Mexico–Peru relations: Difference between revisions

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The nations of Mexico and Peru established diplomatic relations in 1823.^[1] Diplomatic relations were briefly cut in 1932 and reinstated again in 1933. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Lima Group, Organization of Ibero-American States, Organization of American States, Pacific Alliance and the United Nations.

History

Historically, both nations were host to great indigenous cultures; the Aztecs and Mayas in Mexico and the Incas in Peru. During colonization, both nations were part of the Spanish Empire until the early 19th century. Mexico was part of Viceroyalty of New Spain while Peru was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru were established in 1823, two years after Peru gained its independence from Spain.^[1] In October 1892, Mexico opened its first consulate in Lima followed by the opening of an embassy on 14 June 1937.^[1]

In 1932, a Peruvian newspaper published a letter by Peruvian politician Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre where he talks about wanting to establish different styles of governing in Latin America. The letter was addressed to a colleague and states the plan in detail to another friend who he sent a letter (but never arrived) via a Mexican diplomatic pouch to Lima.^[2] This letter caused such an outrage in Peru that the government accused the Mexican government of 'meddling' in its internal affairs and severed diplomatic relations with Mexico. Diplomatic relations were once again restored in 1933 with the incoming of a new president in Peru.^[2]

In 1960, President Adolfo López Mateos was the first highest ranking Mexican official to visit Peru, followed by President Luis Echeverría in 1974. It was not until the 1990s that Peruvian Presidents Alan Garcia and Alberto Fujimori paid official visits to Mexico. Since then, there have been a continuous flow of official visits by both nations to each other's countries, respectively.^[1]

In 2012, both nations became founding founders of the Pacific Alliance (along with Colombia and Chile). In July 2016, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto attended the inauguration of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. In December 2018, Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra attended the inauguration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

In December 2022, López Obrador revealed that Peruvian President Pedro Castillo intended to request political asylum following the backlash to Castillo's attempted self-coup.^[3] Castillo was arrested before reaching the Mexican Embassy in Lima.^[3] On December 20, the family of former President Castillo was granted asylum and flown to Mexico. The Mexican ambassador in Lima was declared "persona non grata" and ordered to leave Peru.^[4] In February 2023, Peruvian President Dina Boluarte withdrew the ambassador of Peru in Mexico.^[5] In May 2023, the Peruvian Congress declared Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador persona non grata citing "his meddling in Peru's internal affairs and marking a deepening diplomatic split in the region".^[6] President López Obrador has also refused to hand over the presidency of the Pacific Alliance to Peru as the Mexican Government refuses to recognize President Boluarte and her Government since the removal of President Pedro Castillo, however, the presidency was passed on to Boluarte by Chilean President Gabriel Boric in 2023.^[7]

In April 2024, Mexico's Secretariat of the Interior announced that it will return to asking visas for Peruvian citizens entering the country, arguing that there has been an increase in the influx of Peruvian citizens trying to illegally cross the Mexican border to the United States.^[8] Mexico had previously stopped asking visas for Peruvian citizens back in 2012 as an agreement to boost tourism and business between Pacific Alliance members.^[9] In response to the unilateral visa resumption, citing reciprocity, the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the country will also be asking visas for Mexican citizens entering the country.^[10] However, four days later, Peru reversed its stance and decided to repeal the official decree imposing visas for Mexican citizens, mostly due to concerns from local business unions about the measure's impact on the tourism sector.^[11]^[12]

High-level visit.

Presidential visits from Mexico to Peru^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

President Adolfo López Mateos (1960)
President Luis Echeverría (1974)
President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1989)
President Vicente Fox (2001, 2003, 2004)
President Felipe Calderón (2008, 2011)
President Enrique Peña Nieto (2013, 2015, July and November 2016, 2018)

Presidential visits from Peru to Mexico^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

President Alan García (1985, 1987)
President Alberto Fujimori (1991, 1996)
President Alejandro Toledo (2002)
President Ollanta Humala (2011, June and December 2014)
President Martín Vizcarra (July and December 2018)
President Pedro Castillo (2021)

