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[[File:Lead bismuthate 3.png|thumb|Lead bismuthate forms a pentavalent structure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumada|first1=Nobuhiro|last2=Miura|first2=Akira|last3=Takei|first3=Takahiro|last4=Yashima|first4=Masatomo|title=Crystal structures of a pentavalent bismuthate, SrBi2O6 and a lead bismuth oxide (Pb1/3Bi2/3)O1.4|journal=Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=150–153|doi=10.1016/j.jascer.2014.02.002|doi-access=free|year=2014}}</ref> Six oxygen atoms are coordinated octahedrally to each bismuth atom. Through the edge-sharing of oxygen atoms, a Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup> layer is formed. Positively charged lead atoms are dispersed between the layers, forming a hexagonal unit cell, with a lead atom in each of the corners.]]
{{citation style|date=March 2015}}
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'''Lead bismuthate''' is a chemical compound with the formula [[Lead#Lead(II)|Pb]][[Bismuthate|(BiO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]]. It has only been discovered in recent years{{When|date=February 2017}} in the laboratory as it is not naturally occurring. Lead bismuthate forms a pentavalent structure, significantly different from the regular ionic interactions of [[sodium bismuthate]], but similar to that of strontium bismuthate.<ref name=":0" /> In the structure, six oxygen atoms are coordinated octahedrally to both the bismuth and lead atoms. The bismuth and oxygen atoms form negatively charged layers by creating repeating [[Octahedral molecular geometry|octahedral geometries]]. The positively charged lead atoms are then disbursed within the layers, forming a hexagonal unit cell, with a lead atom in each of the corners. The density of the crystal is 9.18 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The formula weight is 233.99 g/mol.<ref name=":0" /> The volume of the crystal structure unit is 169.26 A<sup>3</sup>. Lattice parameters (a) is 5.321 angstroms.
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[[File:Lead bismuthate 3.png|thumb|Lead bismuthate forms a pentavalent structure.<ref>Kumada, Nobuhiro, Akira Miura, Takahiro Takei, and Masatomo Yashima. "Crystal Structures of a Pentavalent Bismuthate, SrBi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> and a Lead Bismuth Oxide (Pb1/3Bi2/3)O1.4." ''Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies'' 2.2 (2014): 150–53. Web. Feb 2015.</ref> Six oxygen atoms are coordinated octahedrally to each bismuth atom. Through the edge-sharing of oxygen atoms, a Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup> layer is formed. Positively charged lead atoms are dispersed between the layers, forming a hexagonal unit cell, with a lead atom in each of the corners.]]
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[[Bismuth]] molecules have the ability to form trivalent or pentavalent compounds. '''Lead bismuthate''' itself has only been discovered in recent years{{When|date=February 2017}} in the laboratory as it is not naturally occurring. Lead bismuthate forms a pentavalent structure, significantly different from the regular ionic interactions of [[sodium bismuthate]], but similar to that of strontium bismuthate.<ref>Kumada, Nobuhiro, Akira Miura, Takahiro Takei, and Masatomo Yashima. "Crystal Structures of a Pentavalent Bismuthate, SrBi2O<sub>6</sub> and a Lead Bismuth Oxide (Pb1/3Bi2/3)O1.4." ''Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies'' 2.2 (2014): 150–53. Web. Feb 2015.</ref> In the structure, six oxygen atoms are coordinated octahedrally to both the bismuth and lead atoms. The bismuth and oxygen atoms form negatively charged layers by creating repeating [[Octahedral molecular geometry|octahedral geometries]]. The positively charged lead atoms are then disbursed within the layers, forming a hexagonal unit cell, with a lead atom in each of the corners. The density of the crystal is 9.18 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The formula weight is 233.99 g/mol.<ref>Kumada, Nobuhiro, Akira Miura, Takahiro Takei, and Masatomo Yashima. "Crystal Structures of a Pentavalent Bismuthate, SrBi2O6 and a Lead Bismuth Oxide (Pb1/3Bi2/3)O1.4." ''Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies'' 2.2 (2014): 150–53. Web. Feb 2015.</ref> The volume of the crystal structure unit is 169.26 A<sup>3</sup>. Lattice parameters (a) is 5.321 angstroms.


