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{{Short description|Genus of sharks}}
{{Short description|Genus of sharks}}
{{Redirect|Mako shark}}
{{Redirect|Mako shark}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|99.7|0|[[Cretaceous]] - recent}}<ref name=AA/><ref>{{cite journal
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|34|0|[[Early Oligocene]] - recent}}
⚫
| image = Shortfin mako swfsc.jpg
|last=Sepkoski
⚫
| image_caption = [[Shortfin mako shark]] (''I. oxyrinchus'')
|first=Jack
⚫
| image2 = Isurus paucus.jpg
|title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)
⚫
| image2_caption = [[Longfin mako shark]] (''I. paucus'')
|journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology
⚫
| taxon = Isurus
|volume=364
⚫
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810
|page=560
⚫
| type_species = [[Shortfin mako shark|''Isurus oxyrinchus'']]
|date=2002
⚫
| type_species_authority = Rafinesque, 1810
|url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class
⚫
| synonyms = *''Isuropsis'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930154826/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class
|archive-date=2011-09-30
}}</ref>
⚫
| image = Shortfin mako swfsc.jpg
⚫
| image_caption = [[Shortfin mako shark]] (''I. oxyrinchus'')
⚫
| image2 = Isurus paucus.jpg
⚫
| image2_caption = [[Longfin mako shark]] (''I. paucus'')
⚫
| taxon = Isurus
⚫
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810
⚫
| type_species = [[Shortfin mako shark|''Isurus oxyrinchus'']]
⚫
| type_species_authority = Rafinesque, 1810
| synonyms =
⚫
*''Isuropsis'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
*''Lamiostoma'' <small>Glikman, 1964</small>
*''Lamiostoma'' <small>Glikman, 1964</small>
*''Oxyrhina'' <small>Agassiz, 1838</small>
*''Oxyrhina'' <small>Agassiz, 1838</small>
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}}
}}


'''''Isurus''''' (meaning "equal tail")<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isurus paucus |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/isurus-paucus/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Discover Fishes |language=en-US}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[Lamniformes|mackerel shark]]s in the family [[Lamnidae]], commonly known as the '''mako sharks'''. They are largely pelagic,<ref>McEachran, J.; Fechhelm, J.D. (1998). ''Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Vol. 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes''. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 43. {{ISBN|978-0-292-75206-1}}. {{OCLC |38468784}}. Retrieved 13 July 2021.</ref> fast predatory fish capable of swimming at speeds up to {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peter Klimley |first1=A. |last2=Beavers |first2=Sallie C. |last3=Curtis |first3=Tobey H. |last4=Jorgensen |first4=Salvador J. |date=2002 |title=Movements and Swimming Behavior of Three Species of Sharks in La Jolla Canyon, California |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1014200301213 |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=117–135 |doi=10.1023/A:1014200301213 |s2cid=27883104|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2023 |title=Shortfin Mako Shark |url=https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/sharks-rays/shortfin-mako-shark |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=ocean.si.edu}}</ref>
'''''Isurus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Lamniformes|mackerel shark]]s in the family [[Lamnidae]], commonly known as the '''mako sharks'''.


== Fossil history and evolution ==
⚫
==Description==
Although fossil teeth of ''Isurus'' have been reported from as early as the [[Late Cretaceous]],<ref>J. B. Reeside. 1955. Revised interpretation of the Cretaceous section on Vermilion Creek, Moffat County, Colorado. ''Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook - 1955'' 85-88</ref><ref>R. Zangerl and R. E. Sloan. 1960. A new specimen of Desmatochelys lowi Williston: a primitive cheloniid sea turtle from the Cretaceous of South Dakota. ''Fieldiana: Geology'' '''14(2)''':7-40</ref> they are likely to be of a shark with a similar dentition, ''[[Cretoxyrhina]]''; since at one point they were considered to be the same (now defunct) genus ''Oxyrhina'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agassiz |first=Louis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4275 |title=Recherches sur les poissons fossiles ... |date=1833 |publisher=Petitpierre |location=Neuchatel|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.4275 }}</ref> and modern referrals to ''Isurus'' in the Cretaceous are scant. The earliest appearance of ''Isurus'' proper seems to be during the [[Oligocene]] with ''Isurus desori''.<ref>Andre Pharisat & Norbert Micklich (1998) Oligocene fishes in the western Paratethys of the Rhine Valley Rift System, Italian Journal of Zoology, 65:S1, 163-168, {{doi|10.1080/11250009809386808}}</ref><ref>Merle, D. & Baut, J.-P. & Ginsburg, L. & Sagne, C. & Hervet, S. & Carriol, R.-P. & Venec-Peyre, T. & Blanc-Valleron, M. & Mourer-Chauviret, C. & Arambol, D. & Viette, P. (2002). Découverte d'une faune de vertébrés dans l'Oligocène inférieur de Vayres-sur-Essonne (bassin de Paris, France) : biodiversité et paléoenvironnement. ''Comptes Rendus Palevol, 1(2), 111–116.'' {{doi|10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00018-0}}</ref>
⚫
The two living species are the common [[shortfin mako shark]] (''I. oxyrinchus'') and the rare [[longfin mako shark]] (''I. paucus''). They range in length from {{convert|2.5|to|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and have an approximate maximum weight of {{convert|680|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. They both have a distinctive blue-gray color scheme common among mackerel sharks.