Bilateral agreements

Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Arbitration Treaty (1902); Agreement for the Exchange of Diplomatic Pouches (1919); Agreement for Cultural and Educational Cooperation (1975); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1987); Agreement on Air Transportation (1989); Agreement of Cooperation in Combating Drug Trafficking and Drug Dependency (1991); Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation (1996); Extradition Treaty (2000); Agreement on Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2000); Agreement on the Execution of Criminal Judgments (2002); Agreement for Protection, Conservation, Recovery and Return of Stolen Archaeological, Artistic, Historical and Cultural Goods (2002); Agreement for Commercial Integration (2011); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and to Prevent Fiscal Evasion in relation to Taxes on Income (2011) and an Agreement of Strategic Association (2014).^[23]

Transport

There are direct flights between both nations with the following airlines: Aeroméxico, LATAM Perú, Sky Airline Peru and Volaris.

Trade relations

On 1 February 2012, a free trade agreement between the two nations came into effect.^[24] In 2023, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$2.7 billion.^[25] Mexico's main exports to Peru include: flat screen TVs; tractors for semi-trailers; shampoos; corrugated bars; silver minerals; electronics and automobiles. Peru's main exports to Mexico include: natural gas; minerals from copper; tomato; calamari; boxes, crates and cages; lead minerals; chilies sweets or peppers; tables, planks and beams.^[25]

Several Mexican multinational companies such as América Móvil, Cinépolis, FEMSA, Grupo Bimbo, Grupo México, Grupo Salinas, Orbia, Oxxo and Sigma Alimentos (among others) operate in Peru. Peruvian multinational company Ajegroup (Kola Real) operates in Mexico. In 2022, Mexican companies invested US$16 billion in Peru.^[26] Mexico is Peru's third largest trading partner in Latin America (after Brazil and Chile).^[26]

Resident diplomatic missions

Mexico has an embassy in Lima.^[27]
Peru has an embassy and a consulate-general in Mexico City.^[28]

Embassy of Mexico in Lima
Embassy of Peru in Mexico City

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)
^ ^a ^b Aspiraciones Antiimperialistas e Intereses Nacionales: Las Relaciones Exteriores entre México y Perú (1930-1945) (in Spanish)
^ ^a ^b "Mexico says it is consulting with Peru over Castillo asylum request". Reuters. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Oré, Diego; Aquino, Marco (21 December 2022). "Peru orders Mexico's ambassador out as diplomatic spat deepens". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ "Dina Boluarte ordena el retiro definitivo del embajador de Perú en México tras críticas de AMLO". El Universal (in Spanish). 24 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
^ Peru's Congress deems Mexican leader unwelcome, regional split deepens
^ Chile traspasa a Perú la presidencia de la Alianza del Pacífico, tras la negativa de México (in Spanish)
^ "Mexico to require visas for Peru nationals after migration spike". Reuters.
^ "Pacific Alliance countries to eliminate visas". andina.pe (in Spanish). 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
^ "El Perú impondrá visas a ciudadanos mexicanos para visitas de corta duración". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-15.
^ "Comunicado de Prensa 004-2024". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-15.
^ "APAVIT AGRADECE A CANCILLER POR ESCUCHAR AL SECTOR". T News (in Spanish). 2024-04-10. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
^ Permisos Concedidos al Presidente de la República Vicente Fox Quesada para Ausentarse del Territorio Nacional (in Spanish)
^ Viajes realizados al extranjero por el C. Felipe Calderón (in Spanish)
^ Presidente de México llegó a Lima para visita oficial (in Spanish)
^ Peña Nieto llega a Perú; asistirá a cena con Presidente Humala (in Spanish)
^ "Peña Nieto llega a Perú para participar en cumbre de APEC". Excelsior (in Spanish). 18 November 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ President of Peru visits Mexico; 1985 (in Spanish)
^ "Visitas de mandatarios sudamericanos a México (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ Mandatarios de Países que Asistieron a la Primera Reunión Cumbre Iberoamericana, Guadalajara, México, 18 y 19 de Julio, 1991. (in Spanish)
^ El Presidente de México recibió a su homólogo peruano en el patio central de Palacio Nacional (in Spanish)
^ Iniciará Toledo visita oficial a México, participará en APEC (in Spanish)
^ Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)
^ Acuerdo de Integración Comercial Perú – México (in Spanish)
^ ^a ^b Data México: Peru
^ ^a ^b Perú busca superar US$ 16,000 millones de inversión extranjera directa desde México (in Spanish)
^ Embassy of Mexico in Lima (in Spanish)
^ Embassy of Peru in Mexico City (in Spanish)

[History-1] History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)

[Letter-2] Aspiraciones Antiimperialistas e Intereses Nacionales: Las Relaciones Exteriores entre México y Perú (1930-1945) (in Spanish)

[Reuters-3] "Mexico says it is consulting with Peru over Castillo asylum request". Reuters. Retrieved 8 December 2022.