==Uses==
==Uses==
===Semiconductor properties===
===Semiconductor properties===


One of the first found uses of lead bismuthate was its ability to be a [[semiconductor]]. When doped with a metal that has one less electron (p-type doping) it has ability to conduct. Its coefficient of performance also increases to a range of 0.2 to 0.6.<ref>Dumbaugh, W., Jr. "Patent US3723141 - Infrared Transmissive Lead Bismuthate Glasses." Google Books. N.p., Mar. 1973. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref> Its application as a semiconductor involves mixing Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, PbO, and SiO<sub>2</sub>, into a paint and coat solar panels with the paint. Different solvents and compositions of the three chemicals yielded different semiconducting efficiencies.
One of the first found uses of lead bismuthate was its ability to be a [[semiconductor]]. When doped with a metal that has one less electron (p-type doping) it has ability to conduct. Its [[coefficient of performance]] also increases to a range of 0.2 to 0.6.<ref name=":1">{{cite patent|country=US|number=3723141|title=Infrared transmissive lead bismuthate glasses|status=|pubdate=|fdate=March 22, 1971|gdate=March 27, 1973|inventor=Dumbaugh|inventor1-first=W.|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US3723141|assign1=W Dumbaugh}}</ref> Its application as a semiconductor involves mixing Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, PbO, and SiO<sub>2</sub>, into a paint and coat solar panels with the paint. Different solvents and compositions of the three chemicals yielded different semiconducting efficiencies.


===Glass applications===
===Glass applications===
[[File:Lead bismuthate 1.jpg|thumb|Lead bismuthate has a broad transmittance range in the IR spectra.7 When doped with Li<sub>2</sub>O to form Li<sub>2</sub>O-[Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-PbO], the transmittance can increase beyond 10-15 micrometers. The figure above shows the IR spectra of 30Li2O-35[Bi2O3-PbO] glass composition, which contains 30 mole percent Li<sub>2</sub>O.<ref>Pan, A., and A. Ghosh. "A New Family of Lead–bismuthate Glass with a Large Transmitting Window." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 271.1-2 (2000): 157-61. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref>]]
[[File:Lead bismuthate 1.jpg|thumb|Lead bismuthate has a broad transmittance range in the IR spectra.7 When doped with Li<sub>2</sub>O to form Li<sub>2</sub>O-[Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-PbO], the transmittance can increase beyond 10-15 micrometers. The figure above shows the IR spectra of 30Li2O-35[Bi2O3-PbO] glass composition, which contains 30 mole percent Li<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Pan|first1=A|last2=Ghosh|first2=A|date=2000-06-01|title=A new family of lead–bismuthate glass with a large transmitting window|journal=Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids|volume=271|issue=1|pages=157–161|doi=10.1016/S0022-3093(00)00111-3|issn=0022-3093|doi-access=free|bibcode=2000JNCS..271..157P}}</ref>]]
[[File:Lead bismuthate 2.png|thumb|Infusing varying mole concentrations of Li2O within the structure of lead bismuthate to form Li<sub>2</sub>O-[Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-PbO] can increase the transmittance spectra of lead bismuthate glass within and beyond the visible range.7 The figure shows the UV-Vis spectra of lead bismuthate glass compositions with (a) 20, (b) 30, (c) 40, (d) 50 and (e) 60 mole percent of Li<sub>2</sub>O.<ref>Pan, A., and A. Ghosh. "A New Family of Lead–bismuthate Glass with a Large Transmitting Window." ''Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids'' 271.1-2 (2000): 157-61. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref>]]
[[File:Lead bismuthate 2.png|thumb|Infusing varying mole concentrations of Li2O within the structure of lead bismuthate to form Li<sub>2</sub>O-[Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-PbO] can increase the transmittance spectra of lead bismuthate glass within and beyond the visible range.7 The figure shows the UV-Vis spectra of lead bismuthate glass compositions with (a) 20, (b) 30, (c) 40, (d) 50 and (e) 60 mole percent of Li<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=":2" />]]