There has been much debate and speculation about the evolutionary origin and relationships between ''Isurus'' and its closest relatives, including the extant [[great white shark]] (''Carcharodon carcharias''). [[Molecular clock|Molecular clock analyses]] place the last common ancestor of ''Isurus'' and ''[[Carcharodon]]'' between 43-60 million years ago during the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene.<ref>Martin, A. P. (1996). "Systematics of the Lamnidae and the Origination Time of ''Carcharodon carcharias'' Inferred from the Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences". In Klimley, A. P.; Ainley, D. G. (eds.). ''Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias''. Academic Press. pp. 49–53. {{doi|10.1016/B978-0-12-415031-7.X5000-9}}. {{ISBN|978-0-12-415031-7}}</ref> This insight should guide efforts to better resolve the fossil ancestry of both lineages, by providing a window of time in which to search for ancestor candidates.
Several extinct species are known from fossils found in sediments from the [[Cretaceous]] to the [[Quaternary]] (age range: 99.7 to 0.781 million years ago).<ref name=AA>[http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34613 Fossilworks]</ref>


Many fossil species of [[Lamnidae|Lamnids]] have historically been placed under ''Isurus'', which are now largely considered separate genera. These include species of ''Carcharodon'' (''Cosmopolitodus'') like ''C. hastalis, C. planus'',<ref>Ehret, D.J., Macfadden, B.J., Jones, D.S., DeVries, T.J., Foster, D.A. and Salas-Gismondi, R. (2012), Origin of the white shark ''Carcharodon'' (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) based on recalibration of the Upper Neogene Pisco Formation of Peru. Palaeontology, 55: 1139-1153. {{doi|10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01201.x}}</ref> species of ''Macrorhizodus,''<ref>White, E., 1956. The Eocene Fishes of Alabama. ''Bulletin of American Paleontology'', 36 (no. 156): PRI. pp 122-152.</ref><ref>Glikman, L.S., 1964. Akuly paleogena i ikh stratigraphicheskoe znachenie. Akademii Nauk Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, 1-228 Moscow.</ref> ''Isurolamna'',<ref>Le Hon, H., 1871. ''Préliminaires d'un mémoir sur les poissons tertiaries de belgique.'' Brussels, pp. 1-15.</ref><ref>Leriche, M. 1905. Les poissons tertiaires de la Belgique. II. Les poissons éocènes. ''Mém. Mus. Roy. Hist. Natur. Belig.'', 11(3), p49-228.</ref> and others.
The family Lamnidae also includes the [[great white shark]] and the [[porbeagle]]. Mako sharks are capable of swimming at speeds up to 32&nbsp;km/hr (20&nbsp;mph).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peter Klimley|first=A.|last2=Beavers|first2=Sallie C.|last3=Curtis|first3=Tobey H.|last4=Jorgensen|first4=Salvador J.|date=2002|title=Movements and Swimming Behavior of Three Species of Sharks in La Jolla Canyon, California|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1014200301213|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|volume=63|issue=2|pages=117–135|doi=10.1023/A:1014200301213}}</ref> The great white shark is also closely related to an ancient mako shark species, ''Isurus hastalis''. However, fossil evidence suggests ''I. hastalis'', like the great white shark, also belonged to the genus ''[[Carcharodon]]''.<ref name = "Wiley Online Library">{{cite journal|title=Origin of the white shark Carcharodon (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) based on recalibration of the Upper Neogene Pisco Formation of Peru|journal=Palaeontology|volume=55|issue=6|pages=1139–1153|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01201.x|year=2012|last1=Ehret|first1=Dana J.|last2=MacFadden|first2=Bruce J.|last3=Jones|first3=Douglas S.|last4=Devries|first4=Thomas J.|last5=Foster|first5=David A.|last6=Salas-Gismondi|first6=Rodolfo}}</ref>

⚫
==Description==
⚫
The two living species are the [[shortfin mako shark]] (''I. oxyrinchus'') and the [[longfin mako shark]] (''I. paucus''). They range in length from {{convert|2.5|to|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}, and have an approximate maximum weight of {{convert|680|kg|lb|abbr=on}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}. They both have a distinctive blue-gray color scheme common among mackerel sharks.


