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{{Short description|Nematode worm, plant disease, many hosts}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Meloidogyne incognita''
| image = A juvenile root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) penetrates a tomato root - USDA-ARS.jpg
| image = A juvenile root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) penetrates a tomato root - USDA-ARS.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Meloidogyne
⚫
| species =incognita
| phylum = [[nematode|Nematoda]]
| authority = (Kofoid & White, 1919)
| classis = [[Secernentea]]
| ordo = [[Tylenchida]]
| familia = [[Heteroderidae]]
| genus = '''''[[Meloidogyne]]'''''
⚫
| species = '''''M. incognita'''''
| binomial = ''Meloidogyne incognita''
| binomial_authority =
}}
}}


'''''[[Root-knot nematode|Meloidogyne]] incognita''''' (root-knot nematode - RKN), also known as the "southern root-nematode" or "cotton root-knot nematode" is a plant-parasitic roundworm in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Heteroderidae]]. This nematode is one of the four commonest species worldwide and has numerous hosts. It typically incites large, usually irregular galls on roots as a result of parasitism.
'''''Meloidogyne incognita''''' ('''root-knot nematode''', '''RKN'''), also known as the '''southern root-nematode''' or '''cotton root-knot nematode''' is a [[plant-parasitic nematode|plant-parasitic]] roundworm in the family [[Heteroderidae]]. This nematode is one of the four most common species worldwide and has numerous hosts. It typically incites large, usually irregular [[gall]]s on roots as a result of parasitism.


''M. incognita'' can move along shallower temperature gradients (0.001C/cm) than any other known organism,<ref>Pline, Diez, and Dusenbery, J. Nematology, 20:605-608 (1988). ''Extremely sensitive thermotaxis of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita.''</ref> an example of [[thermotaxis]]. The response is complicated and thought to allow the nematodes to move toward an appropriate level in soil,<ref>Dusenbery, D.B. Biological Cybernetics, 60:431-437 (1989). ''A simple animal can use a complex stimulus pattern to find a location,''</ref> while they search for chemical cues that can guide them to specific roots.<ref>Pline and Dusenbery. 1987. Responses of the plant-parasitic nematode ''Meloidogyne incognita'' to carbon dioxide determined by video camera-computer tracking. J. Chem. Ecol. 13 : 873-888.</ref><ref>Dusenbery. 1987. The theoretical range over which bacteria and nematodes locate plant roots using carbon dioxide. J. Chem. Ecol. 13 : 1617-1624.</ref><ref>Diez and Dusenbery. 1989. Repellent of root-knot nematodes from the exudate of host roots. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:2445-2455.</ref>
''M. incognita'' can move along shallower temperature gradients (0.001&nbsp;°C/cm) than any other known organism,<ref>Pline, Diez, and Dusenbery, J. [[Nematology (journal)|Nematology]], 20:605-608 (1988). ''Extremely sensitive thermotaxis of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita.''</ref> an example of [[thermotaxis]]. The response is complicated and thought to allow the nematodes to move toward an appropriate level in soil,<ref>Dusenbery, D.B. [[Biological Cybernetics]], 60:431-437 (1989). ''A simple animal can use a complex stimulus pattern to find a location''.</ref> while they search for chemical cues that can guide them to specific roots.<ref>Pline and Dusenbery. 1987. Responses of the plant-parasitic nematode ''Meloidogyne incognita'' to carbon dioxide determined by video camera-computer tracking. [[Journal of Chemical Ecology]]. 13 : 873-888.</ref><ref>Dusenbery. 1987. The theoretical range over which bacteria and nematodes locate plant roots using carbon dioxide. [[Journal of Chemical Ecology]]. 13 : 1617-1624.</ref><ref>Diez and Dusenbery. 1989. Repellent of root-knot nematodes from the exudate of host roots. [[Journal of Chemical Ecology]]. 15:2445-2455.</ref>


