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Azerbaijani folklore (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan folkloru) is the folk tradition of Azerbaijani people.^[1]

Sources of Azerbaijani folklore

Azerbaijani folklore is in many aspects, similar to that of other Turkic peoples. Eposes such as Kitabi-Dede Gorgud, Koroglu, Abbas and Gulgaz, Asli and Kerem, tales, holavars, lullabies, anecdotes, riddles, proverbs and aphorisms are widely spread.^[2] Turkic and thus many Azerbaijani myths are mainly based on the heroism and wisdom of a human being, which is demonstrated in epics such as Epic of Köroğlu, and Book of Dede Korkut.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Koroǧlu

The story of Koroǧlu (lit. 'son of the blind') begins with his father's loss of sight.^[6] The feudal lord Hasan Khan blinds his stable manager Ali Kişi for a trivial offense by plucking out his eyes. Koroghlu is a semi-mystical hero and bard among the Turkic people who is thought to have lived in 16th century. The name of "Koroghlu" means "the son of the blind", "the son of ember" or "the son of the clay" (the clay refers to death) in Turkic languages. His real name was Rövşən in Azerbaijani, Ruşen Ali in Turkish or Röwşen Aly in Turkmen,^[7] which was a loanword from Persian رُوشن Rowšan meaning light or bright.^[8]^[9]

Book of Dede Korkut

The character of Korkut is a white-bearded old man who is the narrative of the tale and guardian of the epic tradition. The book of Dede Korkut is known to the modern world from the two manuscripts belonging to the late 16th century.^[8]

Baba-I Amir

Baba-I Amir was a comic character in Azerbaijani folklore.^[10]

Bayati

“Bayati” is a short Azeri folk poetry containing four lines with seven syllable in each. They represent human feelings in a poetic form. Several forms of this genre differ from one another according to their telling form and subject. For instance, bayati-baglama, bayati deyishme (competition in saying bayati), vesfi-hal (praising), petting, holavar (labor poems).^[11]^[12]

Ashik poetry

Ashik poetry is widespread among Turkic peoples, and other peoples like the Armenians, where they are called gusans.^[13]^[14] Poet-singers called ashiks narrate tales and legends with stringed instruments, like the saz.^[15] This way folk tales such as Köroǧlu and The Book of Dede Korkut preserved until today.^[16] The heroic dastan Koroglu is the most famous Turkic ashik epic. It is narrated by a third person, who is an ashik himself. Ashik stories can spread from Its place of origin to many different regions, possibly changing its contents in every new region it arrives to.^[17] In the Middle East ashiks regarded as a poet, singer, composer or musician. In Azerbaijani, the meaning of ashik is the lover of nature and life and accepted as a creator of national folk music and poetry.^[18]

Ceremonial songs and dances

Natural forces were the main subject for the national folklore samples in Azerbaijani folklore and people tried to express them by words or movements. The most popular ceremonial songs and dances were Kosa-Kosa, Godu-Godu, Novruz and Xidir Nabi which show dramatic genres of Azeri folklore.^[11]

Supernatural beings

Almost all Azerbaijani supernatural beings are descended from Turkic mythology, or that of surrounding peoples believes.^[19]

Meshe Adam (Azerbaijani: Meşə Adam), sometimes known as Ağac Kişi (literally 'tree man') is according to Azerbaijani and Karachay mythology a spirit, who lives in mountainous forests.^[20] It often represented in the form of hairy creatures of both sexes, being an ape with a human face and a sharp odor. It was believed that during their search for food, they go undercover to the gardens and orchards during the night while wearing discarded human clothes. According to some researchers, the Meshe Adam is a variant of the legend of the yeti.^[21] «Forest Man» is a common folklore figure for Caucasus region. In the article, “Forest Man” by W. Feuerstein close connection has been observed between the forest folk and the traditions of the sovereign of the game in the Caucasus. This connection displays itself beyond the boundaries of Caucasus like Scandinavian Skogsrå and a tricky Russian wood-sprite Leshy.^[22]
Qulyabani (Azerbaijani: Qulyabani; borrowed from Persian: غول‌بیابانی Ghul-e Biābānī meaning 'the monster of the desert') is a giant with a long beard who is believed to eat people. He originates in Turkic mythology. In Turkish and therefore also Azerbaijani folklore, he is believed to have reversed feet and sleep in forests or graveyards during day and wake up during night. The cover of the first Ottoman Turkish edition of Gürpınar’s novel portrays Gulyabani with a long white beard, a top hat and a walking stick which give an impression of old age. Moreover, while the rosary on his hand evokes religious connotations, his long nails, his haunting eyes and smile create a monstrous image. Essentially, he is a evil spirit, who lives in deserts and cemeteries.^[23]^[24]^[25]
Tepegoz (Azerbaijani: Tepegöz) is an Turkic mythical creature similar to the cyclops Polyphemus.^[26]^[27]

Relations with other cultures

Azerbaijani folklore derives elements from Persian mythology & Turkic mythology.^[28]

