fondo emancipador|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/intercultural/tunda-mito-afroecuatoriano-fondo-emancipador.html|access-date=2021-05-27|website=El Comercio|language=es-EC}}</ref> When women wear their hair as it grows naturally, it is often associated with poverty, which is why successful or upwardly mobile women tended to straighten their hair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lago |first=Ivonne |title=Paola Cabezas: "A la vida hay que ponerle tumbao" |url=https://www.expreso.ec/ocio/paola-cabezas-vida-hay-ponerle-tumbao-95666.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.expreso.ec}}</ref>


===Music===
===Music===
[[File:Esmeraldian (Afro-Ecuadorian) marimba.jpg|thumb|A typical marimba from [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]].]]
[[File:Esmeraldian (Afro-Ecuadorian) marimba.jpg|thumb|A typical marimba from [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]].]]
[[Marimba|''Marimba'' music]] is popular from Esmeraldas to the [[Pacific Region of Colombia]]. It was considered an '''[[Intangible cultural heritage]]''' by [[UNESCO]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists|access-date=2021-08-12|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> It gets its name from the prominent use of ''[[marimba]]s'', but is accompanied along with dances, chants, drums and other instruments specific to this region such as the ''bombo'', the ''cununo'' and the ''guasá''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Cornejo|first=Santiago Carcélen|title=The Guardians of the Marimba, the Cununo and the Guasa|url=https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-3999|language=es|access-date=2021-08-12|last2=Ordóñez|first2=Fabricio Morales}}</ref>
[[Marimba|''Marimba'' music]] is popular from Esmeraldas to the [[Pacific Region of Colombia]]. It was considered an '''[[Intangible cultural heritage]]''' by [[UNESCO]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists|access-date=2021-08-12|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> It gets its name from the prominent use of ''[[marimba]]s'', but is accompanied along with dances, chants, drums and other instruments specific to this region such as the ''bombo'', the ''cununo'' and the ''guasá''.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Cornejo|first1=Santiago Carcélen|title=The Guardians of the Marimba, the Cununo and the Guasa|url=https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-3999|language=es|access-date=2021-08-12|last2=Ordóñez|first2=Fabricio Morales}}</ref>


[[File:Semifinal del Campeonato del Encebollado en Esmeraldas 2015 (17468241733).jpg|thumb|An example of the Cununo in the semi-final round of a championship in Esmeraldas.]]
[[File:Semifinal del Campeonato del Encebollado en Esmeraldas 2015 (17468241733).jpg|thumb|An example of the Cununo in the semi-final round of a championship in Esmeraldas.]]


Sometimes this music is played in religious ceremonies, as well as in celebrations and parties. It features call and response chanting along with the music. Some of the rhythms associated with it are ''currulao'', ''[[bambuco]]'' and ''andarele''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-27|title=Discover the Afroecuadorian culture|url=https://www.thisisecuador.com/blog/discover-the-afroecuadorian-culture/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=This Is Ecuador|language=en-US}}</ref>
Sometimes this music is played in religious ceremonies, as well as in celebrations and parties. It features call-and-response chanting along with the music. Some of the rhythms associated with it are ''currulao'', ''[[bambuco]]'' and ''andarele''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-27|title=Discover the Afroecuadorian culture|url=https://www.thisisecuador.com/blog/discover-the-afroecuadorian-culture/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=This Is Ecuador|language=en-US}}</ref>


[[File:Esmeraldian (Afro-Ecuadorian) drum 2.jpg|thumb|'''Afro-Ecuadorian''' style drum from Esmeralda.]]
[[File:Esmeraldian (Afro-Ecuadorian) drum 2.jpg|thumb|'''Afro-Ecuadorian''' style drum from Esmeralda.]]


