Battle of Czajánek's barracks: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
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|conflict = Battle of Czajánek's barracks |
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|image = Kasárna v Místku.gif |
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|image_size = 300 |
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| date = 14 March 1939 |
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|date = {{start date|1939|03|14|df=y}} |
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|place = [[Frýdek-Místek]], [[Czech Silesia]], [[Czechoslovakia]] |
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|map_type=Czech Republic|map_relief=1|map_caption=Battle location in modern [[Czech Republic]] |
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| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovakia]] |
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|combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Second Czechoslovak Republic}} |
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| units1 = 12th machine-gun company |
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| units2 = 2nd Battalion, 84th Infantry Regiment, [[Wermacht]] |
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|strength1 = 250–300 |
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|strength2 = 1,200 |
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| casualties1 = 2 wounded |
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|casualties1 = 3 wounded |
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|casualties2 = 6–18 killed |
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⚫ | The '''Battle of Czajánek's barracks''' ( |
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⚫ | The '''Battle of Czajánek's barracks''' ({{Lang-cs|Bitva o Czajankovu kasárnu}}) was a confrontation between the [[Czechoslovak Army|Czechoslovak]] and [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German]] armies, which took place on 14 March 1939 in the course of the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]]. Together with a clash which allegedly took place at [[Moravská Třebová]], this was the only known Czechoslovak active resistance to the German Army during the occupation of [[Bohemia and Moravia]] in March 1939. The battle took place simply because German forces cut Czechoslovak communication lines too early and the army unit stationed in the barracks didn't receive the general order to surrender.<ref name=kas/> |
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The German invasion of Czechoslovakia started on the evening of 14 March 1939, a day before the original date set by [[Adolf Hitler]]. The German goal was to take control of the [[Moravian-Silesian Region|industrial region of Ostrava]] as soon as possible, in order to prevent |
The German invasion of Czechoslovakia started on the evening of 14 March 1939, a day before the original date set by [[Adolf Hitler]]. The German goal was to take control of the [[Moravian-Silesian Region|industrial region of Ostrava]] as soon as possible, in order to prevent anticipated [[Trans-Olza#Part of Poland .281938.E2.80.931939.29|Polish invasion into the territory]]. The Czech army was under orders to hand their positions over without resistance.<ref name=kas>[http://web.libimseti.cz/LUCky.luKA/bitva-u-czajankovych-kasaren-1939_709242.html Bitva u Czajankových kasáren 1939] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> |
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== |
== Battle == |
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⚫ | The area of [[Frýdek-Místek]] was the operational responsibility of the 8th Infantry Division of the Wehrmacht (28th Infantry Division), together with the elite motorized regiment ''"[[Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler]]"''. At 17:30 on 14 March, both units marched from the [[Sudetenland]] towards Ostrava. The 84th Infantry regiment led the advance, and by 18:00 they reached Místek. |
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The barracks at this town had been built at the time of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], and housed the 8th Infantry Regiment. The garrison was undermanned at the time due to the desertion of ethnic [[German people|German]],<ref name="Svatoslav Kalich" /> [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]],<ref name="Svatoslav Kalich" /> and [[Slovak people|Slovak]] soldiers who felt that their place was in an [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|independent Slovakia]]; most of the Czech soldiers who were left were new recruits, most of them in the army for mere 14 days.<ref name="Svatoslav Kalich" /> |
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⚫ | The area of [[Frýdek-Místek]] was the operational responsibility of the 8th Infantry Division of the Wehrmacht (28th Infantry Division), together with the elite motorized regiment "[[Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler]]". |
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The |