Developing activities

Regarding the UNESCO Convention of 20 October 2005, “On the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression” a number of activities have been carried out in the regions of Azerbaijan in order to promote the folklore, culture, and art of ethnic groups. Azerbaijan joined the convention in 2009. Azerbaijan Ministry of Culture and Tourism organizes a festival called “Azerbaijan, the native land” dedicated to the national minorities back in 2006. Within the framework of the festival, various ethnic minorities attend for presenting their folklore. Internationally broadcasting festival hosts approximately 500 participants from all ethnic regions of Azerbaijan. The festival is presented in English, too. There about 41 music and art schools for children in the regions where ethnic groups are populated. In those schools, folklore and ethnic culture are taught.^[29]

Folklore institute

Azerbaijan folklore institute was established in 1994 on the basis of the Literature Institute named after Nizami Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS). Although it has started its activity as an independent structural unit of ANAS in 2003, in the early years of the establishment of Cultural Center it acted as a division of the center.^[30]

In 2012, the Department of Folklore and Ethnic Minorities, which is responsible for the collection of folklore samples, was launched in the Folklore Institute of Azerbaijan. The main goal of the department is to arrange the preservation and research of the assembled folklore samples.^[31]

Publications and research

There are many books and articles in Persian such as, “Azerbayjan Folklorunden Numunahlar” by Hidayat Hasari and “Folklor Ganjinahsi, Oyunlar” by Zahareh Vafasi have been written about the Azerbaijani folklore, which cover various aspects of the country folklore.^[32] Samad Behrangi is a writer who was born in Tabriz in 1939 has written children's stories about Azerbaijani folklore.^[33]^[34] Yagub Khoshgabani and his wife collected and studied Azerbaijani folklore by travelling and taping folklore records in accordance with the statements of elders.^[35]

References

^ Yeni ədəbiyyat tariximizin ilk cildləri Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani)
^ Ismaely, Iraj (2012). Modern Azerbaijanian Prose. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4669-4602-6.
^ “Koroğlu”ya ümumtürk məhəbbəti
^ Азербайджанская литература 5-18 вв. (in Russian)
^ "Mother-of-All-Books": Dada Gorgud
^ Hasan Javadi, "KOROĞLU i. LITERARY TRADITION" in Encyclopedia Iranica
^ Kosayev, Mati; Govshudov, Ata, eds. (1980). Gorogly (in Turkmen). Ashgabat, Turkmenistan: Turkmenistan Neshiryaty. p. 4-10.
^ ^a ^b Chadwick, Nora K.; Zhirmunsky, Victor; Zhirmunskiĭ, Viktor Maksimovich (2010-06-03). Oral Epics of Central Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14828-3.
^ "Koroglu, Literary Tradition". Encyclopedia Iranica. "The Oḡuz Turkic versions of the Köroǧlu story are known among the Azerbaijanis, the Turks of Anatolia, and the Turkmen, and they are most similar to each other regarding language and plot."
^ Rhyne, George N. (2000). The Supplement to the Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History: Avicenna - Bashkin, Matvei Semenovich. Academic International Press. ISBN 978-0-87569-142-8.
^ ^a ^b "Azerbaijan". www.azerbaijan.az. Archived from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
^ Ălăkbărov, Fărid (2006). Azerbaijan: Medieval Manuscripts, History of Medicine, Medicinal Plants. Nurlan.
^ Gōsān by Mary Boyce. Encyclopædia Iranica
^ Yang, Xi (5 February 2019). "History and Organization of the Anatolian Ašuł/Âşık/Aşıq Bardic Traditions". In Özdemir, Ulas; Hamelink, Wendelmoet; Greve, Martin (eds.). Diversity and Contact Among Singer-Poet Traditions in Eastern Anatolia. Ergon Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 978-3956504815. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
^ The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1136095948.
^ Moisenko, Rena (1949). Realist music: 25 Soviet composers. Meridian Books. ISBN 978-0-7614-2011-8.
^ Mitchell, Colin P. (2011-03-03). New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-99194-3.
^ Viltis. International Institute of Wisconsin. 1982.
^ Leeming, David A., ed. (2001). "Turko-Mongol Mythology". A Dictionary of Asian Mythology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195120523.001.0001. ISBN 9780199891177.
^ Мифы народов мира. Энциклопедия. Т.1. «Советская энциклопедия», 1991. ISBN 978-5-85270-016-2
^ Кавказская мифология/Азербайджанская мифология — Агач Киши
^ Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (2002-09-11). The Concept of the Goddess. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-64151-2.
^ Кавказская мифология/Азербайджанская мифология — гюль-ябани (in Russian)
^ "Old fears in Turkish culture".
^ "Monsters of Turkish mythology appear in 'Night Travelers'". Daily Sabah. 8 October 2019.
^ C. S. Mundy (1956). "Polyphemus and Tepegöz". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18 (2): 279–302. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00106858. JSTOR 609984. S2CID 161055923.
^ Təpəgöz Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani)
^ Anaz Radio Voice of South Azerbaijan: Folklor Archived March 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani)
^ "Festival of national minorities due in Baku". AzerNews.az. 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ "WWW.SCIENCE.GOV.AZ". www.science.gov.az. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
^ A’Beckett, Ludmilla; Plessis, Theodorus du (2017-12-20). In pursuit of societal harmony: Reviewing the experiences and approaches in officially monolingual and officially multilingual countries. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. ISBN 9781928424123.
^ Shaffer, Brenda (2002). Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-26468-6.
^ Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010). Guerilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971-1979. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-5147-5.
^ Talattof, Kamran (1996). Ideology of Representation: Episodic Literary Movements in Modern Persian Literature. University of Michigan. ISBN 9780591196276.
^ JPRS Report: Soviet Union. Political affairs. The Service. 1990.