On the other hand, in the Chota Valley there is ''[[bomba (Ecuador)|bomba]]'' music. It can vary from mid tempo to a very fast rhythm. It is usually played with guitars, as well as the main local instrument called ''bomba'', which is a drum, along with a ''guiro'', and sometimes ''bombos'' and ''bongos''. A variation of it played by ''la banda mocha'', groups who play ''bomba'' with a ''bombo'', ''guiro'' and plant leaves to give melody.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Velasco|first=Estefanía|title=La Bomba, símbolo musical de resistencia de la minoría afroecuatoriana|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/cultura/bomba-simbolo-musical-resistencia-minoria.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-12|website=El Comercio|language=es-EC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812052833/https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/cultura/bomba-simbolo-musical-resistencia-minoria.html |archive-date=2021-08-12 }}</ref>
On the other hand, in the Chota Valley there is ''[[bomba (Ecuador)|bomba]]'' music. It can vary from mid-tempo to a very fast rhythm. It is usually played with guitars, as well as the main local instrument called ''bomba'', which is a drum, along with a ''guiro'', and sometimes ''bombos'' and ''bongos''. A variation of it played by ''la banda mocha'', groups who play ''bomba'' with a ''bombo'', ''guiro'' and plant leaves to give melody.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Velasco|first=Estefanía|title=La Bomba, símbolo musical de resistencia de la minoría afroecuatoriana|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/cultura/bomba-simbolo-musical-resistencia-minoria.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-12|website=El Comercio|language=es-EC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812052833/https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/cultura/bomba-simbolo-musical-resistencia-minoria.html |archive-date=2021-08-12 }}</ref>


===Religion===
===Religion===
Religious practice among Afro-Ecuadorians is usually Roman Catholic. Catholic worship is distinctive in Esmeraldas, and sometimes is done with ''marimba''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marimba importance on the religious aspects of Afro-Ecuadorians.|url=http://abacus.bates.edu/~bframoli/pagina/ecuador/Recursos/articulating.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114101951/http://abacus.bates.edu/~bframoli/pagina/ecuador/Recursos/articulating.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gonzalez|first=David|last2=Alarcón|first2=Johis|date=2019-05-31|title=Afro-Ecuadoreans Maintain Identity Through Spiritual Practices|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/31/lens/afro-ecuadoreans-identity-spiritual-practices.html|access-date=2021-08-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
The religious practice among Afro-Ecuadorians is usually [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]. Catholic worship is distinctive in Esmeraldas, and sometimes is done with ''marimba''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marimba importance on the religious aspects of Afro-Ecuadorians.|url=http://abacus.bates.edu/~bframoli/pagina/ecuador/Recursos/articulating.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114101951/http://abacus.bates.edu/~bframoli/pagina/ecuador/Recursos/articulating.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gonzalez|first1=David|last2=Alarcón|first2=Johis|date=2019-05-31|title=Afro-Ecuadoreans Maintain Identity Through Spiritual Practices|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/31/lens/afro-ecuadoreans-identity-spiritual-practices.html|access-date=2021-08-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


==Political framework==
==Political framework==
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*
*
*[[María del Tránsito Sorroza]], midwife and formerly enslaved woman.
*[[María del Tránsito Sorroza]], midwife and formerly enslaved woman.
*[[Martina Carrillo]] (1750-1778), Ecuadorian activist, born enslaved, who fought for the rights of Afro-Ecuadorians.
*[[Martina Carrillo]] (1750–1778), Ecuadorian activist, born enslaved, who fought for the rights of Afro-Ecuadorians.


===Politics===
===Politics===
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====Activism====
====Activism====
*[[Jaime Hurtado]], from Guayaquil; known for fighting for the rights of the working people of Ecuador; founder and leader of the [[Democratic People's Movement]] (MPD); assassinated in the winter of 1999<ref>[http://whgbetc.com/mind/black-latin-america2.html Black Latin America]</ref>
*[[Jaime Hurtado]], from Guayaquil; known for fighting for the rights of the working people of Ecuador; founder and leader of the [[Democratic People's Movement]] (MPD); assassinated in the winter of 1999<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://whgbetc.com/mind/black-latin-america2.html |title=Black Latin America |access-date=2006-11-29 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829030056/http://whgbetc.com/mind/black-latin-america2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Music===
===Music===
*[[Guillermo Ayoví Erazo]], Ecuadorian [[Marimba]] player and singer.
*[[Guillermo Ayoví Erazo]], Ecuadorian [[Marimba]] player and singer.
*[[Karla Kanora]], Ecuadorian singer.
* Eddy More, Ecuadorian songwriter.