== Distribution ==
== Distribution ==
''Meloidogyne incognita'' is widely spread around the globe and found in many different soil types.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/33245|title=Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode)|last=CABI}}</ref>
''Meloidogyne incognita'' is widely spread around the globe and found in many different soil types.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/33245|title=''Meloidogyne incognita'' (root-knot nematode)|last=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]] (CABI)}}</ref>


== Host ==
== Host ==
''Meloidogyne incognita'' is probably the most economically important [[plant-parasitic nematode]] species among the tropical and subtropical regions. This nematode is extremely polyphagous, attacking both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. It is estimated that more than 3,000 plant species can be affected.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Root-Knot Nematodes|last=Perry|first=R.N.|last2=Starr|first2=J.L.|publisher=CABI International|year=2009|isbn=9781845934927|location=London|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpotato%20Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblems/Nematodes/RootKnotNematode/Root-knot.htm|title=Root-Knot Nematode|last=Gasparin|first=Ruben}}</ref>
''Meloidogyne incognita'' is probably the most economically important [[plant-parasitic nematode]] species among the tropical and subtropical regions. This nematode is extremely [[polyphagous]], attacking both [[monocotyledon]]s and [[dicotyledon]]s. It is estimated that more than 3,000 plant species can be affected.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Root-Knot Nematodes|last=Perry|first=R.N.|last2=Starr|first2=J.L.|publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]] (CABI)|year=2009|isbn=9781845934927|location=[[London]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpotato%20Diagnotes/Media/Html/TheProblems/Nematodes/RootKnotNematode/Root-knot.htm|title=Root-Knot Nematode|last=Gasparin|first=Ruben}}</ref> It is a common cause of severe [[cassava diseases|disease]] in the staple crop [[cassava]] (''Manihot esculenta'').<ref name = "Profoundly" /> It produces severe [[gall]]ing and thus [[yield loss]].<ref name = "Profoundly" >
{{ Unbulleted list citebundle
| This review...
|{{*}} {{ Cite journal |
language =en|
year =2021|
issue =3|
volume =23|
publisher =[[Brill Publishers]]|
pages =247–285|
first5 =Hendrika|
first4 =Milad|
first3 =Mieke|
first2 =Mariette|
first1 =Raymond|
last5 =Fourie|
last4 =Rashidifard|
last3 =Daneel|
last2 =Marais|
last1 =Collett|
issn =1388-5545|
eissn =1568-5411|
journal =[[Nematology (journal)|Nematology]]|
doi =10.1163/15685411-bja10076|
s2cid =233926651|
title =''Meloidogyne enterolobii'', a threat to crop production with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa: an extensive, critical and updated review}}
|...cites this study:
|{{*}} {{ Cite journal |
language =en|
doi-access =free|
year =2020|
issue =6|
volume =22|
department =Research Article|
publisher =[[Brill Publishers]]|
pages =667–676|
first4 =Danny|
first3 =Peter|
first2 =Steve|
first1 =Aminat|
last4 =Coyne|
last3 =Kulakow|
last2 =Afolami|
last1 =Akinsanya|
issn =1388-5545|
eissn =1568-5411|
journal =[[Nematology (journal)|Nematology]]|
title =The root-knot nematode, ''Meloidogyne incognita'', profoundly affects the production of popular biofortified cassava cultivars|
s2cid =213673301|
doi =10.1163/15685411-00003331}}
}}
</ref>