The highest-ranking officer at the barracks was captain Karel Pavlík, commander of the 12th machine gun company. His second-in-command was lieutenant Karel Martínek. Pavlík and some 30 other seasoned officers came to the barracks only earlier that day to attend a Polish language course.<ref name="vklub">[http://www.v-klub.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005031904 Čajánkovy kasárna - symbol národního odporu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011504/http://www.v-klub.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005031904 |date=28 March 2014 }} {{in lang|cs}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The German military convoy stopped on the road leading to the barracks and a German officer with a couple of soldiers started walking towards the main gate. A Czech sentry, private first class Bohuslav Přibyla,<ref name="thesis">[http://is.muni.cz/th/216299/ff_b/Bakalarska_diplomova_prace.txt Habrnálová, Lenka (2009). '' Březen 1939 ve Frýdku-Místku a jeho paměť v československých a českých dějinách''] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> ordered the German officer to stop, however, he continued forward with his pistol in hand. After this, Přibyla discharged a warning shot in the direction of the officer, who reacted by shooting at the sentry, wounding him slightly on his head. Přibyla returned fire, wounding the officer.<ref name="Svatoslav Kalich">[http://www.pametnaroda.cz/story/kalich-svatoslav-1915-1569 Battle of Czajankových barracks – testimony of Svatoslav Kalich] {{in lang|cs}}</ref><ref name="thesis" /> |
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{{rquote|right| |
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''Quickly into arms and shoot the enemy!'' |
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|Captain Karel Pavlík's first reaction when informed about German assault on the sentry<ref name="thesis" /> |
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}} |
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⚫ | The German military convoy stopped on the road leading to the barracks and a German officer with a couple of soldiers started walking towards the main gate. A Czech sentry, private first class Bohuslav Přibyla,<ref name="thesis">[http://is.muni.cz/th/216299/ff_b/Bakalarska_diplomova_prace.txt Habrnálová, Lenka (2009). '' |
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After learning of the German advance, Pavlík had set two improvised trenches in front of the barracks and ordered the deployment of the bulk of the troops on the second store.<ref name=chek>[https://archive.today/20130417082615/http://blog.kp.ru/showjournal.php?journalid=3508810&tag_name=%F7%E5%F5%EE%F1%EB%EE%E2%E0%EA%E8%FF ...он надеялся, что Чаянковские казармы станут детонатором..., А ДЕТОНАТОР НЕ СРАБОТАЛ] by Mihail Kozemyakin {{in lang|ru}}</ref> They were armed with rifles, machine guns and 50 hand grenades.<ref name=fry>[http://www.valka.cz/clanek_13014.html/ Březen 1939 – Frýdek –Místek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317002922/http://www.valka.cz/clanek_13014.html |date=17 March 2012 }} by Petr Tlach {{in lang|cs}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The Germans formed a |
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⚫ | The Germans formed a skirmish line in front of the barracks, and attempted to assault the main entrance with a [[Leichter Panzerspähwagen|Sd.Kfz 221]] armoured vehicle. The armoured carrier was hit by armour-piercing rounds and disabled. The garrison endured three German assaults before surrender. The second assault was preceded by a megaphone call to surrender from another armoured vehicle. Then the German infantry, now including an anti-tank company, attacked the barracks with machine gun fire, 50mm and 81mm mortars and a [[3.7 cm Pak 36|37mm anti-tank gun]].<ref name=fry/> |
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⚫ | At 7:00 |
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The Czech trench at the entrance was overrun by the attackers, but the resistance of Pavlík's men inside the building kept them outside the compound after a 40-minute battle. The commander of a German armoured carrier was killed, and two Czech soldiers were seriously wounded during the exchange.<ref name=chek/> Pavlík, who was himself firing from a heavy machine gun positioned on the rooftop,<ref name="Svatoslav Kalich" /> attempted to summon an armoured column from one of the neighbour garrisons, to no avail.<ref name=fry/> |
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⚫ | At 7:00 Colonel Eliashberg, the battalion commander, issued orders by phone to cease fire under the threat of [[court-martial]]. Initially Pavlík ignored the orders, but the German fire became intense as they poured the barracks with anti-tank cannon and mortar rounds. After a night of fierce fighting, and low on ammunition, Pavlík ordered his men to cease fire.<ref name=chek/> |
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⚫ | The Czech troops were disarmed by the Germans at the garrison's courtyard, marched them into the local police station, where they were eventually dismissed; the Czech army as a whole had been disbanded by then.<ref name=fry/> Only 5,940 soldiers later re-enlisted into the new [[Vládní vojsko]], the main security force of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]].<ref name=chek/> Karel Pavlík was allowed to retain the command of his men immediately after the surrender, and the German officers |
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⚫ | Pavlík and Martínek later joined the Czech resistance; Pavlík began his clandestine activities against the Germans with the group ''Za Vlast'', which helped Czechoslovak pilots run across the border. Then he moved to Prague where he joined the resistance group [[Obrana národa]] and cooperated with Václav Morávek. After the betrayal of Ladislav Vaněk in the group ''Jindra'', Pavlík was captured by the [[Gestapo]] and later sent to [[ |