==Species==
==Species==
The genus contains these species:<ref name=AA/>
The genus contains these species:<ref name="AA">[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34613 Fossilworks]</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Shortfin mako shark|Isurus oxyrinchus]]'' <small>([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810)</small> (shortfin mako shark)<ref>Smith, J.L.B. [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018543 Sharks of the Genus Isurus Rafinesque, 1810]. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 6. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa</ref>
* ''[[Shortfin mako shark|Isurus oxyrinchus]]'' <small>([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810)</small> (shortfin mako shark)<ref>Smith, J.L.B. [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018543 Sharks of the Genus Isurus Rafinesque, 1810]. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 6. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa</ref>
* ''[[Isurus paucus]]'' <small>([[Darío José Guitart-Manday|Guitart-Manday]], 1966)</small> (longfin mako shark)<ref>Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, ''Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982 {{ISBN|0-00-216987-8}}</ref>
* ''[[Isurus paucus]]'' <small>([[Darío José Guitart-Manday|Guitart-Manday]], 1966)</small> (longfin mako shark)<ref>Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, ''Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982 {{ISBN|0-00-216987-8}}</ref>
*†''[[Isurus desori]]'' <small>([[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843)</small>
*†''[[Isurus desori]]'' <small>([[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843)</small>
*†''[[Isurus escheri]]'' <small> Agassiz 1843</small>
*†''[[Isurus retroflexus]]'' <small>([[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843)</small>
*†''[[Isurus flandricus]]'' <small>(Leriche, 1910)</small>
*†''[[Isurus minutus]]'' <small>(Agassiz, 1843)</small>
*†''[[Isurus nakaminatoensis]]'' <small>(Saito, 1961)</small>
*†''[[Isurus planus]]'' <small>(Agassiz, 1856)</small>
*†''[[Isurus praecursor]]'' <small>(Leriche, 1905)</small>
*†''[[Isurus rameshi]]'' <small>(Mehrotra, Mishra & Srivastava, 1973)</small>
*†''[[Isurus spallanzani]]'' <small> Rafinesque 1810</small>


⚫
{{Div col end}}
[[File:Lamnidae - Isurus hastalis.JPG|thumb|240px|left|Fossil teeth of ''I. hastalis'']]
⚫
{{div col end}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Shortfin mako shark]]
* [[Longfin mako shark]]
* [[Carcharodon|White sharks]]
* [[List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish]]
* [[List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish]]
* [[Shark meat]]
* [[Shark meat]]
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{{Lamniformes}}
{{Lamniformes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q171298}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q171298}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Isurus| ]]
[[Category:Isurus| ]]

Latest revision as of 12:16, 12 May 2024

"Mako shark" redirects here. For other uses, see Mako shark (disambiguation).

Isurus
Temporal range: Early Oligocene - recent
Shortfin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus)
Longfin mako shark (I. paucus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Subdivision: Selachimorpha
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Lamnidae
Genus: Isurus
Rafinesque, 1810
Type species
Isurus oxyrinchus
Rafinesque, 1810
Synonyms
  • Isuropsis Gill, 1862
  • Lamiostoma Glikman, 1964
  • Oxyrhina Agassiz, 1838
  • Oxyrrhina Bonaparte, 1846
  • Plectrostoma Gistel, 1848

Isurus (meaning "equal tail")[1] is a genus of mackerel sharks in the family Lamnidae, commonly known as the mako sharks. They are largely pelagic,[2] fast predatory fish capable of swimming at speeds up to 50 km/h (31 mph).[3][4]

Fossil history and evolution

[edit]

Although fossil teeth of Isurus have been reported from as early as the Late Cretaceous,[5][6] they are likely to be of a shark with a similar dentition, Cretoxyrhina; since at one point they were considered to be the same (now defunct) genus Oxyrhina,[7] and modern referrals to Isurus in the Cretaceous are scant. The earliest appearance of Isurus proper seems to be during the Oligocene with Isurus desori.[8][9]

There has been much debate and speculation about the evolutionary origin and relationships between Isurus and its closest relatives, including the extant great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Molecular clock analyses place the last common ancestor of Isurus and Carcharodon between 43-60 million years ago during the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene.[10] This insight should guide efforts to better resolve the fossil ancestry of both lineages, by providing a window of time in which to search for ancestor candidates.