[1] Yeni ədəbiyyat tariximizin ilk cildləri Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani)

[2] Ismaely, Iraj (2012). Modern Azerbaijanian Prose. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4669-4602-6.

[3] “Koroğlu”ya ümumtürk məhəbbəti

[4] Азербайджанская литература 5-18 вв. (in Russian)

[5] "Mother-of-All-Books": Dada Gorgud

[6] Hasan Javadi, "KOROĞLU i. LITERARY TRADITION" in Encyclopedia Iranica

[7] Kosayev, Mati; Govshudov, Ata, eds. (1980). Gorogly (in Turkmen). Ashgabat, Turkmenistan: Turkmenistan Neshiryaty. p. 4-10.

[:0-8] Chadwick, Nora K.; Zhirmunsky, Victor; Zhirmunskiĭ, Viktor Maksimovich (2010-06-03). Oral Epics of Central Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14828-3.

[9] "Koroglu, Literary Tradition". Encyclopedia Iranica. "The Oḡuz Turkic versions of the Köroǧlu story are known among the Azerbaijanis, the Turks of Anatolia, and the Turkmen, and they are most similar to each other regarding language and plot."

[10] Rhyne, George N. (2000). The Supplement to the Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History: Avicenna - Bashkin, Matvei Semenovich. Academic International Press. ISBN 978-0-87569-142-8.

[:1-11] "Azerbaijan". www.azerbaijan.az. Archived from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2018-04-29.

[12] Ălăkbărov, Fărid (2006). Azerbaijan: Medieval Manuscripts, History of Medicine, Medicinal Plants. Nurlan.

[boyce-13] Gōsān by Mary Boyce. Encyclopædia Iranica

[yang-14] Yang, Xi (5 February 2019). "History and Organization of the Anatolian Ašuł/Âşık/Aşıq Bardic Traditions". In Özdemir, Ulas; Hamelink, Wendelmoet; Greve, Martin (eds.). Diversity and Contact Among Singer-Poet Traditions in Eastern Anatolia. Ergon Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 978-3956504815. Retrieved 6 August 2020.

[garland-15] The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1136095948.

[16] Moisenko, Rena (1949). Realist music: 25 Soviet composers. Meridian Books. ISBN 978-0-7614-2011-8.

[17] Mitchell, Colin P. (2011-03-03). New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-99194-3.

[18] Viltis. International Institute of Wisconsin. 1982.

[Leeming_2001-19] Leeming, David A., ed. (2001). "Turko-Mongol Mythology". A Dictionary of Asian Mythology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195120523.001.0001. ISBN 9780199891177.

[Мифы_народов_мира_1-20] Мифы народов мира. Энциклопедия. Т.1. «Советская энциклопедия», 1991. ISBN 978-5-85270-016-2

[21] Кавказская мифология/Азербайджанская мифология — Агач Киши

[22] Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (2002-09-11). The Concept of the Goddess. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-64151-2.

[23] Кавказская мифология/Азербайджанская мифология — гюль-ябани (in Russian)

[24] "Old fears in Turkish culture".

[25] "Monsters of Turkish mythology appear in 'Night Travelers'". Daily Sabah. 8 October 2019.

[Mundy_1956-26] C. S. Mundy (1956). "Polyphemus and Tepegöz". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18 (2): 279–302. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00106858. JSTOR 609984. S2CID 161055923.

[27] Təpəgöz Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani)

[28] Anaz Radio Voice of South Azerbaijan: Folklor Archived March 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani)

[29] "Festival of national minorities due in Baku". AzerNews.az. 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2018-05-06.

[30] "WWW.SCIENCE.GOV.AZ". www.science.gov.az. Retrieved 2018-04-30.

[31] A’Beckett, Ludmilla; Plessis, Theodorus du (2017-12-20). In pursuit of societal harmony: Reviewing the experiences and approaches in officially monolingual and officially multilingual countries. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. ISBN 9781928424123.

[32] Shaffer, Brenda (2002). Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-26468-6.

[33] Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010). Guerilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971-1979. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-5147-5.

[34] Talattof, Kamran (1996). Ideology of Representation: Episodic Literary Movements in Modern Persian Literature. University of Michigan. ISBN 9780591196276.