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⚫ | The Czech troops were disarmed by the Germans at the garrison's courtyard, who marched them into the local police station, where they were eventually dismissed; the Czech army as a whole had been disbanded by then.<ref name=fry/> Only 5,940 soldiers later re-enlisted into the new [[Vládní vojsko]], the main security force of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]].<ref name=chek/> Karel Pavlík was allowed to retain the command of his men immediately after the surrender, and the German officers did not confiscate his personal weapon.<ref name=fry/> |
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[[File:2024 pomník boje o Czajankova kasárna (Místek).jpg|thumb|Memorial of the battle]] |
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⚫ | Czechoslovak president-in-exile [[Edvard Beneš]] |
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⚫ | Pavlík and Martínek later joined the Czech resistance; Pavlík began his clandestine activities against the Germans with the group ''Za Vlast'', which helped Czechoslovak pilots run across the border. Then he moved to Prague where he joined the resistance group [[Obrana národa]] and cooperated with Václav Morávek. After the betrayal of Ladislav Vaněk in the group ''Jindra'', Pavlík was captured by the [[Gestapo]] and later sent to [[Mauthausen concentration camp]]. After torture and questioning he was shot. His body was never found and his [[cenotaph|symbolic grave]] is in [[Kostelec nad Černými lesy]].<ref name=chek/> |
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Martínek also joined the resistance. He carried out several sabotage actions, blowing up a German train at Lískovec, two high voltage pylons and a number of telephone lines. He was eventually betrayed and handed over to the Germans. Martínek was rescued by American troops from [[Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex|Mauthausen]] in 1945. He later led an ill-fated anti-communist uprising and was jailed for 15 years. Martínek died of [[leukemia]] on 25 February 1975.<ref>[http://www.v-klub.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005031903/ Štábní kapitán Karel Martínek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093617/http://www.v-klub.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2005031903%2F |date=15 July 2018 }} {{in lang|cs}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Czechoslovak president-in-exile [[Edvard Beneš]] often described the skirmish as a symbol of the heroic resistance of [[Czech Silesia|Silesian]] soldiers against the occupants during World War II. On July 18, 1946, Beneš visited the barracks and gave a speech to the surviving members of the battle, praising their actions.<ref name="denik">[http://fm.denik.cz/zpravy_region/od-bitvy-o-cajankova-kasarna20080316.html Od bitvy o Čajánkova kasárna uplynulo devětašedesát let] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[List of military equipment of Czechoslovakia interwar period]] |
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[[Category:Czech resistance to Nazi occupation]] |
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[[Category:Battles involving Czechoslovakia]] |
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[[Category:Battles involving Germany]] |
[[Category:Battles involving Germany]] |
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1939]] |
[[Category:Conflicts in 1939]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:March 1939 events]] |
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[[Category:Interwar Czechoslovakia]] |
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[[cs:Bitva u Czajankových kasáren]] |
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[[no:Kampen om Czajankový kaserne]] |
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[[ru:Бой за Чаянковы казармы]] |
Revision as of 21:26, 17 May 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012) |
Battle of Czajánek's barracks | |||||||
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Part of the German invasion of Czechoslovakia | |||||||
![]() Čajánek's barracks in 1938 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Karel Pavlík | Paul Stoewer | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
250–300 | 1,200 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
3 wounded | 6–18 killed | ||||||
Battle location in modern Tschechische Republik |
The Battle of Czajánek's barracks (Czech: Bitva o Czajankovu kasárnu) was a confrontation between the Czechoslovak and German armies, which took place on 14 March 1939 in the course of the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. Together with a clash which allegedly took place at Moravská Třebová, this was the only known Czechoslovak active resistance to the German Army during the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939. The battle took place simply because German forces cut Czechoslovak communication lines too early and the army unit stationed in the barracks didn't receive the general order to surrender.[1]
Background
The German invasion of Czechoslovakia started on the evening of 14 March 1939, a day before the original date set by Adolf Hitler. The German goal was to take control of the industrial region of Ostrava as soon as possible, in order to prevent anticipated Polish invasion into the territory. The Czech army was under orders to hand their positions over without resistance.[1]
Battle
The area of Frýdek-Místek was the operational responsibility of the 8th Infantry Division of the Wehrmacht (28th Infantry Division), together with the elite motorized regiment "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler". At 17:30 on 14 March, both units marched from the Sudetenland towards Ostrava. The 84th Infantry regiment led the advance, and by 18:00 they reached Místek.
