Ipilimumab: Difference between revisions
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| legal_CA_comment = /{{nbsp}}Schedule D<ref>{{cite web | title=Regulatory Decision Summary for Yervoy | website=Drug and Health Products Portal | date=7 December 2023 | url=https://dhpp.hpfb-dgpsa.ca/review-documents/resource/RDS1706819201300 | access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> |
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[[Cytotoxic T lymphocytes]] (CTLs) can recognize and destroy cancer cells. However, an inhibitory mechanism interrupts this destruction.<ref name="pmid29208439">{{cite journal | vauthors = Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA | title = De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting | journal = The Lancet. Oncology | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = e731–e741 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29208439 | doi = 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1 }}</ref> Ipilimumab turns off this inhibitory mechanism and boosts the body's immune response against cancer cells.<ref name="pmid29208439"/><ref name="Ribas"/> |
[[Cytotoxic T lymphocytes]] (CTLs) can recognize and destroy cancer cells. However, an inhibitory mechanism interrupts this destruction.<ref name="pmid29208439">{{cite journal | vauthors = Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA | title = De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting | journal = The Lancet. Oncology | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = e731–e741 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29208439 | doi = 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1 }}</ref> Ipilimumab turns off this inhibitory mechanism and boosts the body's immune response against cancer cells.<ref name="pmid29208439"/><ref name="Ribas"/> |
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Ipilimumab was approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in March 2011, for the treatment of |
Ipilimumab was approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in March 2011, for the treatment of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), malignant pleural mesothelioma, esophageal cancer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yervoy |url=https://www.opdivo.com/ |website=Opdivo |publisher=Bristol Myers Squibb |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="FDA approval package">{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Yervoy (ipilimumab) Injection NDA #125377 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=24 December 1999 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2011/125377Orig1s000TOC.cfm | access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Lacroix M |title=Targeted Therapies in Cancer|date=2014|publisher=Nova Sciences Publishers|location=Hauppauge, NY|isbn=978-1-63321-687-7|url=https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=50994|access-date=2014-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172243/https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=50994|archive-date=2015-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150529">{{cite news | vauthors = Pollack A |title=New Class of Drugs Shows More Promise in Treating Cancer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/30/business/new-class-of-drugs-shows-more-promise-in-treating-cancer.html |date=May 29, 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=May 30, 2015 | name-list-style=vanc }}</ref> It is undergoing{{when|date=October 2020}} [[clinical trial]]s for the treatment of [[bladder cancer]]<ref name="NCT991">{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT01524991|First-Line Gemcitabine, Cisplatin + Ipilimumab for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma}} (completed)</ref> and metastatic hormone-refractory [[prostate cancer]].<ref>{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT00323882|Phase I/II Study of MDX-010 in Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer (MDX010-21)}} (completed)</ref> |
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The concept of using anti-CTLA4 antibodies to treat cancer was first developed by [[James P. Allison]] while he was director of the Cancer Research Laboratory at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="auto">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leach DR, Krummel MF, Allison JP | title = Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade | journal = Science | volume = 271 | issue = 5256 | pages = 1734–1736 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 8596936 | doi = 10.1126/science.271.5256.1734 | s2cid = 7215817 | bibcode = 1996Sci...271.1734L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crl.berkeley.edu/discoveries/the-story-of-yervoy-ipilimumab/|title=UC Berkeley Cancer Research Lab » The Story of Yervoy (Ipilimumab)|website=crl.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Clinical development of anti-CTLA4 was initiated by [[Medarex]], which was later acquired by [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]]. For his work in developing ipilimumab, Allison was awarded the [[Lasker Award]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2015_c_description.htm|title=Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease|author=Lasker Foundation|work=The Lasker Foundation}}</ref> Allison later was the co-winner of the 2018 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ki.se/en/news/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2018-to-james-p-allison-and-tasuku-honjo | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo | access-date=2018-10-01 | archive-date=2018-12-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224054528/https://ki.se/en/news/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2018-to-james-p-allison-and-tasuku-honjo | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