[35] JPRS Report: Soviet Union. Political affairs. The Service. 1990.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Azerbaijanis}}
+'''Azerbaijani folklore''' ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Azərbaycan folkloru) is the [[folklore|folk]] tradition of [[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani people]].<ref>[http://www.edebiyyatqazeti.com/cgi-bin/edebiyyat/index.cgi?id=1527 Yeni ədəbiyyat tariximizin ilk cildləri] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710170541/http://www.edebiyyatqazeti.com/cgi-bin/edebiyyat/index.cgi?id=1527 |date=July 10, 2011 }} {{in lang|az}}</ref>
-'''Azerbaijani folklore''' is the [[folklore|folk]] tradition of [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijanis]] which has developed throughout the centuries.
-Azerbaijani folklore is embodied explicitly in a large collection of narratives and implicitly in representational arts, such as [[vase painting]] and [[votive deposit|votive gifts]].<ref>[http://www.edebiyyatqazeti.com/cgi-bin/edebiyyat/index.cgi?id=1527 Yeni ədəbiyyat tariximizin ilk cildləri] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710170541/http://www.edebiyyatqazeti.com/cgi-bin/edebiyyat/index.cgi?id=1527 |date=July 10, 2011 }} {{in lang|az}}</ref>
 ==Sources of Azerbaijani folklore==
+[[File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2010-894.jpg|thumb|The tale of the lying shepherd.]]
-National Azerbaijani folklore samples followed by eposes such as Kitabi-Dede Gorgud, Gurbani, Koroglu, Shah Ismayil, Abbas and Gulgaz and Asli and Kerem, tales, bayatys, holavars, lullabies, anecdotes, riddles, proverbs and aphorisms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3ZJuy-8CuS8C&pg=PR9&dq=azeri+folklore+samples#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Modern Azerbaijanian Prose|last=Ismaely|first=Iraj|date=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-4602-6|language=en}}</ref> [[Azerbaijani mythology|Azerbaijani myths]] mainly based on the heroism and wisdom of a human being, which demonstrated in epics such as [[Epic of Köroğlu]], [[Book of Dede Korkut]] and ''Əsli və Kərəm''.<ref>[http://www.xalqqazeti.com/index.php?lngs=aze&cats=9&ids=34271 “Koroğlu”ya ümumtürk məhəbbəti]</ref><ref>[http://www.countries.ru/?pid=763 Азербайджанская литература 5-18 вв.] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/63_folder/63_articles/63_dadagorgud.html "Mother-of-All-Books": Dada Gorgud]</ref>
+[[File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2019-1527-1532.jpg|thumb|Stamps of Azerbaijan 2019.]]
+Azerbaijani folklore is in many aspects, similar to that of other [[Turkic peoples]]. Eposes such as [[Book of Dede Korkut|Kitabi-Dede Gorgud]], [[Epic of Koroghlu|Koroglu]], [[Abbas and Gulgaz]], [[Kerem and Aslı|Asli and Kerem]], tales, holavars, lullabies, anecdotes, riddles, [[Proverb|proverbs]] and aphorisms are widely spread.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZJuy-8CuS8C&dq=azeri+folklore+samples&pg=PR9|title=Modern Azerbaijanian Prose|last=Ismaely|first=Iraj|date=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-4602-6|language=en}}</ref> [[Turkic mythology|Turkic]] and thus many [[Azerbaijani mythology|Azerbaijani myths]] are mainly based on the heroism and wisdom of a human being, which is demonstrated in epics such as [[Epic of Köroğlu]], and [[Book of Dede Korkut]].<ref>[http://www.xalqqazeti.com/index.php?lngs=aze&cats=9&ids=34271 “Koroğlu”ya ümumtürk məhəbbəti]</ref><ref>[http://www.countries.ru/?pid=763 Азербайджанская литература 5-18 вв.] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/63_folder/63_articles/63_dadagorgud.html "Mother-of-All-Books": Dada Gorgud]</ref>
 ===Koroǧlu===
-The story of Koroǧlu (lit. son of the blind) begins with his father's loss of sight.<ref>Hasan Javadi, "KOROĞLU i. LITERARY TRADITION" in Encyclopedia Iranica</ref> The feudal lord Hasan Khan blinds his stable manager Ali Kişi for a trivial offense by plucking out his eyes. <sup>.</sup> Köroǧlu character is supported by several historical evidence. In the late 16th century, the historical Koroǧlu was a leader of jelali rebellion, which broke out Azerbaijan in the border area between Persia and Turkey. Regarding to the Turkish scholar, Pertev Naili Boratov, Turkish sultan ordered to catch the leader of jelali called Köroǧlu (Rushan by name) during the 1580s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZcHYoSVrT6gC&pg=PA300&dq=the+epic+of+koroglu+in+azerbaijan#v=onepage&q=the%20epic%20of%20koroglu%20in%20azerbaijan&f=false|title=Oral Epics of Central Asia|last=Chadwick|first=Nora K.|last2=Zhirmunsky|first2=Victor|last3=Zhirmunskiĭ|first3=Viktor Maksimovich|date=2010-06-03|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-14828-3|language=en}}</ref>
+The story of [[Epic of Koroghlu|Koroǧlu]] (lit. 'son of the blind') begins with his father's loss of sight.<ref>Hasan Javadi, "KOROĞLU i. LITERARY TRADITION" in Encyclopedia Iranica</ref> The feudal lord Hasan Khan blinds his stable manager Ali Kişi for a trivial offense by plucking out his eyes. Koroghlu is a semi-mystical hero and bard among the Turkic people who is thought to have lived in 16th century. The name of "Koroghlu" means "the son of the blind", "the son of ember" or "the son of the clay" (the clay refers to death) in [[Turkic languages]]. His real name was ''Rövşən'' in Azerbaijani, ''Ruşen Ali'' in Turkish or ''Röwşen Aly'' in Turkmen,<ref>{{cite book |title=Gorogly |date=1980 |publisher=Turkmenistan Neshiryaty |editor1-last=Kosayev |editor1-first=Mati |location=Ashgabat, Turkmenistan |page=4-10 |language=Turkmen |editor2-last=Govshudov |editor2-first=Ata}}</ref> which was a loanword from [[Persian language|Persian]] رُوشن ''Rowšan'' meaning ''light'' or ''bright''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Chadwick |first1=Nora K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcHYoSVrT6gC&dq=the+epic+of+koroglu+in+azerbaijan&pg=PA300 |title=Oral Epics of Central Asia |last2=Zhirmunsky |first2=Victor |last3=Zhirmunskiĭ |first3=Viktor Maksimovich |date=2010-06-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-14828-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Koroglu, Literary Tradition |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kroglu-i-literary-tradition |website=Encyclopedia Iranica}} "The Oḡuz Turkic versions of the Köroǧlu story are known among the '''Azerbaijanis, the Turks of Anatolia,''' and '''the Turkmen''', and they are most similar to each other regarding language and plot."</ref>