[4] Oré, Diego; Aquino, Marco (21 December 2022). "Peru orders Mexico's ambassador out as diplomatic spat deepens". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

[5] "Dina Boluarte ordena el retiro definitivo del embajador de Perú en México tras críticas de AMLO". El Universal (in Spanish). 24 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.

[6] Peru's Congress deems Mexican leader unwelcome, regional split deepens

[7] Chile traspasa a Perú la presidencia de la Alianza del Pacífico, tras la negativa de México (in Spanish)

[8] "Mexico to require visas for Peru nationals after migration spike". Reuters.

[9] "Pacific Alliance countries to eliminate visas". andina.pe (in Spanish). 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2024-04-15.

[10] "El Perú impondrá visas a ciudadanos mexicanos para visitas de corta duración". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-15.

[11] "Comunicado de Prensa 004-2024". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-15.

[12] "APAVIT AGRADECE A CANCILLER POR ESCUCHAR AL SECTOR". T News (in Spanish). 2024-04-10. Retrieved 2024-04-15.

[13] Permisos Concedidos al Presidente de la República Vicente Fox Quesada para Ausentarse del Territorio Nacional (in Spanish)

[14] Viajes realizados al extranjero por el C. Felipe Calderón (in Spanish)

[15] Presidente de México llegó a Lima para visita oficial (in Spanish)

[16] Peña Nieto llega a Perú; asistirá a cena con Presidente Humala (in Spanish)

[17] "Peña Nieto llega a Perú para participar en cumbre de APEC". Excelsior (in Spanish). 18 November 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

[18] President of Peru visits Mexico; 1985 (in Spanish)

[19] "Visitas de mandatarios sudamericanos a México (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2015-04-16.

[20] Mandatarios de Países que Asistieron a la Primera Reunión Cumbre Iberoamericana, Guadalajara, México, 18 y 19 de Julio, 1991. (in Spanish)

[21] El Presidente de México recibió a su homólogo peruano en el patio central de Palacio Nacional (in Spanish)

[22] Iniciará Toledo visita oficial a México, participará en APEC (in Spanish)

[23] Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)

[24] Acuerdo de Integración Comercial Perú – México (in Spanish)

[Trade-25] Data México: Peru

[Investment-26] Perú busca superar US$ 16,000 millones de inversión extranjera directa desde México (in Spanish)

[27] Embassy of Mexico in Lima (in Spanish)