== Symptoms ==
== Symptoms ==
Plants affected by ''M. incognita'' presents above ground symptoms of water and nutrient stress, yellowing, wilting, and stunting. Below ground galling on roots, bulbs, tubers is the typical symptom. Plant death may occur in high infestation level.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
Plants affected by ''M. incognita'' present above ground symptoms of water- and nutrient-stress, yellowing, wilting, and stunting. Below ground [[gall]]ing on roots, bulbs, tubers is the typical symptom. Plant death may occur in high infestation level.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
Females of ''M. incognita'' are pear-shaped with no posterior protuberance. Their stylet ranges from 15-16 µm long, and knobs are rounded and offset. Perineal pattern is oval to rounded, typically with high dorsal arch, striae usually wavy, and lateral field absent or weakly demarcated. Males have a not offset head with an elevated labial disc without lateral lips (usually). Their stylet ranges from 23-26 µm long, and knobs are rounded to oval and offset. Juveniles second stage body size range from 350-450 µm long. Their tail has rounded tip and range from 43-65 µm in length with 6-14 µm long hyaline region.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne|last=Sasser|first=J.N.|last2=Carter|first2=C.C.|publisher=North Carolina State University Graphics|year=1985|isbn=0931901014|volume=Volume 1|location=Raleigh|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Plant Nematology|last=Perry|first=R.N.|last2=Moens|first2=Maurice|publisher=CABI International|year=2013|isbn=9781780641515|location=|pages=}}</ref>
Females of ''M. incognita'' are pear-shaped with no posterior protuberance. Their stylet ranges from 15 to 16&nbsp;μm long, and knobs are rounded and offset. Perineal pattern is oval to rounded, typically with high dorsal arch, striae usually wavy, and lateral field absent or weakly demarcated. Males have a not offset head with an elevated labial disc without lateral lips (usually). Their stylet ranges from 23 to 26&nbsp;μm long, and knobs are rounded to oval and offset. Juveniles' second stage body size ranges from 350 to 450&nbsp;μm long. Their tail has a rounded tip and ranges from 43 to 65&nbsp;μm in length with a 6 to 14&nbsp;μm long hyaline region.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=An Advanced Treatise on ''Meloidogyne''|last=Sasser|first=J.N.|last2=Carter|first2=C.C.|publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] Graphics|year=1985|isbn=0931901014|volume=1|location=[[Raleigh]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Plant Nematology|last=Perry|first=R.N.|last2=Moens|first2=Maurice|publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]] (CABI)|year=2013|isbn=9781780641515}}</ref>


== Life Cycle ==
== Life cycle ==
Within the egg, the first molt occurs and a juvenile first state (J1) becomes a juvenile second stage (J2). Under favorable conditions (temperature, moisture, host stimulus) the J2 hatches, reaches and penetrates the host root. Root tips are the primary infection court. Once inside the roots, J2 migrate through cortical tissues towards the vascular zone where they establish a permanent feeding site called giant cell. At this point the nematode enlarges acquire a “sausage” shape and becomes sedentary. Three more molts occur, J2 becomes J3, J4 and then adult. ''M. incognita'' is sexually dimorphic. Females acquire a globose shaped body while males become vermiform and leave the roots. Upon maturity females lay eggs into a gelatinous mass that protect them against unfavorable environmental conditions, and the life cycle is repeated. It takes 37 days at 21 degree Celsius for ''M. incognita'' to complete its life cycle.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
Within the egg, the first molt occurs and a juvenile first state (J1) becomes a juvenile second stage (J2). Under favorable conditions (temperature, moisture, host stimulus) the J2 hatches, reaches and penetrates the host root. Root tips are the primary infection court. Once inside the roots, J2 migrate through cortical tissues towards the vascular zone where they establish a permanent feeding site called giant cell. At this point the nematode enlarges acquire a "sausage" shape and becomes sedentary. Three more molts occur, J2 becomes J3, J4 and then adult. ''M. incognita'' is sexually dimorphic. Females acquire a globose shaped body while males become vermiform and leave the roots. Upon maturity females lay eggs into a gelatinous mass that protect them against unfavorable environmental conditions, and the life cycle is repeated. It takes 37 days at {{ Convert |21|C}} for ''M. incognita'' to complete its life cycle.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />


== Management ==
== Management ==
Management of ''M. incognita'' depends primarily on the crop being affected and relies on multiple strategies such as cultural, biological and chemical control. Among the cultural control crop rotation with nonhost or resistant varieties can be used to keep the nematode population at tolerable levels. Also, usage of organic amendments and antagonistic crops such as ''Crotalaria spectabilis'' (Leguminosae) and several ''Tagetes'' species (Asteraceae) is effective against this nematode. Some fungus that parasites eggs, for example ''Paecilomyces lilacinus'', have been using as a biological control. There are several nematicides out in the market for controlling ''M. incognita''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />''.''
Management of ''M. incognita'' depends primarily on the crop being affected and relies on multiple strategies such as [[cultural control|cultural]], [[biological control|biological]] and [[Insecticide|chemical]] control. Among the cultural control crop rotation with nonhost or resistant varieties can be used to keep the nematode population at tolerable levels. Also, usage of organic amendments and antagonistic crops such as ''[[Crotalaria spectabilis]]'' (Leguminosae) and several ''[[Tagetes]]'' species (Asteraceae) is effective against this nematode. Some fungi that parasitize eggs, for example ''[[Paecilomyces lilacinus]]'', have been using as a biological control. There are several [[nematicide]]s out in the market for controlling ''M. incognita''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Coffee root-knot nematode]]
* [[Coffee root-knot nematode]]
* [[Sodium azide#Agricultural uses|Sodium azide]] - used for agricultural control of Meloidogyne incognita
* [[Sodium azide#Agricultural uses|Sodium azide]] – used for agricultural control of ''Meloidogyne incognita''


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* Lamberti, Franco and Taylor, Charles Edwin (eds.) (1979) ''Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species): systematics, biology and control'' Academic Press, New York, {{ISBN|0-12-434850-5}} ;
* Lamberti, Franco and Taylor, Charles Edwin (eds.) (1979) ''Root-knot nematodes (''Meloidogyne'' species): systematics, biology and control'' [[Academic Press]], [[New York City]], {{ISBN|0-12-434850-5}} ;
* Diez, J. A., and Dusenbery, D. B. (1989) "Preferred temperature of ''Meloidogyne incognita''" Journal of Nematology 21: pp.&nbsp;99–104;
* Diez, J. A., and Dusenbery, D. B. (1989) "Preferred temperature of ''Meloidogyne incognita''" [[Journal of Nematology]] 21: pp.&nbsp;99–104;
* [http://genomebiology.com/2003/4/4/R26 McCarter, James P. ''et al.'' (2003) "Analysis and functional classification of transcripts from the nematode ''Meloidogyne incognita''" ''Genome Biology'' 4: R26], {{doi|10.1186/gb-2003-4-4-r26}}
* [http://genomebiology.com/2003/4/4/R26 McCarter, James P. ''et al.'' (2003) "Analysis and functional classification of transcripts from the nematode ''Meloidogyne incognita''" ''Genome Biology'' 4: R26] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130231318/http://genomebiology.com/2003/4/4/R26 |date=2012-11-30 }}, {{doi|10.1186/gb-2003-4-4-r26}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021101164442/http://www.nematode.net/Species.Summaries/Meloidogyne.incognita/index.php Photo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021101164442/http://www.nematode.net/Species.Summaries/Meloidogyne.incognita/index.php Photo]
* [https://archive.is/19991013024346/http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/meloidogyneincognita Description]
* [https://archive.today/19991013024346/http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/meloidogyneincognita Description]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q628493}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q628493}}
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[[Category:Grape pest nematodes]]
[[Category:Grape pest nematodes]]
[[Category:Cotton diseases]]
[[Category:Cotton diseases]]
[[Category:Tylenchida]]
[[Category:Cassava diseases]]

Latest revision as of 08:32, 16 May 2024

Meloidogyne incognita
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Secernentea
Order: Tylenchida
Family: Heteroderidae
Genus: Meloidogyne
Species:
M. incognita
Binomial name
Meloidogyne incognita
(Kofoid & White, 1919)

Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode, RKN), also known as the southern root-nematode or cotton root-knot nematode is a plant-parasitic roundworm in the family Heteroderidae. This nematode is one of the four most common species worldwide and has numerous hosts. It typically incites large, usually irregular galls on roots as a result of parasitism.