The concept of using anti-CTLA4 antibodies to treat cancer was first developed by [[James P. Allison]] while he was director of the Cancer Research Laboratory at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="auto">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leach DR, Krummel MF, Allison JP | title = Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade | journal = Science | volume = 271 | issue = 5256 | pages = 1734–1736 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 8596936 | doi = 10.1126/science.271.5256.1734 | s2cid = 7215817 | bibcode = 1996Sci...271.1734L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crl.berkeley.edu/discoveries/the-story-of-yervoy-ipilimumab/|title=UC Berkeley Cancer Research Lab » The Story of Yervoy (Ipilimumab)|website=crl.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Clinical development of anti-CTLA4 was initiated by [[Medarex]], which was later acquired by [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]]. For his work in developing ipilimumab, Allison was awarded the [[Lasker Award]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2015_c_description.htm|title=Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease|author=Lasker Foundation|work=The Lasker Foundation}}</ref> Allison later was the co-winner of the 2018 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ki.se/en/news/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2018-to-james-p-allison-and-tasuku-honjo | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo | access-date=2018-10-01 | archive-date=2018-12-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224054528/https://ki.se/en/news/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2018-to-james-p-allison-and-tasuku-honjo | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* {{cite web | url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/ipilimumab | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Drug Information Portal | title = Ipilimumab }} |
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* {{cite web | title=Ipilimumab | work=NCI Drug Dictionary | publisher=National Cancer Institute | url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug/def/ipilimumab }} |
* {{cite web | title=Ipilimumab | work=NCI Drug Dictionary | publisher=National Cancer Institute | url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug/def/ipilimumab }} |
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* {{cite web | title=Ipilimumab | website=National Cancer Institute | date=21 April 2011 | url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ipilimumab }} |
* {{cite web | title=Ipilimumab | website=National Cancer Institute | date=21 April 2011 | url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ipilimumab }} |
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{{Targeted cancer therapeutic agents}} |
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{{immunosuppressants}} |
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{{Monoclonals for immune system}} |
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{{Portal bar | Medicine}} |
Latest revision as of 01:32, 18 May 2024
![]() | |
Monoclonal antibody | |
---|---|
Typ | Whole antibody |
Source | Human |
Target | CTLA-4 |
Clinical data | |
Pronunciation | i pi lim′ ue mab |
Trade names | Yervoy |
Other names | BMS-734016,[1] MDX-010,[2] MDX-101 |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a611023 |
License data |
|
Pregnancy category |
|
Routes of administration | Intravenous (IV) |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Identifiers | |
CAS Number | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider |
|
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEMBL | |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C6742H9972N1732O2004S40 |
Molar mass | 148634.46 g·mol−1 |
![]() ![]() |
Ipilimumab, sold under the brand name Yervoy, is a monoclonal antibody medication that works to activate the immune system by targeting CTLA-4, a protein receptor that downregulates the immune system.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can recognize and destroy cancer cells. However, an inhibitory mechanism interrupts this destruction.[7] Ipilimumab turns off this inhibitory mechanism and boosts the body's immune response against cancer cells.[7][8]
Ipilimumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2011, for the treatment of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), malignant pleural mesothelioma, esophageal cancer.[9][10][11][12] It is undergoing[when?] clinical trials for the treatment of bladder cancer[13] and metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer.[14]
The concept of using anti-CTLA4 antibodies to treat cancer was first developed by James P. Allison while he was director of the Cancer Research Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley.[15][16] Clinical development of anti-CTLA4 was initiated by Medarex, which was later acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb. For his work in developing ipilimumab, Allison was awarded the Lasker Award in 2015.[17] Allison later was the co-winner of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[18]
Medical uses
[edit]Ipilimumab was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2011, to treat people with late-stage melanoma that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery.[7][10][19][20][21] It was later approved by the US FDA on October 28, 2015, for stage 3 patients as adjuvant therapy.[22] On February 1, 2012, Health Canada approved ipilimumab for "treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma in patients who have failed or do not tolerate other systemic therapy for advanced disease."[23] Ipilimumab was approved in the European Union (EU), for second line treatment of metastatic melanoma in November 2012.[24][25]
Nivolumab, in combination with ipilimumab is indicated for the treatment of intermediate or poor risk, previously untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma.[5][26]
Ipilimumab, in combination with nivolumab, is indicated for the treatment of adults and adolescents twelve years and older with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer that has progressed following treatment with a fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan.[5][27]