Lead bismuthate glass has become highly useful in the industrial and electrical sector. Lead bismuthate glass has a density in the range of 7.639-7.699 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and [[refractive index]] within the range of 2.47-2.9.<ref>Kumada, Nobuhiro, Akira Miura, Takahiro Takei, and Masatomo Yashima. "Crystal Structures of a Pentavalent Bismuthate, SrBi2O6 and a Lead Bismuth Oxide (Pb1/3Bi2/3)O1.4." ''Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies'' 2.2 (2014): 150-53. Web. Feb 2015.</ref> But most importantly lead bismuthate glass has a uniquely large transmitting window, containing wavelengths in the infrared (IR) and UV-visible wavelengths.<ref>Kumada, Nobuhiro, Nan Xu, Akira Miura, and Takahiro Takei. "Preparation and Photocatalytic Properties of New Calcium and Lead Bismuthates." ''Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan'' 122.6 (2014): 509-12. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref> Due to this, lead bismuthate can be used in spectral devices, such as optical switches and photoionic devices, detection systems based on sensitivity to infrared (IR) and heat radiation, laser materials, optical waveguides, and crystal free fiber drawings.<ref>Lin, H., E.Y.B. Pun, B.J. Chen, and Y.Y. Zhang. "Rare-Earth Ion Doped Lead- and Cadmium-Free Bismuthate Glasses." Rare-earth Ion Doped Lead- and Cadmium-free Bismuthate Glasses. AIP Publishing, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.</ref> Though unfortunately, lead bismuthate glass cannot form on its own and is rather difficult to make. ¬¬As lead bismuthate melts in the glass forming process, it becomes less stable and tends to crystallize as the temperature decreases, creating a less translucent and glossy product.<ref>Dumbaugh, W., Jr. "Patent US3723141 - Infrared Transmissive Lead Bismuthate Glasses." Google Books. N.p., Mar. 1973. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref> Lead bismuthate has a high [[Paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] ion content. Thus the lead bismuthate in conjunction with increasing concentrations of metal cation or oxide adducts such as Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, MnO or Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> increases the stabilization effect and transmission window of the lead bismuthate resulting in the crystallization of the glass structure.<ref>Simon, S., R. Pop, V. Simon, and M. Coldea. "Structural and Magnetic Properties of Lead-bismuthate Oxide Glasses Containing S-state Paramagnetic Ions." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 331.1-3 (2003): 1-10. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref> For example, varying the mole percent of Li<sub>2</sub>O in the lead bismuthate glass with the formula Li<sub>2</sub>O-[Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-PbO] can increase the transmission range to wavelengths beyond 10–15 micrometers in the IR spectra and 420–450&nbsp;nm in the UV-Vis spectra.<ref>Pan, A., and A. Ghosh. "A New Family of Lead–bismuthate Glass with a Large Transmitting Window." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 271.1-2 (2000): 157-61. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref> Researchers are working to improve lead bismuthate by expanding the transmitting window to fit even more optical applications. Specifically, research has shown that if sufficient amounts of barium and zinc oxides are used simultaneously for the stabilization of lead bismuthate glasses, the decrease in the infrared transmission becomes insignificant compared to the stability of the glass.<ref>Dumbaugh, W., Jr. "Patent US3723141 - Infrared Transmissive Lead Bismuthate Glasses." Google Books. N.p., Mar. 1973. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref> However, these oxides are not equal and cannot be entirely substituted by each other. Hence, both of them should be available and utilized together to minimize the crystallization and improve the glass stabilization so that there is only a slight decrease is the infrared transmission.<ref>Dumbaugh, W., Jr. "Patent US3723141 - Infrared Transmissive Lead Bismuthate Glasses." Google Books. N.p., March 1973. Web. Feb. 2015.</ref>
Lead bismuthate glass has become highly useful in the industrial and electrical sector. Lead bismuthate glass has a density in the range of 7.639-7.699 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and [[refractive index]] within the range of 2.47-2.9.<ref name=":0" /> But most importantly lead bismuthate glass has a uniquely large transmitting window, containing wavelengths in the infrared (IR) and UV-visible wavelengths.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kumada|first1=Nobuhiro|last2=Xu|first2=Nan|last3=Miura|first3=Akira|last4=Takei|first4=Takahiro|date=2014|title=Preparation and photocatalytic properties of new calcium and lead bismuthates|journal=Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan|volume=122|issue=1426|pages=509–512|issn=1882-0743|doi=10.2109/jcersj2.122.509|doi-access=free}}</ref> Due to this, lead bismuthate can be used in spectral devices, such as optical switches and photoionic devices, detection systems based on sensitivity to infrared (IR) and heat radiation, laser materials, optical waveguides, and crystal free fiber drawings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=H.|last2=Pun|first2=E. Y. B.|last3=Chen|first3=B. J.|last4=Zhang|first4=Y. Y.|date=1 March 2008|title=Rare-earth ion doped lead- and cadmium-free bismuthate glasses|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|volume=103|issue=5|pages=056103–056103–3|doi=10.1063/1.2891252|bibcode=2008JAP...103e6103L |issn=0021-8979}}</ref> Though unfortunately, lead bismuthate glass cannot form on its own and is rather difficult to make. As lead bismuthate melts in the glass forming process, it becomes less stable and tends to crystallize as the temperature decreases, creating a less translucent and glossy product.<ref name=":1" /> Lead bismuthate has a high [[Paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] ion content. Thus the lead bismuthate in conjunction with increasing concentrations of metal cation or oxide adducts such as Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, MnO or Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> increases the stabilization effect and transmission window of the lead bismuthate resulting in the crystallization of the glass structure.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Simon|first1=S|last2=Pop|first2=R|last3=Simon|first3=V|last4=Coldea|first4=M|date=1 December 2003|title=Structural and magnetic properties of lead-bismuthate oxide glasses containing S-state paramagnetic ions|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/44768345/Structural_and_Magnetic_Properties_of_Le20160415-12519-1sicn5f.pdf|journal=Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids|volume=331|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2003.08.079|bibcode=2003JNCS..331....1S|issn=0022-3093}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> For example, varying the mole percent of Li<sub>2</sub>O in the lead bismuthate glass with the formula Li<sub>2</sub>O-[Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-PbO] can increase the transmission range to wavelengths beyond 10–15 micrometers in the IR spectra and 420–450&nbsp;nm in the UV-Vis spectra.<ref name=":2" /> Researchers are working to improve lead bismuthate by expanding the transmitting window to fit even more optical applications. Specifically, research has shown that if sufficient amounts of barium and zinc oxides are used simultaneously for the stabilization of lead bismuthate glasses, the decrease in the infrared transmission becomes insignificant compared to the stability of the glass.<ref name=":1" /> However, these oxides are not equal and cannot be entirely substituted by each other. Hence, both of them should be available and utilized together to minimize the crystallization and improve the glass stabilization so that there is only a slight decrease is the infrared transmission.<ref name=":1" />