[28] Embassy of Peru in Mexico City (in Spanish)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Mexico-Peru|Mexico|Peru}}
+{{Infobox bilateral relations|Mexico–Peru|Mexico|Peru|map=México Perú Locator2.png}}
-'''Mexican-Peruvian relations''' refers to the [[bilateralism|historical and current bilateral relationship]] between the [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] and the [[Peru|Republic of Peru]]. Both nations are members of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]], [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], [[Organization of American States]], [[Pacific Alliance]] and the [[United Nations]].
+The nations of [[Mexico]] and [[Peru]] established diplomatic relations in 1823.<ref name=History>[http://www.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/moemperu12.pdf History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)]</ref> Diplomatic relations were briefly cut in 1932 and reinstated again in 1933. Both nations are members of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]], [[Lima Group]], [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], [[Organization of American States]], [[Pacific Alliance]] and the [[United Nations]].
-== History of diplomatic relations ==
+== History ==
+Historically, both nations were host to great [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] cultures; the [[Aztecs]] and [[Mayas]] in Mexico and the [[Incas]] in Peru. During colonization, both nations were part of the [[Spanish Empire]] until the early 19th century. Mexico was part of [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] while Peru was part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru were established in 1823, two years after Peru gained its independence from Spain.<ref name=History /> In October 1892, Mexico opened its first consulate in [[Lima]] followed by the opening of an embassy on 14 June 1937.<ref name=History />
-[[File:Sra. Angélica Rivera de Peña, Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto y Presidente de Perú Sr. Ollanta Humala (8640709530).jpg|thumb|Mexican President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] and wife with Peruvian President [[Ollanta Humala]] in 2013]]
-Historically, both nations were host to great [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] cultures; the [[Aztecs]] and [[Mayas]] in Mexico and the [[Incas]] in Peru. During colonization, both nations were part of the [[Spanish Empire]] until the early 19th century. Mexico was part of [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] while Peru was part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru were established in 1883, two years after Peru gained its independence from Spain.<ref name=History>[http://www.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/moemperu12.pdf History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)]</ref> In October 1892, Mexico opened its first consulate in [[Lima]] followed by the opening of an embassy on 14 June 1937.<ref name=Embassy>[http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/peru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=50 Bilateral relations between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)]</ref>
-In 1932, a Peruvian newspaper published a letter by Peruvian politician [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]] where he talks about wanting to establish different styles of governing in Latin-America. The letter was addressed to a  colleague and states the plan in detail to another friend who he sent a letter (but never arrived) via a Mexican diplomatic pouch to Lima.<ref name=Letter>[http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/640/64004306.pdf ASPIRACIONES ANTIIMPERIALISTAS E INTERESES NACIONALES: LAS RELACIONES EXTERIORES ENTRE MÉXICO Y PERÚ (1930-1945) (in Spanish)]</ref> This letter caused such an outrage in Peru that the government accused the Mexican government of 'meddling' in its internal affairs and severed diplomatic relations with Mexico. Diplomatic relations were once again restored in 1933 with the incoming of a new president in Peru.<ref name=Letter />
+In 1932, a Peruvian newspaper published a letter by Peruvian politician [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]] where he talks about wanting to establish different styles of governing in Latin America. The letter was addressed to a  colleague and states the plan in detail to another friend who he sent a letter (but never arrived) via a Mexican diplomatic pouch to Lima.<ref name=Letter>[http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/640/64004306.pdf Aspiraciones Antiimperialistas e Intereses Nacionales: Las Relaciones Exteriores entre México y Perú (1930-1945) (in Spanish)]</ref> This letter caused such an outrage in Peru that the government accused the Mexican government of 'meddling' in its internal affairs and severed diplomatic relations with Mexico. Diplomatic relations were once again restored in 1933 with the incoming of a new president in Peru.<ref name=Letter />
-In 1960, President [[Adolfo López Mateos]] was the first highest ranking Mexican official to visit Peru, followed by President [[Luis Echeverría]] in 1974. It wasn't until the 1990s that Peruvian Presidents [[Alan Garcia]] and [[Alberto Fujimori]] paid official visits to Mexico. Since then, there have been a continuous flow of official visits by both nations to each other's countries respectively.<ref name=Embassy />