Ipilimumab, in combination with nivolumab, is indicated for the treatment of people with hepatocellular carcinoma who have been previously treated with sorafenib.[5][28]
Ipilimumab, in combination with nivolumab, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors express PD-L1 (≥1%) as determined by an FDA-approved test.[5][29][30]
In October 2020, the U.S. FDA approved the combination of nivolumab with ipilimumab for the first-line treatment of adults with malignant pleural mesothelioma that cannot be removed by surgery.[31] This is the first drug regimen approved for mesothelioma in sixteen years and the second FDA-approved systemic therapy for mesothelioma.[31]
Adverse effects
[edit]![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016) |
A major drawback of ipilimumab therapy is its association with severe and potentially fatal immunological adverse effects due to T cell activation and proliferation, occurring in ten to twenty percent of patients.[32] Serious adverse effects include stomach pain, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, fever, trouble breathing, and urinating problems. A "risk evaluation and mitigation strategy" informs prescribers of the potential risks.[21][33]
Between 5.7 and 9.1% of individuals treated with ipilimumab develop checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis.[34]
Individual cases of severe neurologic disorders following ipilimumab have been observed, including acute inflammatory demyelination polyneuropathy and an ascending motor paralysis, and myasthenia gravis.[35]
Interactions
[edit]The combination of ipilimumab with either leflunomide or vemurafenib may lead to increased hepatotoxicity.[36][37][38][39]
Systemic corticosteroids should be avoided before starting ipilimumab; however, systemic corticosteroids may be used to treat an immune-related adverse reaction that arises from ipilimumab treatment.[40]
Patients taking anticoagulants with ipilimumab should be monitored due to an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.[40]
Mechanism of action
[edit]T lymphocytes can recognize and destroy cancer cells. However, an inhibitory mechanism interrupts this destruction. Ipilimumab turns off this inhibitory mechanism and allows the lymphocytes to continue to destroy cancer cells.[8]
Cancer cells produce antigens, which the immune system can use to identify them. These antigens are recognized by dendritic cells that present the antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the lymph nodes. The CTLs recognize the cancer cells by those antigens and destroy them. However, along with the antigens, the dendritic cells present an inhibitory signal. That signal binds to a receptor, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), on the CTL and turns off the cytotoxic reaction. This allows the cancer cells to survive.[8]
Ipilimumab binds to CTLA-4, blocking the inhibitory signal, which allows the CTLs to destroy the cancer cells.[8][41][42][43][44][45][46] In 2014 a study indicated that the antibody works by allowing the patients' T cells to target a greater variety of antigens rather than by increasing the number attacking a single antigen.[47]
Identifying patients most likely to respond
[edit]During "cancer immunoediting", tumor cells can produce antigens that provoke a reduced immune response and/or establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The latter can arise as a consequence of repeated, ineffective T cell stimulation. This triggers the checkpoint that ipilumumab targets. Many patients do not benefit from treatment, which may be related to reduced mutation load and/or missense point mutation-derived neoantigens.[7] Tumor antigens can either be improperly expressed normal proteins or abnormal proteins with tumor-specific expression. Somatic cancer mutations can produce "nonself" tumor-specific mutant antigens (neoantigens).[48]
Sequencing and epitope prediction algorithms identified neoantigens in mouse tumors that functioned as tumor-specific T cell targets. Neoantigens were recognized by T cells in melanoma patients and were likely the major contributor to positive clinical effects of adoptive cell transfer. Mouse models established that neoantigens were the targets of T cells activated by checkpoint blockade therapy and that synthetic long peptides comprising these neoantigens were effective when administered as vaccines with CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 mAbs. Cancers with higher mutation burdens, and an associated likelihood of expressing neoantigens, appear most likely to respond to checkpoint therapy.[7] In melanoma and certain other cancers, the numbers of mutations and neoantigens correlate with patient response. Increased PD ligand 2 (PD-L2) transcript expression and an immune "cytolytic" gene signature also correlated with neoantigen load and tumor response. CTLA-4 expression was a response indicator, which along with PD-L2 were likely expressed in tumor-infiltrating immune cells. An inflamed TME prior to treatment is also associated with response.[48]
Nearly all neoantigens in one study were patient-specific and most likely reflected mutations that do not directly contribute to tumorigenesis. However, none revealed features or motifs exclusive to responders.[48]
Clinical trial history
[edit]In the 2000s, ipilimumab clinical trials were under way on patients with melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancers, urothelial carcinoma and ovarian cancer.[49] By 2007, there were two fully human anti CTLA-4[50] monoclonal antibodies in advanced clinical trials. Ipilimumab, which is an IgG1 isotype, and tremelimumab (from Pfizer) which is an IgG2 isotype.[51][52]
Melanoma
[edit]On December 10, 2007, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Medarex released the results of three studies on ipilimumab for melanoma.[53] The three studies tested 487 patients with advanced skin cancer. One of the three studies failed to meet its primary goal of shrinking tumors in at least 10.0% of the study's 155 patients. Side effects included rashes, diarrhea, and hepatitis.
