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{{short description|Consonants with a stop beginning and trill release}}
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'''Trilled affricates''', also known as '''post-trilled consonants''', are [[consonants]] which begin as a [[stop consonant|stop]] and have a [[trill consonant|trill]] release. These consonants are reported to exist in some [[Northern Paman languages]] in [[Australia]],<ref>Kenneth Hale, 1976, Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages</ref> as well as in [[Austronesian languages]] such as Fijian and [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]].
{{IPA notice}}

⚫
In [[articulatory phonetics]], '''trilled affricates''', also known as '''post-trilled consonants''', are [[consonants]] which begin as a [[stop consonant|stop]] and have a [[trill consonant|trill]] release. These consonants are reported to exist in some [[Northern Paman languages]] in [[Australia]],<ref>[[Kenneth L. Hale|Hale, Kenneth]] (1976). "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages." In: ''Languages of Cape York'', ed. Peter Sutton. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.</ref> as well as in some [[Chapacuran languages]] such [[Wariʼ language]] and [[Austronesian languages]] such as [[Fijian language|Fijian]] and [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]].


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Sound !! IPA !! Languages
! Sound (voiceless) !! IPA !! Languages !! Sound (voiced) !! IPA !! Languages
|-
|-
| Voiced prenasalized [[Bilabial trill|trilled bilabial]] affricate || {{IPA|[mbʙ]}} || [[Kele language (New Guinea)|Kele]] and [[Avava language|Avava]]
| Voiceless [[Voiceless bilabial trill|trilled bilabial]] affricate ||{{IPA|[pʙ̥]}} || Not attested in any natural language. || Voiced [[Bilabial trill|trilled bilabial]] affricate || {{IPA|[bʙ]}} || [[Kele language (New Guinea)|Kele]] and [[Malekula Central languages|Avava]]. Only reported in an allophone of [mb] before [o] or [u], [[Namuyi]]
|-
|-
| Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental consonant || {{IPA|[t̪ʙ̥]}} || [[Wari’ language|Wari’]]
| Voiceless [[Voiceless alveolar trill|trilled alveolar]] affricate || {{IPA|[tr̥]}} || [[Ngkoth language|Ngkoth]]
⚫
| Voiced [[Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|trilled alveolar]] affricate || {{IPA|[dr]}} || [[Nias language|Nias]], [[Fijian language|Fijian]] and [[Avava language|Avava]] also have this sound after [n].
|-
|-
| Voiceless epiglottal affricate || {{IPA|[ʡʜ]}} || Not attested in any natural language. || Voiced epiglottal affricate || {{IPA|[ʡʢ]}} || Hydaburg [[Haida language|Haida]]. Cognate to Southern Haida {{IPA|[ɢ]}}, Masset Haida {{IPA|[ʕ]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lingserver.arts.ubc.ca/linguistics/sites/default/files/1993_Bessell.pdf |title= Bessell 1993 |access-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185927/http://lingserver.arts.ubc.ca/linguistics/sites/default/files/1993_Bessell.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
⚫
| Voiced prenasalized trilled postalveolar affricate || {{IPA|[ndr]}} || [[Fijian language|Fijian]] and [[Avava languages|Avava]]
|-
| Voiceless alveolar trilled affricate || {{IPA|[tʳ]}} || [[Ngkoth language|Ngkoth]]
|-
| Voiced alveolar trilled affricate || {{IPA|[dʳ]}} || [[Nias language|Nias]]
|}
|}

In Fijian, trilling is rare in these sounds, and they are frequently distinguished by being [[postalveolar]].<ref>{{SOWL}} p. 131</ref> In Malagasy, they may have a rhotic release, {{IPA|[ʈɽ̝̊ ɳʈɽ̝̊ ɖɽ̝ ɳɖɽ̝]}}, be simple stops, {{IPA|[ʈ ɳʈ ɖ ɳɖ]}}, or standard affricates, {{IPA|[ʈʂ ɳʈʂ ɖʐ ɳɖʐ]}}.
In Fijian, trilling is rare in these sounds, and they are frequently distinguished by being [[postalveolar]].<ref>{{SOWL}} p. 131</ref> In Malagasy, they may have a rhotic release, {{IPA|[ʈɽ̝̊ ɳʈɽ̝̊ ɖɽ̝ ɳɖɽ̝]}}, be simple stops, {{IPA|[ʈ ɳʈ ɖ ɳɖ]}}, or standard affricates, {{IPA|[ʈʂ ɳʈʂ ɖʐ ɳɖʐ]}}.