 === Book of Dede Korkut ===
-The character of Korkut is a white-bearded old man who is the narrative of the tale and guardian of the epic tradition. The book of Dede Korkut is known to the modern world from the two manuscripts belong to the late 16th century.<ref name=":0" />
+The character of Korkut is a white-bearded old man who is the narrative of the tale and guardian of the epic tradition. The book of Dede Korkut is known to the modern world from the two manuscripts belonging to the late 16th century.<ref name=":0" />
 === Baba-I Amir ===
-Baba-I Amir was a comic character in Azerbaijani folklore.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GUtpAAAAMAAJ&q=azeri+folklore&dq=azeri+folklore|title=The Supplement to the Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History: Avicenna - Bashkin, Matvei Semenovich|last=Rhyne|first=George N.|date=2000|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-142-8|language=en}}</ref>
+Baba-I Amir was a comic character in Azerbaijani folklore.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUtpAAAAMAAJ&q=azeri+folklore|title=The Supplement to the Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History: Avicenna - Bashkin, Matvei Semenovich|last=Rhyne|first=George N.|date=2000|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=978-0-87569-142-8|language=en}}</ref>
 === Bayati ===
-“Bayati” is a short and ancient Azeri folk poetry containing four lines with seven syllable in each. They represent human feelings in a poetic form. Several forms of this genre differ from one another according to their telling form and subject. For instance, bayati-baglama, bayati deyishme (competition in saying bayati), vesfi-hal (praising), petting, holavar (labor poems).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Culture/_Literature/_literature_e.html|title=Azerbaijan|website=www.azerbaijan.az|access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> In these verses, ancient medical cures are mostly emphasized such as [[Water Mint|water-mint]], [[spearmint]], [[chamomile]] and [[basil]] that used as a treatment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y4seAQAAIAAJ&q=azeri+folklore&dq=azeri+folklore|title=Azerbaijan: Medieval Manuscripts, History of Medicine, Medicinal Plants|last=Ălăkbărov|first=Fărid|date=2006|publisher=Nurlan|language=en}}</ref>
+“[[Bayati]]” is a short Azeri folk poetry containing four lines with seven syllable in each. They represent human feelings in a poetic form. Several forms of this genre differ from one another according to their telling form and subject. For instance, bayati-baglama, bayati deyishme (competition in saying bayati), vesfi-hal (praising), petting, holavar (labor poems).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Culture/_Literature/_literature_e.html|title=Azerbaijan|website=www.azerbaijan.az|access-date=2018-04-29|archive-date=2019-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320134059/http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Culture/_Literature/_literature_e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4seAQAAIAAJ&q=azeri+folklore|title=Azerbaijan: Medieval Manuscripts, History of Medicine, Medicinal Plants|last=Ălăkbărov|first=Fărid|date=2006|publisher=Nurlan|language=en}}</ref>
 === Ashik poetry ===
-[[Ashik]] poetry is known as an ancient folk poetic performance in [[Caucasus]]. Poet-singers called ashiks narrated ancient tales and legends with stringed instrument kobuz in Azerbaijan. This way folk tales such as Köroǧlu and The Book of Dede Korkut preserved until today.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=NCez3ZuV3NoC&q=ashug+activity&dq=ashug+activity&pg=PA94&dq=ashug+poetry#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Realist music: 25 Soviet composers|last=Moisenko|first=Rena|date=1949|publisher=Meridian Books|language=en|isbn=978-0-7614-2011-8}}</ref> Köroǧlu heroic dastan is the most famous Azerbaijani ashik epic and narrated by the third person, who is an ashik himself. Basic story spread from the origin place where supposed [[Anatolia]] or Azerbaijan into [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]] by changing its content and character at every stage.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1uCaELAsv3MC&pg=PA91&dq=the+epic+of+koroglu+in+azerbaijan#v=onepage&q=the%20epic%20of%20koroglu%20in%20azerbaijan&f=false|title=New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society|last=Mitchell|first=Colin P.|date=2011-03-03|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-99194-3|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Middle East]] ashiks regarded as a poet, singer, composer or musician. In Azerbaijani, the meaning of ashik is the lover of nature and life and accepted as a creator of national folk music and poetry.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TITYAAAAMAAJ&q=ashug+poetry&dq=ashug+poetry|title=Viltis|date=1982|publisher=International Institute of Wisconsin|language=en}}</ref>