In 2010, a study was presented that showed a median survival of ten months in advanced melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab, compared with 6.4 months for those treated with gp100, an experimental vaccine (n=676), and 10.1 months for those treated with both the vaccine and ipilimumab.[54] The Phase III clinical studies on the drug were controversial for their unconventional use of a control arm (as opposed to using a placebo or standard treatment). Ipilimumab gained FDA approval in March 2011.[10][19]
Prostate cancer
[edit]In 2008/09 Medarex performed a phase I/II dose escalation clinical trial of ipilimumab in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Some of the patients with advanced prostate cancer had their tumors drastically shrink, promoting further trials.[55]
On June 19, 2009, the Mayo Clinic reported two prostate cancer patients involved in a phase II study using MDX-010 therapy who had been told initially that their condition was inoperable but had their tumors shrunk by the drug such that operation was possible and are now cancer-free as a result.[56] This press report however was criticized as premature and somewhat inaccurate. The clinical trials were still at an early stage and were run alongside other treatments – which could have been the real explanation for the tumor shrinkage.[57] It was too early to say whether ipilimumab made any difference.[58]
In 2016, a phase II study using ipilimumab and nivolumab in AR-V7-expressing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer was opened.[59][60] AR-V7 is an androgen receptor splice variant that can be detected in circulating tumor cells of metastatic prostate cancer patients.[60][61]
Lung cancer
[edit]CHECKMATE-227 [62] tested the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab in patients with stage IV or recurrent NSCLC without previous treatment.[63][62] Patients with a PD-L1 expression level of 1% or more were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive nivolumab plus ipilimumab, nivolumab alone, or chemotherapy.[63][62] The chemotherapy used was cisplatin or carboplatin, combined with gemcitabine for patient with squamous cell NSCLC, or pemetrexed for patients with nonsquamous disease.[63][62] The overall survival was 17.1, 15.7 and 14.9 months, respectively.[63][62] The patients who had a PD-L1 expression level of less than 1% were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive nivolumab plus ipilimumab, nivolumab plus chemotherapy, or chemotherapy.[63][62] The OS was 17.2, 15.2 and 12.2 months, respectively.[63][62]
CHECKMATE-9LA [64] randomized patients with stage IV NSCLC, to nivolumab 360 mg Q3W + ipilimumab 1 mg/kg Q6W + two cycles of chemotherapy or 4 cycles of chemotherapy alone.[63] The chemotherapy used was Cisplatin or Carboplatin combined with Pemetrexed or Paclitaxel. The data were presented in an abstract format and as a lecture during the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2020 annual meeting.[64] Median OS was 15.6 and 10.9 months, in the immunotherapy-chemotherapy and the chemotherapy only groups, respectively.[64][63]
Urothelial cancer, including cancer of the bladder, urethra, ureters and renal pelvis
[edit]A Phase 2 clinical trial entitled First-Line Gemcitabine, Cisplatin + Ipilimumab for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma was first reported in 2015 [65] Thirty-six patients were treated with chemotherapy, adding ipilimumab after the second 21-day cycle. Though the study did not meet its primary endpoint, a significant expansion of circulating CD4 cells was noted upon addition of ipilimumab, which correlated with improved survival, especially in patients with deleterious somatic DNA damage response mutations.[66]
Combination trials
[edit]Advanced melanoma
[edit]To increase response rate and reduce adverse reactions, various drug combinations are being tested.
In 2013, a trial was running that compared ipilimumab alone against ipilimumab in combination with nivolumab. The response rate (tumours shrinking by at least 30%) was 58% for the combination, 44% for nivolumab alone, and 19% for ipilimumab alone.[67] This combination gained FDA approval for melanoma in October 2015.
