Benjamin Smith Barton: Difference between revisions

Benjamin Barton
Benjamin Barton
Born	February 10, 1766; Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Died	December 19, 1815 (aged 49); New York City, New York, U.S.
Awards	Magellanic Premium (1804)
	Scientific career
Fields	Botany
Institutions	University of Philadelphia
Author abbrev. (botany)	Barton

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Benjamin Smith Barton (February 10, 1766 – December 19, 1815) was an American botanist, naturalist, and physician. He was one of the first professors of natural history in the United States and built the largest collection of botanical specimens in the country. He wrote the first American textbook on botany.^[1]

Early life

Barton's father, Rev. Thomas Barton, was an Irish immigrant from Carrickmacross who opened a school near Norristown, Pennsylvania, in 1751. His mother was Esther Rittenhouse, sister of astronomer David Rittenhouse.

Between 1780 and 1782, Barton studied at York Academy in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he showed an aptitude for drawing and an interest in collecting natural history specimens. Two years later, he attended the College of Philadelphia School of Medicine, studied medicine under Thomas Shippen, and attended Benjamin Rush's lectures in 1785. Young Barton also accompanied his uncle, David Rittenhouse, who had been commissioned to survey the western boundary of Pennsylvania in 1785. His travels aroused a lifelong interest in Native Americans. In 1786, Barton transferred to the University of Edinburgh, where he studied for two years before leaving without a degree because of financial difficulties and disagreements with two professors.^[2]

After leaving Edinburgh it is not clear whether Barton then studied at the University of Göttingen. He never contradicted a public perception that he earned a medical degree at Göttingen but no such records exist. However, he did receive a diploma from the Lisbon Academy in Portugal and was ultimately awarded an honorary degree from the University of Kiel.^[3]^[4]

Medical career

Returning to Philadelphia in 1789, Barton practiced medicine. In 1790, he was elected to a fellowship at Philadelphia's College of Physicians. The same year, he succeeded Adam Kuhn as professor of Natural History and Botany at the College of Philadelphia. The College and its medical school merged with the University of Pennsylvania the following year. Two years later, Barton was also elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[5] In early 1796, Barton succeeded Samuel Powel Griffitts, and became Professor of Materia Medica. Embarrassed by his lack of credentials, Barton purchased a degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel in August 1796.^[6] In 1813, Barton succeeded to the professorship of the Theory and Practice of Medicine after the death of Rush but continued to lecture in natural history and botany. Concurrently with his academic position, he served as a physician at Pennsylvania Hospital from 1798 to his death, in 1815.

Works

Barton corresponded with naturalists throughout the United States and Europe, and he made significant contributions to the scientific literature of his day. In 1803, Barton published Elements of botany, or Outlines of the natural history of vegetables, the first American textbook on botany. Barton's work in natural history and botany was often assisted by William Bartram, the traveler, botanist, and artist. Bartram provided the illustrations of North American plants for Barton's 1803 Elements of Botany. From 1798 to 1804, Barton published a work on medicinal plants, Collections for An Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United-States. From 1802 to 1805 Barton edited the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal, and in 1803, Barton founded the short-lived American Linnaean Society of Philadelphia.

Barton was also interested in anatomy and zoology, and in 1796, he published his Memoir Concerning the Fascinating Faculty Which Has been Ascribed to the Rattle-Snake. In 1803, he published a comparative study of linguistics, Etymology of Certain English Words and on Their Affinity to Words in the Languages of Different European, Asiatic and American (Indian) Nations, and a text on the origin of the first American people, New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America (1797).

He was the editor of the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal (1805–1808), one of the oldest scientific publications in the United States.

Barton was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.^[7] The Society holds among its collections a number of Barton's publications as well as a complete run of the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal^[8]

Archeology

Barton pursued archeology. Although his early publication in 1787, Observations on Some Parts of Natural History, incorrectly attributed the prehistoric mounds of Ohio to the Danes, by his 1797 work (mentioned above), he had reconsidered his earlier claim and identified the Mound builders correctly as Native Americans. While he was not the first to make such a claim, he may have been the first to suggest a significant age to the mounds, as he posited that they were older than James Ussher's Biblical chronology. Lacking evidence, Barton still speculated that Native Americans originated in Asia, anticipating the much later scientific consensus in favor of the idea.

Appointments

Barton was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789.^[9] He served as president of the Philadelphia Medical Society from 1808 to 1815. In 1812, he was elected as a member to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Miscellaneous

In 1803, before his famous expedition, Meriwether Lewis went to Philadelphia and met with Benjamin Smith Barton. Barton helped to increase Lewis' botanical knowledge and collection skills.^[10]^[11] Lewis returned with 226 plants. They are preserved today at the Lewis and Clark Herbarium at the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia.