+[[Ashik]] poetry is widespread among Turkic peoples, and other peoples like the [[Armenians]], where they are called [[gusans]].<ref name="boyce">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gosan Gōsān] by [[Mary Boyce]]. [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]</ref><ref name="yang">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Xi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHGaDwAAQBAJ |title=Diversity and Contact Among Singer-Poet Traditions in Eastern Anatolia |date=5 February 2019 |publisher=Ergon Verlag |isbn=978-3956504815 |editor1-last=Özdemir |editor1-first=Ulas |page=20 |chapter=History and Organization of the Anatolian Ašuł/Âşık/Aşıq Bardic Traditions |access-date=6 August 2020 |editor2-last=Hamelink |editor2-first=Wendelmoet |editor3-last=Greve |editor3-first=Martin}}</ref> Poet-singers called ashiks narrate tales and legends with stringed instruments, like the [[Bağlama|saz]].<ref name="garland">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a90rBgAAQBAJ |title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1136095948}}</ref> This way folk tales such as Köroǧlu and The Book of Dede Korkut preserved until today.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCez3ZuV3NoC&q=ashug+activity&pg=PA94|title=Realist music: 25 Soviet composers|last=Moisenko|first=Rena|date=1949|publisher=Meridian Books|language=en|isbn=978-0-7614-2011-8}}</ref> The heroic [[dastan]] [[Epic of Koroghlu|Koroglu]] is the most famous Turkic ashik epic. It is narrated by a third person, who is an ashik himself. Ashik stories can spread from Its place of origin to many different regions, possibly changing its contents in every new region it arrives to.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uCaELAsv3MC&dq=the+epic+of+koroglu+in+azerbaijan&pg=PA91|title=New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society|last=Mitchell|first=Colin P.|date=2011-03-03|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-99194-3|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Middle East]] ashiks regarded as a poet, singer, composer or musician. In [[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]], the meaning of ashik is the lover of nature and life and accepted as a creator of national folk music and poetry.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TITYAAAAMAAJ&q=ashug+poetry|title=Viltis|date=1982|publisher=International Institute of Wisconsin|language=en}}</ref>
 === Ceremonial songs and dances ===
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 ==Supernatural beings==
+Almost all Azerbaijani supernatural beings are descended from [[Turkic mythology]], or that of surrounding peoples believes.<ref name="Leeming 2001">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Asian Mythology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780199891177 |editor-last=Leeming |editor-first=David A. |editor-link=David Adams Leeming |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |contribution=Turko-Mongol Mythology |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195120523.001.0001 |contribution-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195120523.001.0001/acref-9780195120523-e-469 |contribution-url-access=subscription}}</ref>
-*Meshe Adam ({{lang-az|Meşə Adam}}), sometimes known as ''Ağac Kişi'' (literally tree man or forest man) is according to Azerbaijani and [[Karachay]] mythology a spirit, who lives in mountainous forests.<ref name="Мифы народов мира 1">Мифы народов мира. Энциклопедия. Т.1. «Советская энциклопедия», 1991. {{ISBN|978-5-85270-016-2}}</ref> It often represented in the form of hairy creatures of both sexes, being an ape with a human face and a sharp odor. It was believed that during their search for food, they go under cover to the gardens and orchards during the night, while wearing discarded human clothes. According to some researchers, the Meshe Adam is a variant of the legend of the [[snowman]].<ref>[http://mifolog.ru/mythology/item/f00/s00/e0000061/index.shtml Кавказская мифология/Азербайджанская мифология — Агач Киши]</ref> «Forest Man» is a common folklore figure for Caucasus region. In the article, “Forest Man” by W. Feuerstein close connection has been observed between the forest folk and the traditions of the sovereign of the game in Caucasus. This connection displays itself beyond the boundaries of Caucasus like Scandinavian [[Skogsrå]] and a tricky Russian wood-sprite [[Leshy]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oBiEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA176&dq=south+caucasus+folklore#v=onepage&q=south%20caucasus%20folklore&f=false|title=The Concept of the Goddess|last=Billington|first=Sandra|last2=Green|first2=Miranda|date=2002-09-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64151-2|language=en}}</ref>
+*Meshe Adam ({{lang-az|Meşə Adam}}), sometimes known as ''Ağac Kişi'' (literally 'tree man') is according to Azerbaijani and [[Karachay]] mythology a spirit, who lives in mountainous forests.<ref name="Мифы народов мира 1">Мифы народов мира. Энциклопедия. Т.1. «Советская энциклопедия», 1991. {{ISBN|978-5-85270-016-2}}</ref> It often represented in the form of hairy creatures of both sexes, being an ape with a human face and a sharp odor. It was believed that during their search for food, they go undercover to the gardens and orchards during the night while wearing discarded human clothes. According to some researchers, the Meshe Adam is a variant of the legend of the [[yeti]].<ref>[http://mifolog.ru/mythology/item/f00/s00/e0000061/index.shtml Кавказская мифология/Азербайджанская мифология — Агач Киши]</ref> «Forest Man» is a common folklore figure for Caucasus region. In the article, “Forest Man” by W. Feuerstein close connection has been observed between the forest folk and the traditions of the sovereign of the game in the Caucasus. This connection displays itself beyond the boundaries of Caucasus like Scandinavian [[Skogsrå]] and a tricky Russian wood-sprite [[Leshy]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBiEAgAAQBAJ&dq=south+caucasus+folklore&pg=PA176|title=The Concept of the Goddess|last1=Billington|first1=Sandra|last2=Green|first2=Miranda|date=2002-09-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64151-2|language=en}}</ref>