+In 1960, President [[Adolfo López Mateos]] was the first highest ranking Mexican official to visit Peru, followed by President [[Luis Echeverría]] in 1974. It was not until the 1990s that Peruvian Presidents [[Alan Garcia]] and [[Alberto Fujimori]] paid official visits to Mexico. Since then, there have been a continuous flow of official visits by both nations to each other's countries, respectively.<ref name=History />
+In 2012, both nations became founding founders of the [[Pacific Alliance]] (along with [[Colombia]] and [[Chile]]). In July 2016, Mexican President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] attended the inauguration of President [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]]. In December 2018, Peruvian President [[Martín Vizcarra]] attended the inauguration of President [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]].
-==State visits==
+In December 2022, López Obrador revealed that Peruvian President [[Pedro Castillo]] intended to request [[political asylum]] following the backlash to [[2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt|Castillo's attempted self-coup]].<ref name=Reuters>{{cite web |title=Mexico says it is consulting with Peru over Castillo asylum request |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-says-it-is-consulting-with-peru-over-castillo-asylum-request-2022-12-08/ |website=Reuters |access-date=8 December 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Castillo was arrested before reaching the Mexican Embassy in Lima.<ref name=Reuters /> On December 20, the family of former President Castillo was granted asylum and flown to Mexico. The Mexican ambassador in Lima was declared "persona non grata" and ordered to leave Peru.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-says-has-granted-asylum-family-perus-castillo-2022-12-20/|title=Peru orders Mexico's ambassador out as diplomatic spat deepens|work=Reuters|first=Diego|last=Oré|first2=Marco|last2=Aquino|date=21 December 2022|access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> In February 2023, Peruvian President [[Dina Boluarte]] withdrew the ambassador of Peru in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/dina-boluarte-ordena-el-retiro-definitivo-del-embajador-del-peru-en-mexico-tras-criticas-de-amlo|title=Dina Boluarte ordena el retiro definitivo del embajador de Perú en México tras críticas de AMLO|work=El Universal|date=24 February 2023|access-date=11 February 2024|language=es}}</ref> In May 2023, the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Peruvian Congress]] declared Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador persona non grata citing "''his meddling in Peru's internal affairs and marking a deepening diplomatic split in the region''"''.''<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-congress-deems-mexican-leader-unwelcome-regional-split-deepens-2023-05-25/ Peru's Congress deems Mexican leader unwelcome, regional split deepens]</ref> President López Obrador has also refused to hand over the presidency of the Pacific Alliance to Peru as the Mexican Government refuses to recognize President Boluarte and her Government since the removal of President [[Pedro Castillo]], however, the presidency was passed on to Boluarte by Chilean President [[Gabriel Boric]] in 2023.<ref>[https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/chile-traspasa-peru-presidencia-alianza-pacifico-negativa-mexico/7207554.html Chile traspasa a Perú la presidencia de la Alianza del Pacífico, tras la negativa de México (in Spanish)]</ref>
-'''Presidential visits from Mexico to Peru'''<ref>[http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/compila/perm_vfq.htm Permisos Concedidos al Presidente de la República Vicente Fox Quesada para Ausentarse del Territorio Nacional (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.diputados.gob.mx/sedia/sia/spe/SPE-ISS-01-12.pdf Viajes realizados al extranjero por el C. Felipe Calderón (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.larepublica.pe/23-04-2013/presidente-de-mexico-llego-lima-para-visita-oficial Presidente de México llegó a Lima para visita oficial (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2016/07/27/1107570 Peña Nieto llega a Perú; asistirá a cena con Presidente Humala (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2016/11/18/1129115 Peña Nieto llega a Perú para participar en cumbre de APEC (in Spanish)]</ref>
+In April 2024, Mexico's [[Secretariat of the Interior]] announced that it will return to asking visas for Peruvian citizens entering the country, arguing that there has been an increase in the influx of Peruvian citizens trying to illegally cross the [[Mexico–United States border|Mexican border]] to the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Mexico to require visas for Peru nationals after migration spike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-require-visas-peru-nationals-2024-04-06/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> Mexico had previously stopped asking visas for Peruvian citizens back in 2012 as an agreement to boost tourism and business between Pacific Alliance members.