===Organic decomposer applications===
===Organic decomposer applications===


Lead bismuthate is photocatalytically active. It can be used for the decomposition of organic compounds under visible light irradiation.<ref>Takei, Takahiro, Rie Haramoto, Qiang Dong, Nobuhiro Kumada, Yoshinori Yonesaki, Nobukazu Kinomura, Takayuki Mano, Shunsuke Nishimoto, Yoshikazu Kameshima, and Michihiro Miyake. "Photocatalytic Activities of Various Pentavalent Bismuthates under Visible Light Irradiation." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184.8 (2011): 2017-022. Web.</ref> This is useful for environmental and water treatment purposes. However, lead bismuthate is not as effective at decomposing organic matter as other metal oxides or bismuthates due to its broad valence band and small band gap.<ref>Takei, Takahiro, Rie Haramoto, Qiang Dong, Nobuhiro Kumada, Yoshinori Yonesaki, Nobukazu Kinomura, Takayuki Mano, Shunsuke Nishimoto, Yoshikazu Kameshima, and Michihiro Miyake. "Photocatalytic Activities of Various Pentavalent Bismuthates under Visible Light Irradiation." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184.8 (2011): 2017-022. Web.</ref>
Lead bismuthate is photocatalytically active. It can be used for the decomposition of organic compounds under visible light irradiation.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Takei|first1=Takahiro|last2=Haramoto|first2=Rie|last3=Dong|first3=Qiang|last4=Kumada|first4=Nobuhiro|last5=Yonesaki|first5=Yoshinori|last6=Kinomura|first6=Nobukazu|last7=Mano|first7=Takayuki|last8=Nishimoto|first8=Shunsuke|last9=Kameshima|first9=Yoshikazu|date=1 August 2011|title=Photocatalytic activities of various pentavalent bismuthates under visible light irradiation|url=http://daneshyari.com/article/preview/1330691.pdf|journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry|volume=184|issue=8|pages=2017–2022|doi=10.1016/j.jssc.2011.06.004|issn=0022-4596|last10=Miyake|first10=Michihiro|bibcode=2011JSSCh.184.2017T }}</ref> This is useful for environmental and water treatment purposes. However, lead bismuthate is not as effective at decomposing organic matter as other metal oxides or bismuthates due to its broad valence band and small band gap.<ref name=":3" />