===Literature===
===Literature===
*[[Adalberto Ortiz]] (1914-2003), poet, diplomat and author.
*[[Adalberto Ortiz]] (1914–2003), poet, diplomat and author.
*[[Nelson Estupiñán Bass]] (1912-2012), poet and author.
*[[Nelson Estupiñán Bass]] (1912–2012), poet and author.


===Sports===
===Sports===
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* [[Darío Aimar]]
* [[Darío Aimar]]
*[[Sebas Méndez]], football player for the [[Orlando City SC]]
*[[Sebas Méndez]], football player for the [[Orlando City SC]]
*[[Alberto Spencer]] (1937-2006), football player and all-time top scorer of the ''[[Copa Libertadores]]''
*[[Alberto Spencer]] (1937–2006), football player and all-time top scorer of the ''[[Copa Libertadores]]''
*[[Antonio Valencia]], football player for [[Manchester United]] and Ecuador national team
*[[Antonio Valencia]], football player for [[Manchester United]] and Ecuador national team
* [[Arturo Mina]]
* [[Arturo Mina]]
*[[Enner Valencia]], football player for [[Pachuca]] and Ecuador national team
*[[Enner Valencia]], football player for [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] and Ecuador national team
*[[Brayan Angulo (footballer, born 1995)|Brayan Angulo]], football player
*[[Brayan Angulo (footballer, born 1995)|Brayan Angulo]], football player
*[[Michael Arroyo]], football player
*[[Michael Arroyo]], football player
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*[[Alexander Bolaños]], football player
*[[Alexander Bolaños]], football player
*[[Moisés Caicedo]], football player
*[[Moisés Caicedo]], football player
* [[Moisés Ramírez]]
*[[Giovanny Espinoza]], football player
*[[Giovanny Espinoza]], football player
* [[Gonzalo Plata]]
* [[Gonzalo Plata]]
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{{Ethnic groups in Ecuador}}
{{Ethnic groups in Ecuador}}


[[Category:Afro-Ecuadorian| ]]
[[Category:African diaspora in Ecuador| ]]
[[Category:People of African descent|Ecuadorian]]
[[Category:People of African descent|Ecuadorian]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ecuador]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ecuador]]

Revision as of 03:37, 4 May 2024

Afro-Ecuadorians
Afroecuatorianos
Afro-Ecuadorian girls in traditional clothing.
Total population
1,120,000 (7.2% self identified in 2010 census).[1]
Regions with significant populations
Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, Valle del Chota, Imbabura Province Sucumbíos Province Small minorities live in the U.S., and Spain
Languages
Spanish
Religion
Predominantly Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Other Afro-Latin Americans.

Afro-Ecuadorians or Afroecuatorianos (Spanish), are Ecuadorians of predominantly Sub-Saharan African descent.[2]

History and background

Los tres mulatos de Esmeraldas (1599) by Sánchez Galque.

Most Afro-Ecuadorians are the descendants of enslaved Africans who were transported by predominantly British slavers to Ecuador from the early 16th century.[3] In 1553, the first enslaved Africans reached Ecuador in Quito when a slave ship heading to Peru was stranded off the Ecuadorian coast. The enslaved Africans escaped and established maroon settlements in Esmeraldas, which became a safe haven as many Africans fleeing slave conditions either escaped to there or were forced to live there. Eventually, they started moving from their traditional homeland and were settling everywhere in Ecuador.[4]

Portrait of a Quito Matron Lady with Her Black Slave (1783) by Vicente Albán.

Racism, on an individual basis and societally are strongly discriminated against by the mestizo and criollo populations.[5][6] As a result, along with lack of government funding and low social mobility poverty affects their community more so than the white and mestizo population of Ecuador.[7][8] After slavery was abolished in 1851, Africans became marginalized in Ecuador, dominated by the plantation owners.[9]

A typical street scene in Esmeraldas (2005).