Many fossil species of Lamnids have historically been placed under Isurus, which are now largely considered separate genera. These include species of Carcharodon (Cosmopolitodus) like C. hastalis, C. planus,[11] species of Macrorhizodus,[12][13] Isurolamna,[14][15] and others.

Description

[edit]

The two living species are the shortfin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus) and the longfin mako shark (I. paucus). They range in length from 2.5 to 4.5 m (8.2 to 14.8 ft)[citation needed], and have an approximate maximum weight of 680 kg (1,500 lb)[citation needed]. They both have a distinctive blue-gray color scheme common among mackerel sharks.

Species

[edit]

The genus contains these species:[16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Isurus paucus". Discover Fishes. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  2. ^ McEachran, J.; Fechhelm, J.D. (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Vol. 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-292-75206-1. OCLC 38468784. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  3. ^ Peter Klimley, A.; Beavers, Sallie C.; Curtis, Tobey H.; Jorgensen, Salvador J. (2002). "Movements and Swimming Behavior of Three Species of Sharks in La Jolla Canyon, California". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 63 (2): 117–135. doi:10.1023/A:1014200301213. S2CID 27883104.
  4. ^ "Shortfin Mako Shark". ocean.si.edu. May 23, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  5. ^ J. B. Reeside. 1955. Revised interpretation of the Cretaceous section on Vermilion Creek, Moffat County, Colorado. Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook - 1955 85-88
  6. ^ R. Zangerl and R. E. Sloan. 1960. A new specimen of Desmatochelys lowi Williston: a primitive cheloniid sea turtle from the Cretaceous of South Dakota. Fieldiana: Geology 14(2):7-40
  7. ^ Agassiz, Louis (1833). Recherches sur les poissons fossiles ... Neuchatel: Petitpierre. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4275.
  8. ^ Andre Pharisat & Norbert Micklich (1998) Oligocene fishes in the western Paratethys of the Rhine Valley Rift System, Italian Journal of Zoology, 65:S1, 163-168, doi:10.1080/11250009809386808
  9. ^ Merle, D. & Baut, J.-P. & Ginsburg, L. & Sagne, C. & Hervet, S. & Carriol, R.-P. & Venec-Peyre, T. & Blanc-Valleron, M. & Mourer-Chauviret, C. & Arambol, D. & Viette, P. (2002). Découverte d'une faune de vertébrés dans l'Oligocène inférieur de Vayres-sur-Essonne (bassin de Paris, France) : biodiversité et paléoenvironnement. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 1(2), 111–116. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00018-0
  10. ^ Martin, A. P. (1996). "Systematics of the Lamnidae and the Origination Time of Carcharodon carcharias Inferred from the Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences". In Klimley, A. P.; Ainley, D. G. (eds.). Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. Academic Press. pp. 49–53. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-415031-7.X5000-9. ISBN 978-0-12-415031-7
  11. ^ Ehret, D.J., Macfadden, B.J., Jones, D.S., DeVries, T.J., Foster, D.A. and Salas-Gismondi, R. (2012), Origin of the white shark Carcharodon (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) based on recalibration of the Upper Neogene Pisco Formation of Peru. Palaeontology, 55: 1139-1153. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01201.x
  12. ^ White, E., 1956. The Eocene Fishes of Alabama. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 36 (no. 156): PRI. pp 122-152.
  13. ^ Glikman, L.S., 1964. Akuly paleogena i ikh stratigraphicheskoe znachenie. Akademii Nauk Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, 1-228 Moscow.
  14. ^ Le Hon, H., 1871. Préliminaires d'un mémoir sur les poissons tertiaries de belgique. Brussels, pp. 1-15.
  15. ^ Leriche, M. 1905. Les poissons tertiaires de la Belgique. II. Les poissons éocènes. Mém. Mus. Roy. Hist. Natur. Belig., 11(3), p49-228.
  16. ^ Fossilworks
  17. ^ Smith, J.L.B. Sharks of the Genus Isurus Rafinesque, 1810. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 6. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
  18. ^ Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982 ISBN 0-00-216987-8
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