==References==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
<!--- After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --->
*1. Culea, Eugen. "Structural and Magnetic Behaviour of Lead–bismuthate Glasses Containing Rare Earth Ions." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 357.1 (2011): 50-54. Web. Feb. 2015.
*2. Dumbaugh, W., Jr. "Patent US3723141 - Infrared Transmissive Lead Bismuthate Glasses." Google Books. N.p., Mar. 1973. Web. Feb. 2015.
*3. Kumada, Nobuhiro, Akira Miura, Takahiro Takei, and Masatomo Yashima. "Crystal Structures of a Pentavalent Bismuthate, SrBi2O6 and a Lead Bismuth Oxide (Pb1/3Bi2/3)O1.4." Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 2.2 (2014): 150-53. Web. Feb 2015.
*4. Kumada, Nobuhiro, Nan Xu, Akira Miura, and Takahiro Takei. "Preparation and Photocatalytic Properties of New Calcium and Lead Bismuthates." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 122.6 (2014): 509-12. Web. Feb. 2015.
*5. Lin, H., E.Y.B. Pun, B.J. Chen, and Y.Y. Zhang. "Rare-Earth Ion Doped Lead- and Cadmium-Free Bismuthate Glasses." Rare-earth Ion Doped Lead- and Cadmium-free Bismuthate Glasses. AIP Publishing, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
*6. Needes, Christopher R. S. "Thick Film Silver Metallizations for Silicon Solar Cells." N.p., Nov. 1980. Web. Feb. 2015.
*7. Pan, A., and A. Ghosh. "A New Family of Lead–bismuthate Glass with a Large Transmitting Window." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 271.1-2 (2000): 157-61. Web. Feb. 2015.
*8. Pan, A., and A. Ghosh. "Correlation of Relaxation Dynamics and Conductivity Spectra with Cation Constriction in Ion-conducting Glasses." Physical Review B 66.1 (2002): n. pag. Web. Feb. 2015.
*9. Pisarski, Wojciech A., Joanna Pisarski, Radoslaw Lisiecki, Grazyna Dominiak-Dzik, and Witold Ryba-Romanowski. "Luminescence Quenching of Dy3+ Ions in Lead Bismuthate Glasses." Chemical Physics Letters 531 (2012): 114-18. Web. Feb. 2015.
*10. Simon, S., R. Pop, V. Simon, and M. Coldea. "Structural and Magnetic Properties of Lead-bismuthate Oxide Glasses Containing S-state Paramagnetic Ions." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 331.1-3 (2003): 1-10. Web. Feb. 2015.
*11. Sun, Hong-Tao, De-Bao Zhang, Shi-Qing Xu, Shi-Xun Dai, Li-Li Hu, and
Zhong-Hong Jiang. "SciFinder." Physical Properties of Novel Lead-Bismuthate Glasses with Large Transmitting Windows. Chinese Physical Society, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
*12. Takei, Takahiro, Rie Haramoto, Qiang Dong, Nobuhiro Kumada, Yoshinori Yonesaki, Nobukazu Kinomura, Takayuki Mano, Shunsuke Nishimoto, Yoshikazu Kameshima, and Michihiro Miyake. "Photocatalytic Activities of Various Pentavalent Bismuthates under Visible Light Irradiation." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184.8 (2011): 2017-022. Web.