-*Gulyabani ({{lang-az|Qulyabani}})(Persian:Ghoul-e-biabani :''Monster of desert'' )is an evil spirit, who lives in the desert and cemeteries. According to Azerbaijani and Turkish researchers, Gulyabani's main occupation was scaring night travellers, while they had features of a [[werewolf]] at night. They also love riding horses, while mixing horses mane. According to the legend, Gulyabani will work for humans, if someone can penetrate with [[Sewing needle|needle]] their collar. But at the same time they will serve all the orders of master as [[List of Latin phrases: V#vice versa|vice versa]]. In the western regions of Azerbaijan, Gulyabani often identified as malicious spirit of water Ardov.<ref>[http://mifolog.ru/mythology/item/f00/s01/e0001255/index.shtml Кавказская мифология/Азербайджанская мифология — гюль-ябани] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
+*Qulyabani ({{lang-az|Qulyabani}}; borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]]: غول‌بیابانی ''Ghul-e Biābānī'' meaning 'the monster of the desert') is a giant with a long beard who is believed to eat people. He originates in [[Turkic mythology]]. In Turkish and therefore also Azerbaijani folklore, he is believed to have reversed feet and sleep in forests or graveyards during day and wake up during night. The cover of the first [[Ottoman Turkish]] edition of Gürpınar’s novel portrays Gulyabani with a long white beard, a top hat and a walking stick which give an impression of old age. Moreover, while the [[rosary]] on his hand evokes religious connotations, his long nails, his haunting eyes and smile create a monstrous image. Essentially, he is a evil spirit, who lives in deserts and cemeteries.<ref>[http://mifolog.ru/mythology/item/f00/s01/e0001255/index.shtml Кавказская мифология/Азербайджанская мифология — гюль-ябани] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Old fears in Turkish culture |url=http://ilargia.franceserv.eu/index.php/articles-posts/etudes-studies/42-old-fears-in-turkish-culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monsters of Turkish mythology appear in 'Night Travelers' |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/arts-culture/2019/10/08/monsters-of-turkish-mythology-appear-in-night-travelers |website=Daily Sabah|date=8 October 2019 }}</ref>
-*[[Tepegoz]] ({{lang-az|Tepegöz}}) is an [[Azerbaijan]]i mythical creature similar to the [[cyclops]] [[Polyphemus]].<ref name="Mundy 1956">{{cite journal | author=C. S. Mundy| title=Polyphemus and Tepegöz| journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| year=1956| volume=18| issue=2| pages=279–302| jstor=609984| doi=10.1017/s0041977x00106858}}</ref><ref>[http://anayam.az/content.php?page=167&nid=108 Təpəgöz] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706130730/http://anayam.az/content.php?page=167&nid=108 |date=July 6, 2011 }} {{in lang|az}}</ref>
+*[[Tepegoz]] ({{lang-az|Tepegöz}}) is an [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] mythical creature similar to the [[cyclops]] [[Polyphemus]].<ref name="Mundy 1956">{{cite journal | author=C. S. Mundy| title=Polyphemus and Tepegöz| journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| year=1956| volume=18| issue=2| pages=279–302| jstor=609984| doi=10.1017/s0041977x00106858| s2cid=161055923}}</ref><ref>[http://anayam.az/content.php?page=167&nid=108 Təpəgöz] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706130730/http://anayam.az/content.php?page=167&nid=108 |date=July 6, 2011 }} {{in lang|az}}</ref>
 == Relations with other cultures ==
@@ Line 34: / Line 35: @@
 == Developing activities ==
-Regarding to the [[UNESCO]] Convention of 20 October 2005, “On the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression” a number of activities have been carried out in the regions of Azerbaijan in order to promote the folklore, culture and art of ethnic groups. Azerbaijan joined to the convention in 2009. Azerbaijan Ministry of Culture and Tourism organizes the festival called “Azerbaijan, the native land” dedicated to the national minorities back in 2006. Within the framework of the festival, various ethnic minorities attend in for presenting their folklore. Internationally broadcasting festival hosts approximately 500 participants from all ethnic regions of Azerbaijan. Festival is presented in English, too. There about 41 music and art schools for children in the regions where ethnic groups are populated. In those schools, folklore and ethnic culture are taught.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.azernews.az/culture/98485.html|title=Festival of national minorities due in Baku|date=2016-06-24|work=AzerNews.az|access-date=2018-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Regarding the [[UNESCO]] Convention of 20 October 2005, “On the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression” a number of activities have been carried out in the regions of Azerbaijan in order to promote the folklore, culture, and art of ethnic groups. Azerbaijan joined the convention in 2009. Azerbaijan Ministry of Culture and Tourism organizes a festival called “Azerbaijan, the native land” dedicated to the national minorities back in 2006. Within the framework of the festival, various ethnic minorities attend for presenting their folklore. Internationally broadcasting festival hosts approximately 500 participants from all ethnic regions of Azerbaijan. The festival is presented in English, too. There about 41 music and art schools for children in the regions where ethnic groups are populated. In those schools, folklore and ethnic culture are taught.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.azernews.az/culture/98485.html|title=Festival of national minorities due in Baku|date=2016-06-24|work=AzerNews.az|access-date=2018-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
 == Folklore institute ==
-Azerbaijan folklore institute was established in 1994 on the base of the Literature Institute named after [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]] [[Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences]] (ANAS). Although it has started its activity as an independent structure unit of ANAS since 2003, in the early years of the establishment Cultural Center it acted as a division of the center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.science.gov.az/institutes/36|title=WWW.SCIENCE.GOV.AZ|website=www.science.gov.az|language=en|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref>