M. incognita can move along shallower temperature gradients (0.001 °C/cm) than any other known organism,[1] an example of thermotaxis. The response is complicated and thought to allow the nematodes to move toward an appropriate level in soil,[2] while they search for chemical cues that can guide them to specific roots.[3][4][5]

Distribution

[edit]

Meloidogyne incognita is widely spread around the globe and found in many different soil types.[6]

Host

[edit]

Meloidogyne incognita is probably the most economically important plant-parasitic nematode species among the tropical and subtropical regions. This nematode is extremely polyphagous, attacking both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. It is estimated that more than 3,000 plant species can be affected.[6][7][8] It is a common cause of severe disease in the staple crop cassava (Manihot esculenta).[9] It produces severe galling and thus yield loss.[9]

Symptoms

[edit]

Plants affected by M. incognita present above ground symptoms of water- and nutrient-stress, yellowing, wilting, and stunting. Below ground galling on roots, bulbs, tubers is the typical symptom. Plant death may occur in high infestation level.[6][8]

Morphology

[edit]

Females of M. incognita are pear-shaped with no posterior protuberance. Their stylet ranges from 15 to 16 μm long, and knobs are rounded and offset. Perineal pattern is oval to rounded, typically with high dorsal arch, striae usually wavy, and lateral field absent or weakly demarcated. Males have a not offset head with an elevated labial disc without lateral lips (usually). Their stylet ranges from 23 to 26 μm long, and knobs are rounded to oval and offset. Juveniles' second stage body size ranges from 350 to 450 μm long. Their tail has a rounded tip and ranges from 43 to 65 μm in length with a 6 to 14 μm long hyaline region.[7][10][11]

Life cycle

[edit]

Within the egg, the first molt occurs and a juvenile first state (J1) becomes a juvenile second stage (J2). Under favorable conditions (temperature, moisture, host stimulus) the J2 hatches, reaches and penetrates the host root. Root tips are the primary infection court. Once inside the roots, J2 migrate through cortical tissues towards the vascular zone where they establish a permanent feeding site called giant cell. At this point the nematode enlarges acquire a "sausage" shape and becomes sedentary. Three more molts occur, J2 becomes J3, J4 and then adult. M. incognita is sexually dimorphic. Females acquire a globose shaped body while males become vermiform and leave the roots. Upon maturity females lay eggs into a gelatinous mass that protect them against unfavorable environmental conditions, and the life cycle is repeated. It takes 37 days at 21 °C (70 °F) for M. incognita to complete its life cycle.[7][10][11]

Management

[edit]

Management of M. incognita depends primarily on the crop being affected and relies on multiple strategies such as cultural, biological and chemical control. Among the cultural control crop rotation with nonhost or resistant varieties can be used to keep the nematode population at tolerable levels. Also, usage of organic amendments and antagonistic crops such as Crotalaria spectabilis (Leguminosae) and several Tagetes species (Asteraceae) is effective against this nematode. Some fungi that parasitize eggs, for example Paecilomyces lilacinus, have been using as a biological control. There are several nematicides out in the market for controlling M. incognita.[6][7][8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pline, Diez, and Dusenbery, J. Nematology, 20:605-608 (1988). Extremely sensitive thermotaxis of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita.
  2. ^ Dusenbery, D.B. Biological Cybernetics, 60:431-437 (1989). A simple animal can use a complex stimulus pattern to find a location.
  3. ^ Pline and Dusenbery. 1987. Responses of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita to carbon dioxide determined by video camera-computer tracking. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 13 : 873-888.
  4. ^ Dusenbery. 1987. The theoretical range over which bacteria and nematodes locate plant roots using carbon dioxide. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 13 : 1617-1624.
  5. ^ Diez and Dusenbery. 1989. Repellent of root-knot nematodes from the exudate of host roots. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 15:2445-2455.
  6. ^ a b c d Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI). "Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode)".
  7. ^ a b c d Perry, R.N.; Starr, J.L. (2009). Root-Knot Nematodes. London: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI). ISBN 9781845934927.
  8. ^ a b c Gasparin, Ruben. "Root-Knot Nematode".
  9. ^ a b
  10. ^ a b Sasser, J.N.; Carter, C.C. (1985). An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol. 1. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Graphics. ISBN 0931901014.
  11. ^ a b Perry, R.N.; Moens, Maurice (2013). Plant Nematology. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI). ISBN 9781780641515.
[edit]
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