==References==
<!--- STOP! Be warned that by using this process instead of Articles for Creation, this article is subject to scrutiny. As an article in "mainspace", it will be DELETED if there are problems, not just declined. If you wish to use AfC, please return to the Wizard and continue from there. --->
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal | last=Culea | first=Eugen | title=Structural and magnetic behaviour of lead–bismuthate glasses containing rare earth ions | journal=Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids | date=1 January 2011 | pages=50–54 | doi=10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.09.013 | issn=0022-3093 | volume=357 | issue=1| bibcode=2011JNCS..357...50C }}
*{{cite patent | inventor=Christopher R. S. Needes | title=Thick film silver metallizations for silicon solar cells | country=US | number=4235644 | assign1=E I du Pont de Nemours and Co | gdate=1979-08-31 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4235644A/en}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Hong-Tao | first1=Sun | last2=De-Bao | first2=Zhang | last3=Shi-Qing | first3=Xu | last4=Shi-Xun | first4=Dai | last5=Li-Li | first5=Hu | last6=Zhong-Hong | first6=Jiang | title=Physical Properties of Novel Lead-Bismuthate Glasses with Large Transmitting Windows | journal=Chinese Physics Letters | date=2004 | pages=1759 | doi=10.1088/0256-307X/21/9/023 | issn=0256-307X | volume=21 | issue=9| bibcode=2004ChPhL..21.1759S | s2cid=250836248 }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Pan | first1=A. | last2=Ghosh | first2=A. | title=Correlation of relaxation dynamics and conductivity spectra with cation constriction in ion-conducting glasses | journal=Physical Review B | date=20 June 2002 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235496191 | pages=012301 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.66.012301 | volume=66 | issue=1| bibcode=2002PhRvB..66a2301P }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Pisarski | first1=Wojciech A. | last2=Pisarska | first2=Joanna | last3=Lisiecki | first3=Radosław | last4=Dominiak-Dzik | first4=Grażyna | last5=Ryba-Romanowski | first5=Witold | title=Luminescence quenching of Dy3+ ions in lead bismuthate glasses | journal=Chemical Physics Letters | date=2 April 2012 | pages=114–118 | doi=10.1016/j.cplett.2012.01.071 | issn=0009-2614 | volume=531}}
{{refend}}


{{lead compounds}}
{{lead compounds}}
{{bismuth compounds}}
{{bismuth compounds}}


[[Category:Lead compounds]]
[[Category:Lead(II) compounds]]
[[Category:Bismuth compounds]]
[[Category:Bismuth compounds]]

Revision as of 11:56, 20 May 2024

Lead bismuthate forms a pentavalent structure.[1] Six oxygen atoms are coordinated octahedrally to each bismuth atom. Through the edge-sharing of oxygen atoms, a Bi2O62− layer is formed. Positively charged lead atoms are dispersed between the layers, forming a hexagonal unit cell, with a lead atom in each of the corners.

Lead bismuthate is a chemical compound with the formula Pb(BiO3)2. It has only been discovered in recent years[when?] in the laboratory as it is not naturally occurring. Lead bismuthate forms a pentavalent structure, significantly different from the regular ionic interactions of sodium bismuthate, but similar to that of strontium bismuthate.[1] In the structure, six oxygen atoms are coordinated octahedrally to both the bismuth and lead atoms. The bismuth and oxygen atoms form negatively charged layers by creating repeating octahedral geometries. The positively charged lead atoms are then disbursed within the layers, forming a hexagonal unit cell, with a lead atom in each of the corners. The density of the crystal is 9.18 g/cm3. The formula weight is 233.99 g/mol.[1] The volume of the crystal structure unit is 169.26 A3. Lattice parameters (a) is 5.321 angstroms.

Uses

Semiconductor properties

One of the first found uses of lead bismuthate was its ability to be a semiconductor. When doped with a metal that has one less electron (p-type doping) it has ability to conduct. Its coefficient of performance also increases to a range of 0.2 to 0.6.[2] Its application as a semiconductor involves mixing Bi2O3, PbO, and SiO2, into a paint and coat solar panels with the paint. Different solvents and compositions of the three chemicals yielded different semiconducting efficiencies.

Glass applications

Lead bismuthate has a broad transmittance range in the IR spectra.7 When doped with Li2O to form Li2O-[Bi2O3-PbO], the transmittance can increase beyond 10-15 micrometers. The figure above shows the IR spectra of 30Li2O-35[Bi2O3-PbO] glass composition, which contains 30 mole percent Li2O.[3]
Infusing varying mole concentrations of Li2O within the structure of lead bismuthate to form Li2O-[Bi2O3-PbO] can increase the transmittance spectra of lead bismuthate glass within and beyond the visible range.7 The figure shows the UV-Vis spectra of lead bismuthate glass compositions with (a) 20, (b) 30, (c) 40, (d) 50 and (e) 60 mole percent of Li2O.[3]