+Azerbaijan folklore institute was established in 1994 on the basis of the Literature Institute named after [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]] [[Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences]] (ANAS). Although it has started its activity as an independent structural unit of ANAS in 2003, in the early years of the establishment of Cultural Center it acted as a division of the center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.science.gov.az/institutes/36|title=WWW.SCIENCE.GOV.AZ|website=www.science.gov.az|language=en|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref>
-In 2012, the Department of Folklore and Ethnic Minorities, which is responsible for the collection of folklore samples, was launched in the Folklore Institute of Azerbaijan. The main goal of the department is arranging the preservation and research of the assembled folklore samples.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1PlIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130&dq=azeri+folklore#v=onepage&q=azeri%20folklore&f=false|title=In pursuit of societal harmony: Reviewing the experiences and approaches in officially monolingual and officially multilingual countries|last=A’Beckett|first=Ludmilla|last2=Plessis|first2=Theodorus du|date=2017-12-20|publisher=AFRICAN SUN MeDIA|isbn=9781928424123|language=en}}</ref>
+In 2012, the Department of Folklore and Ethnic Minorities, which is responsible for the collection of folklore samples, was launched in the Folklore Institute of Azerbaijan. The main goal of the department is to arrange the preservation and research of the assembled folklore samples.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PlIDwAAQBAJ&dq=azeri+folklore&pg=PA130|title=In pursuit of societal harmony: Reviewing the experiences and approaches in officially monolingual and officially multilingual countries|last1=A’Beckett|first1=Ludmilla|last2=Plessis|first2=Theodorus du|date=2017-12-20|publisher=AFRICAN SUN MeDIA|isbn=9781928424123|language=en}}</ref>
 == Publications and research ==
-There are many books and articles in [[Persian language|Persian]] such as, “Azerbayjan Folklorunden Numunahlar” by Hidayat Hasari and “Folklor Ganjinahsi, Oyunlar” by Zahareh Vafasi have been written about the Azerbaijani folklore, which cover various aspects of the country folklore.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sHKSh_XltKMC&pg=PA170&dq=azeri+folklore#v=onepage&q=azeri%20folklore&f=false|title=Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity|last=Shaffer|first=Brenda|date=2002|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-26468-6|language=en}}</ref> [[Samad Behrangi]] is a writer who was born in [[Tabriz]] in 1939 has written children's stories about Azerbaijani folklore.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3cCs4FFWMqgC&pg=PA23&dq=azeri+folklore#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Guerilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971-1979|last=Vahabzadeh|first=Peyman|date=2010|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-5147-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OcseAQAAMAAJ&q=azeri+folklore&dq=azeri+folklore|title=Ideology of Representation: Episodic Literary Movements in Modern Persian Literature|last=Talattof|first=Kamran|date=1996|publisher=University of Michigan|language=en}}</ref> Yagub Khoshgabani and his wife collected and studied Azerbaijani folklore by travelling and taping folklore records in accordance with the statements of elders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qtAVAQAAMAAJ&q=azeri+folklore&dq=azeri+folklore|title=JPRS Report: Soviet Union. Political affairs|date=1990|publisher=The Service|language=en}}</ref>
+There are many books and articles in [[Persian language|Persian]] such as, “Azerbayjan Folklorunden Numunahlar” by Hidayat Hasari and “Folklor Ganjinahsi, Oyunlar” by Zahareh Vafasi have been written about the Azerbaijani folklore, which cover various aspects of the country folklore.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHKSh_XltKMC&dq=azeri+folklore&pg=PA170|title=Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity|last=Shaffer|first=Brenda|date=2002|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-26468-6|language=en}}</ref> [[Samad Behrangi]] is a writer who was born in [[Tabriz]] in 1939 has written children's stories about Azerbaijani folklore.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cCs4FFWMqgC&dq=azeri+folklore&pg=PA23|title=Guerilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971-1979|last=Vahabzadeh|first=Peyman|date=2010|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-5147-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcseAQAAMAAJ&q=azeri+folklore|title=Ideology of Representation: Episodic Literary Movements in Modern Persian Literature|last=Talattof|first=Kamran|date=1996|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=9780591196276|language=en}}</ref> Yagub Khoshgabani and his wife collected and studied Azerbaijani folklore by travelling and taping folklore records in accordance with the statements of elders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtAVAQAAMAAJ&q=azeri+folklore|title=JPRS Report: Soviet Union. Political affairs|date=1990|publisher=The Service|language=en}}</ref>
 == See also ==
 * [[Azerbaijani literature]]
+* [[Azerbaijani fairy tales]]
 * [[Turkic mythology]]
 * [[Persian mythology]]
@@ Line 53: / Line 55: @@
 {{Azerbaijan topics}}
-{{Europe topic|Mythology of}}
+{{Europe topic|Folklore of}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Azerbaijani Folklore}}
 [[Category:Azerbaijani folklore| ]]
-[[Category:Azerbaijani culture]]
+[[Category:Culture of Azerbaijan]]
 [[Category:Azerbaijani mythology]]
 [[Category:Turkic mythology]]

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