Afro-Ecuadorian people and culture are found primarily in the country's northwest coastal region. The majority of the Afro-Ecuadorian population (70%)[10] are found in the province of Esmeraldas and the Valle del Chota in the Imbabura Province, where they are the majority.[11] They can be also found in significant numbers in Guayaquil, and in Ibarra, where in some neighborhoods, they make up a majority.[12] Many Afro-Ecuadorians have participated in sports, for instance playing with the Ecuador national football team, many of whom hail from Valle del Chota.[13]

Culture

Afro-Ecuadorians at a convention to receive cultural recognition, traditional instruments can be seen in the background

Afro-Ecuadorian culture may be analysed by considering the two main epicenters of historical presence: the province of Esmeraldas, and the Chota Valley.[14] In Ecuador it is often said that Afro Ecuadorians live predominantly in warm places like Esmeraldas.[15] Afro-Ecuadorian culture is a result of the Trans-atlantic slave trade.[11] Their culture and its impact on Ecuador has led to many aspects from West and Central Africa cultures being preserved via ordinary acts of resistance and commerce.[16] Examples of these include the use of polyrhythmic techniques, traditional instruments and dances; along with food ways such as the use of crops brought from Africa, like the Plantain and Pigeon pea, and oral traditions and mythology like La Tunda.[17][18][19][20] When women wear their hair as it grows naturally, it is often associated with poverty, which is why successful or upwardly mobile women tended to straighten their hair.[21]

Music

A typical marimba from Esmeraldas.

Marimba music is popular from Esmeraldas to the Pacific Region of Colombia. It was considered an Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2010.[22] It gets its name from the prominent use of marimbas, but is accompanied along with dances, chants, drums and other instruments specific to this region such as the bombo, the cununo and the guasá.[23]

An example of the Cununo in the semi-final round of a championship in Esmeraldas.

Sometimes this music is played in religious ceremonies, as well as in celebrations and parties. It features call-and-response chanting along with the music. Some of the rhythms associated with it are currulao, bambuco and andarele.[24]

Afro-Ecuadorian style drum from Esmeralda.

On the other hand, in the Chota Valley there is bomba music. It can vary from mid-tempo to a very fast rhythm. It is usually played with guitars, as well as the main local instrument called bomba, which is a drum, along with a guiro, and sometimes bombos and bongos. A variation of it played by la banda mocha, groups who play bomba with a bombo, guiro and plant leaves to give melody.[25]

Religion

The religious practice among Afro-Ecuadorians is usually Catholic. Catholic worship is distinctive in Esmeraldas, and sometimes is done with marimba[26][27]

Political framework

Dr. Diana Salazar Méndez, Attorney General - Quito (2019)

Numerous organizations have been established in Ecuador to for Afro-Ecuadorian issues. The Afro-Ecuadorian Development Council (CONDAE). Afro-Ecuadorian Development Corporation (Corporación de Desarrollo Afroecuatoriano, CODAE), institutionalized in 2002, Asociación de Negros Ecuatorianos (ASONE), founded in 1988, Afro-Ecuadorian Institute, founded 1989, the Agustín Delgado Foundation, the Black Community Movement (El Proceso de Comunidades Negras) and The National Confederation of Afro-Ecuadorians (Confederación Nacional Afroecuatoriana, CNA) are amongst some of the institutional frameworks in place in Ecuador.[9] The World Bank has given loans for Afro-Ecuadorian development proposals in Ecuador since 1998, loaning $34 million for related projects between 2003 and 2007, and USAID also monitored the 2006 elections in Ecuador to ensure that Afro-Ecuadorians were not being unfairly underrepresented.[9]