Death

In 1815, Barton died of tuberculosis in New York City.

Legacy

His older brother, William Barton, was also a member of the American Philosophical Society. His maternal uncle, David Rittenhouse, served as the Society's second president after the death of founder Benjamin Franklin in 1790.

His son Thomas Pennant Barton (born in Philadelphia in 1803; died there April 5, 1869) gathered together a notable Shakespearean library. It comprised 2,000 of the rarest editions of Shakespeare's works, and formed, with about 10,000 miscellaneous books, one of the most important private collections in America. He provided by will that this should be sold after his death to some institution that could prevent its dispersion. His widow carried out his wishes, and the collection was acquired by the Boston Public Library, which set apart a special room for its accommodation. A catalogue was issued, prefaced by a memoir.^[12]

The standard author abbreviation Barton is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.^[13]

References

^ Swensen 1997
^ Swensen 1997
^ Thomas 2000.
^ Kariann Yokota, ""To pursue the stream to its fountain": Race, Inequality, and the Post-Colonial Exchange of Knowledge across the Atlantic," Explorations in Early American Culture Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 198
^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
^ Ewan and Ewan, B. S. Barton, 2007, p. 162.
^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
^ The Philadelphia medical and physical journal. Published by J. Conrad & Co. 1804. OCLC 10492813.
^ "Benjamin Smith Barton". American Philosophical Society Member History. American Philosophical Society. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
^ Duncan, Dayton; Burns, Ken (1997). Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780679454502.
^ Ambrose, Stephen (1996). Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 81, 87–91. ISBN 9780684826974.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Barton, Thomas" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
^ International Plant Names Index. Barton.

Sources

Bell, Whitfield J. Jr. (1971) “Benjamin Smith Barton, MD (Kiel),” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 26, p. 197-203.
Ewan, Joseph and Ewan, Nesta Dunn (2007). Benjamin Smith Barton, Naturalist and Physician in Jeffersonian America. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.ISBN 978-1-930723-35-1
Graustein, Jeannette E. (1961). “The Eminent Benjamin Smith Barton,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 85, p. 423-438.
Pennell, Francis W. (1942). "Benjamin Smith Barton as Naturalist". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 86 (1): 108–122. JSTOR 985083.
Swensen, Rolf (1997). "Barton, Benjamin Smith". In Sterling, Keir B.; et al. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists. Greenwood Press. pp. 59–61. ISBN 978-0-313-23047-9.
Thomas, Phillip Drennon (2000). "Barton, Benjamin Smith (1766-1815)". American National Biography. Oxford University Press.

External links

Texts on Wikisource:

A Biographical Sketch (of Benjamin Smith Barton) (1816) by William P. C. Barton

"Barton, Benjamin Smith". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

"Barton, Benjamin Smith" . American Medical Biographies .

Article and portrait at "Discovering Lewis & Clark" Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine

Barton, Benjamin Smith (1766-1915). "A memoir concerning the fascinating faculty which has been ascribed to the rattle-snake, and other American serpents". Philadelphia: Printed, for the author, by Henry Sweitzer, 1796. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2542057R

Zoologica GDZ Full digitised Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania

[1] Swensen 1997

[2] Swensen 1997

[FOOTNOTEThomas2000-3] Thomas 2000.

[4] Kariann Yokota, ""To pursue the stream to its fountain": Race, Inequality, and the Post-Colonial Exchange of Knowledge across the Atlantic," Explorations in Early American Culture Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 198

[AAAS-5] "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 19, 2011.

[6] Ewan and Ewan, B. S. Barton, 2007, p. 162.

[7] American Antiquarian Society Members Directory

[8] The Philadelphia medical and physical journal. Published by J. Conrad & Co. 1804. OCLC 10492813.

[9] "Benjamin Smith Barton". American Philosophical Society Member History. American Philosophical Society. Retrieved 15 December 2020.

[dd-10] Duncan, Dayton; Burns, Ken (1997). Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780679454502.

[sa-11] Ambrose, Stephen (1996). Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 81, 87–91. ISBN 9780684826974.

[12] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Barton, Thomas" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.