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-09-22 |title=Pacific Alliance countries to eliminate visas |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-pacific-alliance-countries-to-eliminate-visas-429281.aspx |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}</ref> In response to the unilateral visa resumption, citing [[Reciprocity (international relations)|reciprocity]], the Peruvian [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] announced that the country will also be asking visas for Mexican citizens entering the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Perú impondrá visas a ciudadanos mexicanos para visitas de corta duración |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/931593-el-peru-impondra-visas-a-ciudadanos-mexicanos-para-visitas-de-corta-duracion |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es-pe}}</ref> However, four days later, Peru reversed its stance and decided to repeal the official decree imposing visas for Mexican citizens, mostly due to concerns from local business unions about the measure's impact on the tourism sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comunicado de Prensa 004-2024 |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/933861-comunicado-de-prensa-004-2024 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.gob.pe |language=es-pe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-10 |title=APAVIT AGRADECE A CANCILLER POR ESCUCHAR AL SECTOR |url=https://tnews.com.pe/apavit-agradece-a-canciller-por-escuchar-al-sector/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=T News |language=es}}</ref>
+==High-level visit.==
+[[File:GCG 7769 (41465549392).jpg|thumb|right| President Martín Vizcarra and President Enrique Peña Nieto at the [[8th Summit of the Americas]] in Lima, Peru; April 2018.]]
+'''Presidential visits from Mexico to Peru'''<ref>[http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/compila/perm_vfq.htm Permisos Concedidos al Presidente de la República Vicente Fox Quesada para Ausentarse del Territorio Nacional (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.diputados.gob.mx/sedia/sia/spe/SPE-ISS-01-12.pdf Viajes realizados al extranjero por el C. Felipe Calderón (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.larepublica.pe/23-04-2013/presidente-de-mexico-llego-lima-para-visita-oficial Presidente de México llegó a Lima para visita oficial (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2016/07/27/1107570 Peña Nieto llega a Perú; asistirá a cena con Presidente Humala (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2016/11/18/1129115|title=Peña Nieto llega a Perú para participar en cumbre de APEC|work=Excelsior|date=18 November 2016|access-date=21 May 2023|language=es}}</ref>
 * President [[Adolfo López Mateos]] (1960)
@@ Line 20: / Line 25: @@
 * President [[Vicente Fox]] (2001, 2003, 2004)
 * President [[Felipe Calderón]] (2008, 2011)
-* President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] (2013, 2015, July and November 2016)
+* President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] (2013, 2015, July and November 2016, 2018)
-'''Presidential visits from Peru to Mexico'''<ref>[http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?watch=13&mn=1&id=15&lg=53&anio=1 President of Peru visits Mexico; 1985 (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.mmh.org.mx/nav/node/733 Visitas de mandatarios sudamericanos a México (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://cumbresiberoamerica.cip.cu/?page_id=143 MANDATARIOS DE PAISES QUE ASISTIERON A LA PRIMERA REUNIÓN CUMBRE IBEROAMERICANA, Guadalajara, México, 18 y 19 de Julio, 1991. (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/pages/disc/mar96/25mar96-2.html El Presidente de México recibió a su homólogo peruano en el patio central de Palacio Nacional (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/97560.html Iniciará Toledo visita oficial a México, participará en APEC (in Spanish)]</ref>
+'''Presidential visits from Peru to Mexico'''<ref>[http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?watch=13&mn=1&id=15&lg=53&anio=1 President of Peru visits Mexico; 1985 (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmh.org.mx/nav/node/733 |title=Visitas de mandatarios sudamericanos a México (in Spanish) |access-date=2015-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813150436/http://www.mmh.org.mx/nav/node/733 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://cumbresiberoamerica.cip.cu/?page_id=143 Mandatarios de Países que Asistieron a la Primera Reunión Cumbre Iberoamericana, Guadalajara, México, 18 y 19 de Julio, 1991. (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/pages/disc/mar96/25mar96-2.html El Presidente de México recibió a su homólogo peruano en el patio central de Palacio Nacional (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/97560.html Iniciará Toledo visita oficial a México, participará en APEC (in Spanish)]</ref>
 * President [[Alan García]] (1985, 1987)
@@ Line 28: / Line 33: @@
 * President [[Alejandro Toledo]] (2002)
 * President [[Ollanta Humala]] (2011, June and December 2014)
+* President [[Martín Vizcarra]] (July and December 2018)
+* President [[Pedro Castillo]] (2021)
+==Bilateral agreements==
+Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Arbitration Treaty (1902); Agreement for the Exchange of Diplomatic Pouches (1919); Agreement for Cultural and Educational Cooperation (1975); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1987); Agreement on Air Transportation (1989); Agreement of Cooperation in Combating Drug Trafficking and Drug Dependency (1991); Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation (1996); Extradition Treaty (2000); Agreement on Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2000); Agreement on the Execution of Criminal Judgments (2002); Agreement for Protection, Conservation, Recovery and Return of Stolen Archaeological, Artistic, Historical and Cultural Goods (2002); Agreement for Commercial Integration (2011); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and to Prevent Fiscal Evasion in relation to Taxes on Income (2011) and an Agreement of Strategic Association (2014).<ref>[https://cja.sre.gob.mx/tratadosmexico/buscador?keywords=&category_id=&theme_id=&country_id=120&organization_id= Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)]</ref>