Notable Afro-Ecuadorians

Historical

Politics

Regierung

Activism

Music

Literature

Sports

Boxing

Judo

Discus

Weightlifting

Sprinting

Football

An Afro-Ecuadorian in the national assembly.
Semifinal of the Encebollado Championship in Esmeraldas 2015
Semifinal of the Encebollado Championship in Esmeraldas 2015
"Together for our rights" March through the streets of San Lorenzo, Esmeraldas
Semifinal of the Encebollado Championship in Esmeraldas 2015
Semifinal of the Encebollado Championship in Esmeraldas 2015
Afro-Ecuadorian girls in traditional clothing.
An Afro-Ecuadorian artesian vendor.
Afro-Ecuadorians offer recognition to Foreign Minister.
Afro-Ecuadorians offer recognition to Foreign Minister.
Afro-Ecuadorians offer recognition to Foreign Minister.
Afro-Ecuadorians offer recognition to Foreign Minister.
An Afro-Ecuadorian marimba groups from Esmeraldas

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/cpv/ [dead link]
  2. ^ "MAR | Data | Assessment for Blacks in Ecuador". www.mar.umd.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  3. ^ "Up from slavery, Afro-Ecuadorians continue the struggle for their place in society". CuencaHighLife. 2018-10-15. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  4. ^ "Afro-Ecuadorian - Afropedea". www.afropedea.org. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  5. ^ "Much work needed to 'target unacceptable levels' of racism in Ecuador: UN experts". UN News. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  6. ^ "Afro-Ecuadorians". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  7. ^ "Poverty rates in Ecuador". Statista. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  8. ^ "Government should do more to reduce poverty among Afro-Ecuadorians, UN says". CuencaHighLife. 2019-12-26. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  9. ^ a b c "Assessment for Blacks in Ecuador". CIDCM. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  10. ^ "Esmeraldas and its Afro-Ecuadorian Cultural Legacy". Sounds and Colours. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  11. ^ a b "How Afro-Ecuadorians shaped the country's culture". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  12. ^ "Afro Ecuador – Freedom Is Mine". Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  13. ^ "In Ecuador, a poor valley gets a kick start". Christian Science Monitor. 2006-12-27. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  14. ^ "Ecuadorian Culture: Customs, History, Society, Food | don Quijote". www.donquijote.org. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  15. ^ "Mónica, the first | Translation". Radio Ambulante. 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  16. ^ Ph. D., History; M. A., History; B. A., Rhodes College. "There Were 3 Major Ways That Enslaved People Resisted a Life in Bondage". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  17. ^ "A Botanical Story of Slavery and the Survival of the Wisdom of Africa". Hidden Garden. 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  18. ^ "Pigeonpea". Crop Wild Relatives. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  19. ^ Breslin, Patrick (2007). "Juan Garcia and the Oral Tradition of Afro-Ecuador". hdl:10644/5940. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ "La Tunda es un mito afroecuatoriano con fondo emancipador". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  21. ^ Lago, Ivonne. "Paola Cabezas: "A la vida hay que ponerle tumbao"". www.expreso.ec. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  22. ^ "UNESCO - Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  23. ^ Cornejo, Santiago Carcélen; Ordóñez, Fabricio Morales, The Guardians of the Marimba, the Cununo and the Guasa (in Spanish), retrieved 2021-08-12
  24. ^ "Discover the Afroecuadorian culture". This Is Ecuador. 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  25. ^ Velasco, Estefanía. "La Bomba, símbolo musical de resistencia de la minoría afroecuatoriana". El Comercio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  26. ^ "Marimba importance on the religious aspects of Afro-Ecuadorians" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-01-14.
  27. ^ Gonzalez, David; Alarcón, Johis (2019-05-31). "Afro-Ecuadoreans Maintain Identity Through Spiritual Practices". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  28. ^ "Paola Cabezas: "A la vida hay que ponerle tumbao"". 2020-12-21. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  29. ^ "Black Latin America". Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
  30. ^ "Athletics VILLALBA Virginia Elizabeth - Tokyo 2020 Olympics". Olympics.com/tokyo-2020/. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
  31. ^ "'We are one big heart' - how Ecuador's 4x100m women made Olympic history in Silesia | FEATURE | WRE 21 | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-08-10.