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D-comma (majuscule: D̦, minuscule: d̦) is a letter that was part of the Romanian alphabet to represent the sound /z/ or /dz/ if it was derived from a Latin d (e.g. d̦i, pronounced /zi/ came from Latin die, day).^[1] It was the equivalent of the Cyrillic letters З and Ѕ.

This letter was first introduced by Petru Maior in his 1819 book Ortographia romana sive Latino–Valachica, una cum clavis, qua penetralia originationis vocum reserantur...: "d̦ sicut Latinorum z ac cyrillicum з".^[2]

In 1844, Ioan Eliade introduced d̦ again, in his magazine Curierul de ambe sexe, as a substitute for з.^[3]

On 23 October 1858, the Eforia Instrucțiunii Publice of Wallachia issued a decree in which, among other rules, d̦ was for the third time adopted instead of Cyrillic з. However, the rule would not be fully adopted until later.^[4]

Taking the matter in his hands, internal affairs minister Ion Ghica stated on 8 February 1860 that whoever in his order ignored the new transitional alphabet would be fired.^[5]

In Moldavia, the transitional alphabet and the letter d̦ was adopted much later. In his grammar, published in Paris in 1865, Vasile Alecsandri adopted this sign instead of з, viewing the comma below d as a small s (d̦ was often pronounced /dz/, /ds/. This was also the case with ș—ss and ț—ts).^[6]

This letter was abandoned in 1904 and is no longer in use.

This letter is part of the Livonian alphabet but is presented with D-cedilla in practice.

Computer encoding

Unicode does not include precomposed characters for D̦ d̦—they must be represented with a combining diacritic, which may not align properly in some fonts. Nevertheless, the sequence of base character + combining diacritic is given a unique name. Otherwise, the D-cedilla (Ḑ ḑ) is somewhat to be a substitute as part of the Unicode standards because the visual appearance of D-cedilla is identical to D-comma as of the Unicode Consortium code chart for Latin Extended Additional.

Notes

^ Negruzzi, p. 234.
^ Vîrtosu, p. 208
^ Vîrtosu, p. 223.
^ Vîrtosu, p. 234–235.
^ Vîrtosu, p. 236.
^ Vîrtosu, p. 245.

References

Negruzzi, Constantin, Studii asupra limbei române, in vol. "Alexandru Lăpuşneanul", Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1969.
Vîrtosu, Emil, Paleografia româno-chirilică, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucharest, 1968.

[1] Negruzzi, p. 234.

[2] Vîrtosu, p. 208

[3] Vîrtosu, p. 223.

[4] Vîrtosu, p. 234–235.

[5] Vîrtosu, p. 236.