+==Transportation==
+There are direct flights between both nations with the following airlines: [[Aeroméxico]], [[LATAM Airlines Perú|LATAM Perú]], [[Sky Airline Peru]] and [[Volaris]].
 == Trade relations ==
+On 1 February 2012, a free trade agreement between the two nations came into effect.<ref>[http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/en_vigencia/mexico/inicio.html Acuerdo de Integración Comercial Perú – México (in Spanish)]</ref> In 2023, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$2.7 billion.<ref name=Trade>[https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/en/profile/country/peru Data México: Peru]</ref> Mexico's main exports to Peru include: flat screen TVs; tractors for semi-trailers; shampoos; corrugated bars; silver minerals; electronics and automobiles. Peru's main exports to Mexico include: natural gas; minerals from copper; tomato; calamari; boxes, crates and cages; lead minerals; chilies sweets or peppers; tables, planks and beams.<ref name=Trade />
-[[File:Embassy of Mexico in Lima, Peru.jpg|thumb|right|Embassy of Mexico in Lima]]
-In the past ten years from 2012, trade between Mexico and Peru increased by 457% to $1.8 billion (USD). In 2016, two-way trade between both nations amounted to $1.9 billion USD.<ref>[http://www.gob.mx/se/acciones-y-programas/comercio-exterior-informacion-estadistica-y-arancelaria?state=published Mexican Ministry of the Economy: Peru (in Spanish)]</ref> Peru is Mexico's 26th biggest trading partner and Mexico is Peru's 7th biggest trading partner. Mexico's main exports to Peru include electronic and medical equipment and cars. Peru's main exports to Mexico are natural gas and minerals.<ref>[http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/peru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=381&Itemid=54 Trade relations between Mexico and Peru]</ref> On 1 February 2012, a free trade agreement between the two nations came into effect.<ref>[http://www.cnnexpansion.com/economia/2012/02/01/mexico-fija-reglas-comerciales-con-peru CNN on FTA between Mexico and Peru]</ref>
+Several Mexican multinational companies such as [[América Móvil]], [[Cinépolis]], [[FEMSA]], [[Grupo Bimbo]], [[Grupo México]], [[Grupo Salinas]], [[Orbia]], [[Oxxo]] and [[Sigma Alimentos]] (among others) operate in Peru. Peruvian multinational company [[Ajegroup]] ([[Kola Real]]) operates in Mexico. In 2022, Mexican companies invested US$16 billion in Peru.<ref name=Investment>[https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/08/04/peru-busca-superar-us-16000-millones-de-inversion-extranjera-directa-desde-mexico/ Perú busca superar US$ 16,000 millones de inversión extranjera directa desde México (in Spanish)]</ref> Mexico is Peru's third largest trading partner in [[Latin America]] (after [[Brazil]] and [[Chile]]).<ref name=Investment />
 == Resident diplomatic missions ==
-* Mexico has an embassy in [[Lima]].<ref>[https://embamex2.sre.gob.mx/peru/ Embassy of Mexico in Lima (in Spanish)]</ref>
+* Mexico has an embassy in [[Lima]].<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/peru/ Embassy of Mexico in Lima (in Spanish)]</ref>
-* Peru has an embassy in [[Mexico City]].<ref>[http://embajadadelperu.mx Embassy of Peru in Mexico City (in Spanish)]</ref>
+* Peru has an embassy and a consulate-general in [[Mexico City]].<ref>[http://embajadadelperu.mx/ Embassy of Peru in Mexico City (in Spanish)]</ref>
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
+<gallery class="center">
-== External links ==
+File:Embassy of Mexico in Lima.jpg|Embassy of Mexico in Lima
-* [http://www.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/moemperu12.pdf Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs on diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)]
+File:Embajada del Perú en Ciudad de México.jpg|Embassy of Peru in Mexico City
-* [http://www.rree.gob.pe/ Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Spanish)]
+</gallery>
-* [http://www.promexico.gob.mx/work/models/promexico/Resource/102/1/images/Peru%20VP.pdf ProMexico on trade between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)]
-* [http://www.cnnexpansion.com/economia/2012/02/01/mexico-fija-reglas-comerciales-con-peru Free trade agreement between Mexico and Peru (in Spanish)]
+== See also ==
+* [[Peruvian Mexicans]]
+* [[List of ambassadors of Mexico to Peru]]
+* [[List of ambassadors of Peru to Mexico]]
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|30em}}
 {{Foreign relations of Mexico}}
 {{Foreign relations of Peru}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Mexican-Peruvian Relations}}
+[[Category:Mexico–Peru relations| ]]
 [[Category:Bilateral relations of Mexico|Peru]]
 [[Category:Bilateral relations of Peru]]
-[[Category:Mexico–Peru relations| ]]
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Mexican-Peruvian Relations}}

v t e Foreign relations of Peru
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