In March 2014, an open-label, randomized, two agent, single center trial started combining ipilimumab with phosphatidylserine-targeting immunotherapy bavituximab for the treatment of advanced melanoma. The number of treated patients in arm A (ipilimumab plus bavituximab) was to be 16, with 8 in arm B (ipilimumab only).[68] The trial was terminated in April 2016 due to low enrollment.[69] Previous, preclinical studies showed that PS targeting antibodies (such as bavituximab) enhance the anti-tumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies. Tumor growth inhibition correlates with infiltration of immune cells in tumors and induction of adaptive immunity. The combination of these mechanisms promotes strong, localized, anti-tumor responses without the side-effects of systemic immune activation.[70]
Development
[edit]Following the 1987 cloning of CTLA-4 in mice,[71] its conservation in humans and similarities with CD28 were soon noticed.[72] CD28 at that time was a recently identified "T cell costimulatory" molecule important for T cell activation.[73] Anti-CTLA-4 blockade, the invention that gave rise to ipilimumab, was conceived by Allison and Krummel along with CTLA-4's inhibitory role in T cell activation.[74] They were able to demonstrate that CTLA-4 signaling in T cells inhibited T cell responses.[75] They then injected intact antibodies and demonstrated that CTLA-4 blockade enhanced T cell responses in mice responding to vaccines and to super antigens.[76] Leach, a new postdoctoral fellow, was tasked by Allison with applying these in tumor models. Antibody-treated mice showed significantly less cancer growth than the controls.[15]
Bluestone and Linsley separately studied the similarities between CD28 and CTLA-4. Bluestone's lab published studies, one together with Krummel and Allison, for in vitro studies of CTLA-4 function.[77][78] In collaboration with Mark Jenkins, they were able to see effects of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in vivo in an immunization setting,[79] but did not effectively carry this into tumor biology. Linsley and colleagues had made antibodies against CTLA-4 three years prior to those of Krummel/Allison or Walunas/Bluestone. They concluded that the molecule functioned similarly to CD28 and was a "positive costimulator".[80] They apparently did not pursue CTLA-4 tumor targeting, although BMS licensed the Allison/Leach/Krummel patent through their acquisition of Medarex and the fully humanized antibody MDX010, which later became ipilimumab.
References
[edit]- ^ "Yervoy, ipilimumab (BMS-734016) - Product Profile - BioCentury". BioCentury Online Intelligence. BioCentury Publications. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ USAN. "STATEMENT ON A NONPROPRIETARY NAME ADOPTED BY THE USAN COUNCIL - ipilimumab" (Press release). American Medical Association (AMA). Archived from the original on 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
- ^ "Regulatory Decision Summary for Yervoy". Drug and Health Products Portal. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "Yervoy 5 mg/ml concentrate for solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 3 August 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Yervoy- ipilimumab injection". DailyMed. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ "Yervoy EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting". The Lancet. Oncology. 18 (12): e731–e741. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1. PMID 29208439.
- ^ a b c d Ribas A (June 2012). "Tumor immunotherapy directed at PD-1". The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (26): 2517–2519. doi:10.1056/nejme1205943. PMID 22658126.
- ^ "Yervoy". Opdivo. Bristol Myers Squibb. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ a b c "Drug Approval Package: Yervoy (ipilimumab) Injection NDA #125377". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 December 1999. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ Lacroix M (2014). Targeted Therapies in Cancer. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Sciences Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63321-687-7. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
- ^ Pollack A (May 29, 2015). "New Class of Drugs Shows More Promise in Treating Cancer". New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ Clinical trial number NCT01524991 for "First-Line Gemcitabine, Cisplatin + Ipilimumab for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma" at ClinicalTrials.gov (completed)
- ^ Clinical trial number NCT00323882 for "Phase I/II Study of MDX-010 in Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer (MDX010-21)" at ClinicalTrials.gov (completed)
- ^ a b Leach DR, Krummel MF, Allison JP (March 1996). "Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade". Science. 271 (5256): 1734–1736. Bibcode:1996Sci...271.1734L. doi:10.1126/science.271.5256.1734. PMID 8596936. S2CID 7215817.
- ^ "UC Berkeley Cancer Research Lab » The Story of Yervoy (Ipilimumab)". crl.berkeley.edu.
- ^ Lasker Foundation. "Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease". The Lasker Foundation.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo". Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
- ^ a b "FDA approves new treatment for a type of late-stage skin cancer" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2011-03-25. Archived from the original on 2011-03-27. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
- ^ Pollack A (2011-03-25). "Approval for Drug That Treats Melanoma". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
- ^ a b Drugs.com: Yervoy
- ^ "FDA approves Yervoy to reduce the risk of melanoma returning after surgery" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 28 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
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External links
[edit]- "Ipilimumab". NCI Drug Dictionary. National Cancer Institute.
- "Ipilimumab". National Cancer Institute. 21 April 2011.