[6] Vîrtosu, p. 245.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Letter of the Latin alphabet}}
-[[Image:D-comma.svg|thumb|right|200px|D with comma below.]]
+{{Redirect-distinguish|D̦|Ḑ}}
-'''{{unicode|D̦}} {{unicode|d̦}}''' ('''D-comma''') is a letter which was part of the [[Romanian alphabet]], and used to represent the sound {{IPA|/z/}} or {{IPA|/dz/}} where it was derived from a [[Latin language|Latin]] ''d'' (e.g. ''{{unicode|d̦i}}'', pronounced {{IPA|/zi/}} came from Latin ''die'', day)<ref>Negruzzi, p. 234.</ref>. It was the equivalent of the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letters [[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] and [[Dze|Ѕ]].
+[[File:Latin letter D with comma below.svg|thumb|D with comma below.]]
+'''D-comma''' (majuscule: '''D̦''', minuscule: '''d̦''') is a letter that was part of the [[Romanian alphabet]] to represent the sound {{IPA|/z/}} or {{IPA|/dz/}} if it was derived from a [[Latin language|Latin]] ''d'' (e.g. {{lang|ro|d̦i}}, pronounced {{IPA|/zi/}} came from Latin {{lang|la|die}}, day).<ref>Negruzzi, p. 234.</ref> It was the equivalent of the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letters [[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] and [[Dze|Ѕ]].
-This letter was first introduced by [[Petru Maior]] in his 1819 book ''Ortographia romana sive Latino-Valachica, una cum clavis, qua penetralia originationis vocum reserantur...'': "'''{{unicode|d̦}}''' sicut Latinorum '''z''' ac cyrillicum '''з'''"<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 208</ref>.
+This letter was first introduced by [[Petru Maior]] in his 1819 book {{lang|la|Ortographia romana sive Latino–Valachica, una cum clavis, qua penetralia originationis vocum reserantur...}}: "{{lang|la|'''d̦''' sicut Latinorum '''[[z]]''' ac cyrillicum '''[[Ze (Cyrillic)|з]]'''}}".<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 208</ref>
-In 1844 [[Ioan Eliade]] introduced ''{{unicode|d̦}}'' again in his magazine ''Curierul de ambe sexe'' as a substitute for ''з''<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 223.</ref>.
-On 23 October 1858 the Eforia Instrucţiunii Publice of [[Wallachia]] issued a decree in which, among other rules, ''{{unicode|d̦}}'' was for the third time adopted instead of Cyrillic ''з''. However, this rule will not be fully adopted until later<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 234–235.</ref>.
+In 1844, [[Ioan Eliade]] introduced ''d̦'' again, in his magazine {{lang|ro|Curierul de ambe sexe}}, as a substitute for ''[[Ze (Cyrillic)|з]]''.<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 223.</ref>
+On 23 October 1858, the {{lang|ro|Eforia Instrucțiunii Publice}} of [[Wallachia]] issued a decree in which, among other rules, ''d̦'' was for the third time adopted instead of Cyrillic ''[[Ze (Cyrillic)|з]]''. However, the rule would not be fully adopted until later.<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 234–235.</ref>
-Taking the matter in his hands, internal affairs minister [[Ion Ghica]] stated on 8 February 1860 that whoever in his order ignored the new transitional alphabet rules, was going to be fired<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 236.</ref>.
+Taking the matter in his hands, internal affairs minister [[Ion Ghica]] stated on 8 February 1860 that whoever in his order ignored the new transitional alphabet would be fired.<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 236.</ref>
-In [[Moldavia]], the transitional alphabet and the letter ''{{unicode|d̦}}'' was adopted much later. In his grammar published in [[Paris]] in 1865, [[Vasile Alecsandri]] adopted this sign instead of ''з'', viewing the comma below ''d'' as a small ''s'' (''{{unicode|d̦}}'' was often pronounced {{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/ds/}}. This was also the case with [[S-comma|{{unicode|ș}}]]—''ss'' and [[T-comma|{{unicode|ț}}]]—''ts'')<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 245.</ref>.
+In [[Moldavia]], the transitional alphabet and the letter ''d̦'' was adopted much later. In his grammar, published in [[Paris]] in 1865, [[Vasile Alecsandri]] adopted this sign instead of ''[[Ze (Cyrillic)|з]]'', viewing the comma below ''[[d]]'' as a small ''[[s]]'' (''d̦'' was often pronounced {{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/ds/}}. This was also the case with [[s-comma|ș]]—''ss'' and [[t-comma|ț]]—''ts'').<ref>Vîrtosu, p. 245.</ref>
 This letter was abandoned in 1904 and is no longer in use.
-It is also a part of the [[Livonian language#Alphabet|Livonian alphabet]], however it is written with cedilla mark (see below).
+This letter is part of the [[Livonian language#Alphabet|Livonian alphabet]] but is presented with [[Ḑ|D-cedilla]] in practice.
 ==Computer encoding==
-[[Unicode]] does not include [[precomposed character]]s for {{unicode|D̦}} {{unicode|d̦}}—they must be represented with a [[combining diacritic]], which may not align properly in some [[typeface|fonts]]. Nevertheless, the sequence of base character + combining diacritic is given a unique name.  Otherwise, the [[ḑ|D-cedilla]] (Ḑ ḑ) is somewhat to be used as part of the unicode standards because the typographic point of view of D-cedilla is very similar that has a comma.
+[[Unicode]] does not include [[precomposed character]]s for D̦ d̦—they must be represented with a [[combining diacritic]], which may not align properly in some [[typeface|fonts]]. Nevertheless, the sequence of base character + combining diacritic is given a unique name.  Otherwise, the [[ḑ|D-cedilla]] (Ḑ ḑ) is somewhat to be a substitute as part of the Unicode standards because the visual appearance of D-cedilla is identical to D-comma as of the Unicode Consortium code chart for [[Latin Extended Additional]].
 ==See also==
@@ Line 27: / Line 30: @@
 == References ==
-* Negruzzi, Constantin, ''Studii asupra limbei române'', in vol. "Alexandru Lăpuşneanul", Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1969.
+* Negruzzi, Constantin, {{lang|ro|Studii asupra limbei române}}, in vol. "{{lang|ro|Alexandru Lăpuşneanul}}", {{lang|ro|Ed. Pentru Literatură}}, Bucharest, 1969.
-* Vîrtosu, Emil, ''Paleografia româno-chirilică'', Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucharest, 1968.
+* Vîrtosu, Emil, {{lang|ro|Paleografia româno-chirilică, Ed. Ştiinţifică}}, Bucharest, 1968.
-{{Latin alphabet|D|comma}}
+{{Latin script|D|comma}}
-[[Category:Specific letter-diacritic combinations|D-comma]]
-[[Category:Romanian language|D-comma]]
+{{Romanian language}}
+[[Category:Latin letters with diacritics]]
-[[fr:D̦]]
+[[Category:Romanian language]]
+[[Category:1819 introductions]]