[13] International Plant Names Index. Barton.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|American physician, professor, and botanist}}
 {{Infobox scientist
-| name                    = Benjamin Smith Barton
+| name                    = Benjamin Barton
 | image                   = BenjaminSmithBarton.jpg
-| image_size              = 175px
-| caption                 =
 | birth_date              = {{birth date|1766|2|10|mf=y}}
-| birth_place             = [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
+| birth_place             = [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
 | death_date              = {{death date and age|1815|12|19|1766|2|10|mf=y}}
-| death_place             = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
+| death_place             = [[New York City]], New York, U.S.
-| residence               =
-| citizenship             =
-| nationality             = American
-| ethnicity               =
 | field                   = [[Botany]]
 | work_institution        = [[University of Philadelphia]]
+| author_abbreviation_bot = '''Barton'''
-| alma_mater              =
-| doctoral_advisor        =
-| doctoral_students       =
-| known_for               =
-| author_abbreviation_bot =
-| author_abbreviation_zoo =
 | prizes                  = [[Magellanic Premium]] {{small|(1804)}}
-| religion                =
-| footnotes               =
 }}
-'''Benjamin Smith Barton''' (February 10, 1766 – December 19, 1815) was an [[United States|American]] [[botanist]], [[naturalist]], and [[physician]].
+'''Benjamin Smith Barton''' (February{{nbsp}}10, 1766{{snd}}December{{nbsp}}19, 1815) was an American [[botanist]], [[naturalist]], and [[physician]]. He was one of the first professors of natural history in the United States and built the largest collection of botanical specimens in the country.  He wrote the first American textbook on botany.<ref>Swensen 1997</ref>
-==Biography==
+==Early life==
-Barton's father, [[Thomas Barton (divine)|Rev. Thomas Barton]], was an Irish immigrant from Carrickmacross who opened a school near Norristown, Pennsylvania in 1751. His mother was Esther Rittenhouse, sister of astronomer [[David Rittenhouse]].
+Barton's father, [[Thomas Barton (divine)|Rev. Thomas Barton]], was an Irish immigrant from [[Carrickmacross]] who opened a school near [[Norristown, Pennsylvania]], in 1751. His mother was Esther Rittenhouse, sister of astronomer [[David Rittenhouse]].
+Between 1780 and 1782, Barton studied at York Academy in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], where he showed an aptitude for drawing and an interest in collecting natural history specimens. Two years later, he attended the [[Perelman School of Medicine|College of Philadelphia School of Medicine]], studied medicine under Thomas Shippen, and attended [[Benjamin Rush]]'s lectures in 1785. Young Barton also accompanied his uncle, [[David Rittenhouse]], who had been commissioned to survey the western boundary of Pennsylvania in 1785. His travels aroused a lifelong interest in [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. In 1786, Barton transferred to the [[University of Edinburgh]], where he studied for two years before leaving without a degree because of financial difficulties and disagreements with two professors.<ref>Swensen 1997</ref>
-===Education===
-Between the years 1780-1782, Barton studied at [[York Academy]] in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]. Two years later, he attended the [[Perelman School of Medicine|College of Philadelphia School of Medicine]], studying medicine under Dr. [[Thomas Shippen]], and attended Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]]'s lectures in 1785. Young Barton also accompanied his uncle, [[David Rittenhouse]] who had been commissioned to survey the western boundary of Pennsylvania in 1785. The young Barton's travels aroused a lifelong interest in [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. In 1786 Barton transferred to the [[University of Edinburgh]], where he studied for two years before leaving due to financial difficulties, disagreements with two professors, and without a degree. Historians have erroneously claimed that Barton then studied at the [[University of Göttingen]], but this has yet to be verified.
+After leaving Edinburgh it is not clear whether Barton then studied at the [[University of Göttingen]]. He never contradicted a public perception that he earned a medical degree at Göttingen but no such records exist. However, he did receive a diploma from the [[Lisbon Academy]] in Portugal and was ultimately awarded an honorary degree from the [[University of Kiel]].{{sfn |Thomas |2000}}<ref>Kariann Yokota, ""To pursue the stream to its fountain": Race, Inequality, and the Post-Colonial Exchange of Knowledge across the Atlantic," Explorations in Early American Culture Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 198</ref>
-===Medical career===
-Returning to Philadelphia in 1789, Barton practiced medicine. In 1790 he was elected to a fellowship at Philadelphia's College of Physicians. That same year, he succeeded [[Adam Kuhn]] as professor of Natural History and Botany at the [[College of Philadelphia]]. The College and its medical school merged with the [[University of Pennsylvania]] the following year. Two years later, Barton was also elected as a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref> In early 1796 Barton succeeded [[Samuel Powel Griffitts]], and became Professor of [[Materia Medica]]. Embarrassed by his lack of credentials, Barton purchased a degree of Doctor of Medicine from the [[Christian-Albrechts University]] at Kiel in August 1796.<ref>Ewan and Ewan, B. S. Barton, 2007, p. 162.</ref> In 1813, Barton succeeded to the professorship of the Theory and Practice of Medicine following the death of [[Benjamin Rush]], even as he continued to lecture in natural history and botany. Concurrently with his academic position, he served as a physician at [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] from 1798 through his death in 1815.