Most post-trilled consonants are affricates: the stop and trill share the same [[place of articulation]]. However, there is a rare exception in a few neighboring Amazonian languages, where a voiceless [[bilabial trill|bilabially post-trilled]] dental stop, {{IPA|[t̪͡ʙ̥]}} (occasionally written "tᵖ") is reported from [[Pirahã language#The bilabially trilled affricate|Pirahã]] and from a few words in the [[Chapacuran languages]] [[Wari’ language|Wari’]] and [[Oro Win language|Oro Win]]. This sound also appears as an [[allophone]] of the labialized [[voiceless alveolar stop]] {{IPA|/tʷ/}} of [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] and [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]], but in those languages it is more often realised by a doubly articulated stop {{IPA|[t͡p]}}. In the Chapacuran languages, {{IPA|[tʙ̥]}} is reported almost exclusively before rounded vowels such as {{IPA|[o]}} and {{IPA|[y]}}.
Most post-trilled consonants are affricates: the stop and trill share the same [[place of articulation]]. However, there is a rare exception in a few neighboring Amazonian languages, where a voiceless [[bilabial trill|bilabially post-trilled]] dental stop, {{IPA|[t̪͡ʙ̥]}} (occasionally written {{IPA|[tᵖ]}}) is reported from [[Pirahã language#The bilabially trilled affricate|Pirahã]] and from a few words in the [[Chapacuran languages]] [[Wariʼ language|Wariʼ]] and [[Oro Win language|Oro Win]]. <!--This sound also appears as an [[allophone]] of the labialized [[voiceless alveolar stop]] {{IPA|/tʷ/}} of [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] and [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]], but in those languages it is more often realised by a doubly articulated stop {{IPA|[t͡p]}}.--> In the Chapacuran languages, {{IPA|[tʙ̥]}} is reported almost exclusively before rounded vowels such as {{IPA|[o]}} and {{IPA|[y]}}.

Hydaburg Haida {{IPA|[ʡʢ]}} is cognate to Southern Haida {{IPA|[ɢ]}}, Masset Haida {{IPA|[ʕ]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lingserver.arts.ubc.ca/linguistics/sites/default/files/1993_Bessell.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-08-06 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185927/http://lingserver.arts.ubc.ca/linguistics/sites/default/files/1993_Bessell.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Trill consonants]]
[[Category:Trill consonants]]
[[Category:Affricate consonants]]
[[Category:Affricates]]

Revision as of 20:00, 9 May 2024

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

In articulatory phonetics, trilled affricates, also known as post-trilled consonants, are consonants which begin as a stop and have a trill release. These consonants are reported to exist in some Northern Paman languages in Australia,[1] as well as in some Chapacuran languages such Wariʼ language and Austronesian languages such as Fijian and Malagasy.

Sound (voiceless) IPA Languages Sound (voiced) IPA Languages
Voiceless trilled bilabial affricate [pʙ̥] Not attested in any natural language. Voiced trilled bilabial affricate [bʙ] Kele and Avava. Only reported in an allophone of [mb] before [o] or [u], Namuyi
Voiceless trilled alveolar affricate [tr̥] Ngkoth Voiced trilled alveolar affricate [dr] Nias, Fijian and Avava also have this sound after [n].
Voiceless epiglottal affricate [ʡʜ] Not attested in any natural language. Voiced epiglottal affricate [ʡʢ] Hydaburg Haida. Cognate to Southern Haida [ɢ], Masset Haida [ʕ].[2]

In Fijian, trilling is rare in these sounds, and they are frequently distinguished by being postalveolar.[3] In Malagasy, they may have a rhotic release, [ʈɽ̝̊ ɳʈɽ̝̊ ɖɽ̝ ɳɖɽ̝], be simple stops, [ʈ ɳʈ ɖ ɳɖ], or standard affricates, [ʈʂ ɳʈʂ ɖʐ ɳɖʐ].

Most post-trilled consonants are affricates: the stop and trill share the same place of articulation. However, there is a rare exception in a few neighboring Amazonian languages, where a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, [t̪͡ʙ̥] (occasionally written [tᵖ]) is reported from Pirahã and from a few words in the Chapacuran languages Wariʼ and Oro Win. In the Chapacuran languages, [tʙ̥] is reported almost exclusively before rounded vowels such as [o] and [y].

Hydaburg Haida [ʡʢ] is cognate to Southern Haida [ɢ], Masset Haida [ʕ].[4]

References

  1. ^ Hale, Kenneth (1976). "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages." In: Languages of Cape York, ed. Peter Sutton. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
  2. ^ "Bessell 1993" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-05.
  3. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. p. 131
  4. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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