The barracks at this town had been built at the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and housed the 8th Infantry Regiment. The garrison was undermanned at the time due to the desertion of ethnic German,[2] Hungarian,[2] and Slovak soldiers who felt that their place was in an independent Slovakia; most of the Czech soldiers who were left were new recruits, most of them in the army for mere 14 days.[2]
The highest-ranking officer at the barracks was captain Karel Pavlík, commander of the 12th machine gun company. His second-in-command was lieutenant Karel Martínek. Pavlík and some 30 other seasoned officers came to the barracks only earlier that day to attend a Polish language course.[3]
The German military convoy stopped on the road leading to the barracks and a German officer with a couple of soldiers started walking towards the main gate. A Czech sentry, private first class Bohuslav Přibyla,[4] ordered the German officer to stop, however, he continued forward with his pistol in hand. After this, Přibyla discharged a warning shot in the direction of the officer, who reacted by shooting at the sentry, wounding him slightly on his head. Přibyla returned fire, wounding the officer.[2][4]
After learning of the German advance, Pavlík had set two improvised trenches in front of the barracks and ordered the deployment of the bulk of the troops on the second store.[5] They were armed with rifles, machine guns and 50 hand grenades.[6]
The Germans formed a skirmish line in front of the barracks, and attempted to assault the main entrance with a Sd.Kfz 221 armoured vehicle. The armoured carrier was hit by armour-piercing rounds and disabled. The garrison endured three German assaults before surrender. The second assault was preceded by a megaphone call to surrender from another armoured vehicle. Then the German infantry, now including an anti-tank company, attacked the barracks with machine gun fire, 50mm and 81mm mortars and a 37mm anti-tank gun.[6]
The Czech trench at the entrance was overrun by the attackers, but the resistance of Pavlík's men inside the building kept them outside the compound after a 40-minute battle. The commander of a German armoured carrier was killed, and two Czech soldiers were seriously wounded during the exchange.[5] Pavlík, who was himself firing from a heavy machine gun positioned on the rooftop,[2] attempted to summon an armoured column from one of the neighbour garrisons, to no avail.[6]
At 7:00 Colonel Eliashberg, the battalion commander, issued orders by phone to cease fire under the threat of court-martial. Initially Pavlík ignored the orders, but the German fire became intense as they poured the barracks with anti-tank cannon and mortar rounds. After a night of fierce fighting, and low on ammunition, Pavlík ordered his men to cease fire.[5]
Aftermath
The Czech troops were disarmed by the Germans at the garrison's courtyard, who marched them into the local police station, where they were eventually dismissed; the Czech army as a whole had been disbanded by then.[6] Only 5,940 soldiers later re-enlisted into the new Vládní vojsko, the main security force of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.[5] Karel Pavlík was allowed to retain the command of his men immediately after the surrender, and the German officers did not confiscate his personal weapon.[6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2024_pomn%C3%ADk_boje_o_Czajankova_kas%C3%A1rna_%28M%C3%ADstek%29.jpg/220px-2024_pomn%C3%ADk_boje_o_Czajankova_kas%C3%A1rna_%28M%C3%ADstek%29.jpg)
Pavlík and Martínek later joined the Czech resistance; Pavlík began his clandestine activities against the Germans with the group Za Vlast, which helped Czechoslovak pilots run across the border. Then he moved to Prague where he joined the resistance group Obrana národa and cooperated with Václav Morávek. After the betrayal of Ladislav Vaněk in the group Jindra, Pavlík was captured by the Gestapo and later sent to Mauthausen concentration camp. After torture and questioning he was shot. His body was never found and his symbolic grave is in Kostelec nad Černými lesy.[5]
Martínek also joined the resistance. He carried out several sabotage actions, blowing up a German train at Lískovec, two high voltage pylons and a number of telephone lines. He was eventually betrayed and handed over to the Germans. Martínek was rescued by American troops from Mauthausen in 1945. He later led an ill-fated anti-communist uprising and was jailed for 15 years. Martínek died of leukemia on 25 February 1975.[7]
Czechoslovak president-in-exile Edvard Beneš often described the skirmish as a symbol of the heroic resistance of Silesian soldiers against the occupants during World War II. On July 18, 1946, Beneš visited the barracks and gave a speech to the surviving members of the battle, praising their actions.[8]
See also
References
- ^ a b Bitva u Czajankových kasáren 1939 (in Czech)
- ^ a b c d e Battle of Czajankových barracks – testimony of Svatoslav Kalich (in Czech)
- ^ Čajánkovy kasárna - symbol národního odporu Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Czech)
- ^ a b Habrnálová, Lenka (2009). Březen 1939 ve Frýdku-Místku a jeho paměť v československých a českých dějinách (in Czech)
- ^ a b c d e ...он надеялся, что Чаянковские казармы станут детонатором..., А ДЕТОНАТОР НЕ СРАБОТАЛ by Mihail Kozemyakin (in Russian)
- ^ a b c d e Březen 1939 – Frýdek –Místek Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Petr Tlach (in Czech)
- ^ Štábní kapitán Karel Martínek Archived 15 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Czech)
- ^ Od bitvy o Čajánkova kasárna uplynulo devětašedesát let (in Czech)