Lead bismuthate glass has become highly useful in the industrial and electrical sector. Lead bismuthate glass has a density in the range of 7.639-7.699 g/cm3 and refractive index within the range of 2.47-2.9.[1] But most importantly lead bismuthate glass has a uniquely large transmitting window, containing wavelengths in the infrared (IR) and UV-visible wavelengths.[4] Due to this, lead bismuthate can be used in spectral devices, such as optical switches and photoionic devices, detection systems based on sensitivity to infrared (IR) and heat radiation, laser materials, optical waveguides, and crystal free fiber drawings.[5] Though unfortunately, lead bismuthate glass cannot form on its own and is rather difficult to make. As lead bismuthate melts in the glass forming process, it becomes less stable and tends to crystallize as the temperature decreases, creating a less translucent and glossy product.[2] Lead bismuthate has a high paramagnetic ion content. Thus the lead bismuthate in conjunction with increasing concentrations of metal cation or oxide adducts such as Fe2O3, MnO or Gd2O3 increases the stabilization effect and transmission window of the lead bismuthate resulting in the crystallization of the glass structure.[6] For example, varying the mole percent of Li2O in the lead bismuthate glass with the formula Li2O-[Bi2O3-PbO] can increase the transmission range to wavelengths beyond 10–15 micrometers in the IR spectra and 420–450 nm in the UV-Vis spectra.[3] Researchers are working to improve lead bismuthate by expanding the transmitting window to fit even more optical applications. Specifically, research has shown that if sufficient amounts of barium and zinc oxides are used simultaneously for the stabilization of lead bismuthate glasses, the decrease in the infrared transmission becomes insignificant compared to the stability of the glass.[2] However, these oxides are not equal and cannot be entirely substituted by each other. Hence, both of them should be available and utilized together to minimize the crystallization and improve the glass stabilization so that there is only a slight decrease is the infrared transmission.[2]

Organic decomposer applications

Lead bismuthate is photocatalytically active. It can be used for the decomposition of organic compounds under visible light irradiation.[7] This is useful for environmental and water treatment purposes. However, lead bismuthate is not as effective at decomposing organic matter as other metal oxides or bismuthates due to its broad valence band and small band gap.[7]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Kumada, Nobuhiro; Miura, Akira; Takei, Takahiro; Yashima, Masatomo (2014). "Crystal structures of a pentavalent bismuthate, SrBi2O6 and a lead bismuth oxide (Pb1/3Bi2/3)O1.4". Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 2 (2): 150–153. doi:10.1016/j.jascer.2014.02.002.
  2. ^ a b c d US 3723141, Dumbaugh, W., "Infrared transmissive lead bismuthate glasses", issued March 27, 1973, assigned to W Dumbaugh 
  3. ^ a b c Pan, A; Ghosh, A (2000-06-01). "A new family of lead–bismuthate glass with a large transmitting window". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 271 (1): 157–161. Bibcode:2000JNCS..271..157P. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(00)00111-3. ISSN 0022-3093.
  4. ^ Kumada, Nobuhiro; Xu, Nan; Miura, Akira; Takei, Takahiro (2014). "Preparation and photocatalytic properties of new calcium and lead bismuthates". Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan. 122 (1426): 509–512. doi:10.2109/jcersj2.122.509. ISSN 1882-0743.
  5. ^ Lin, H.; Pun, E. Y. B.; Chen, B. J.; Zhang, Y. Y. (1 March 2008). "Rare-earth ion doped lead- and cadmium-free bismuthate glasses". Journal of Applied Physics. 103 (5): 056103–056103–3. Bibcode:2008JAP...103e6103L. doi:10.1063/1.2891252. ISSN 0021-8979.
  6. ^ Simon, S; Pop, R; Simon, V; Coldea, M (1 December 2003). "Structural and magnetic properties of lead-bismuthate oxide glasses containing S-state paramagnetic ions" (PDF). Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 331 (1): 1–10. Bibcode:2003JNCS..331....1S. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2003.08.079. ISSN 0022-3093.[dead link]
  7. ^ a b Takei, Takahiro; Haramoto, Rie; Dong, Qiang; Kumada, Nobuhiro; Yonesaki, Yoshinori; Kinomura, Nobukazu; Mano, Takayuki; Nishimoto, Shunsuke; Kameshima, Yoshikazu; Miyake, Michihiro (1 August 2011). "Photocatalytic activities of various pentavalent bismuthates under visible light irradiation" (PDF). Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 184 (8): 2017–2022. Bibcode:2011JSSCh.184.2017T. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2011.06.004. ISSN 0022-4596.

References

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