-===Publications===
+==Medical career==
+Returning to Philadelphia in 1789, Barton practiced medicine. In 1790, he was elected to a fellowship at Philadelphia's College of Physicians. The same year, he succeeded [[Adam Kuhn]] as professor of Natural History and Botany at the [[College of Philadelphia]]. The College and its medical school merged with the [[University of Pennsylvania]] the following year. Two years later, Barton was also elected as a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref> In early 1796, Barton succeeded [[Samuel Powel Griffitts]], and became Professor of [[Materia Medica]]. Embarrassed by his lack of credentials, Barton purchased a degree of Doctor of Medicine from the [[Christian-Albrechts University]] at Kiel in August 1796.<ref>Ewan and Ewan, B. S. Barton, 2007, p. 162.</ref> In 1813, Barton succeeded to the professorship of the Theory and Practice of Medicine after the death of  Rush but continued to lecture in natural history and botany. Concurrently with his academic position, he served as a physician at [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] from 1798 to his death, in 1815.
+==Works==
 [[File:Benjamin_Smith_Barton_1905.jpg|thumb|left|Profile]]
-Barton corresponded with naturalists throughout the United States and Europe, and made significant contributions to the scientific literature of his day. In 1803 Barton published ''Elements of botany, or Outlines of the natural history of vegetables'', the first American textbook on botany. Barton's work in natural history and botany was often assisted by [[William Bartram]], the traveler, botanist, and artist. Bartram provided the illustrations of North American plants for Barton's 1803 ''Elements of Botany''. From 1798-1804, Barton published a work on medicinal plants, ''Collections for An Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United-States''. From 1802-1805 Barton edited the ''Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal,'' and in 1803 Barton founded the short-lived American Linnaean Society of Philadelphia.
+Barton corresponded with naturalists throughout the United States and Europe, and he made significant contributions to the scientific literature of his day. In 1803, Barton published ''Elements of botany, or Outlines of the natural history of vegetables'', the first American textbook on botany. Barton's work in natural history and botany was often assisted by [[William Bartram]], the traveler, botanist, and artist. Bartram provided the illustrations of North American plants for Barton's 1803 ''Elements of Botany''. From 1798 to 1804, Barton published a work on medicinal plants, ''Collections for An Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United-States''. From 1802 to 1805 Barton edited the ''Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal,'' and in 1803, Barton founded the short-lived American Linnaean Society of Philadelphia.
-Barton was also interested in [[anatomy]] and [[zoology]], and in 1796, published his ''Memoir Concerning the Fascinating Faculty Which Has been Ascribed to the Rattle-Snake''. In 1803 he published a comparative study of linguistics, ''Etymology of Certain English Words and on Their Affinity to Words in the Languages of Different European, Asiatic and American (Indian) Nations'' and a text on the origin of the first American people, ''New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America'' (1797).  He was the editor of the ''Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal'' (1805–1808), one of the oldest scientific publications in the United States.
+Barton was also interested in [[anatomy]] and [[zoology]], and in 1796, he published his ''Memoir Concerning the Fascinating Faculty Which Has been Ascribed to the Rattle-Snake''. In 1803, he published a comparative study of linguistics, ''Etymology of Certain English Words and on Their Affinity to Words in the Languages of Different European, Asiatic and American (Indian) Nations'', and a text on the origin of the first American people, ''New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America'' (1797).
+He was the editor of the ''[[Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal]]'' (1805–1808), one of the oldest scientific publications in the United States.
-Barton was elected a member of the [[American Antiquarian Society]] in 1814.<ref>[http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistb American Antiquarian Society Members Directory]</ref> The Society holds among its collections a number of Barton's publications, as well as a complete run of the ''Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal''<ref>http://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=22450</ref>
+Barton was elected a member of the [[American Antiquarian Society]] in 1814.<ref>[http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistb American Antiquarian Society Members Directory]</ref> The Society holds among its collections a number of Barton's publications as well as a complete run of the ''Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal''<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=22450|title = The Philadelphia medical and physical journal|year = 1804|publisher = Published by J. Conrad & Co| oclc=10492813 }}</ref>
-===Archaeological interests===
-Barton made one significant contribution to the field of [[archaeology]] as well. Although his early publication of 1787, ''Observations on Some Parts of Natural History,'' incorrectly attributed the prehistoric [[mound]]s of [[Ohio]] to the [[Danish people|Danes]], in his 1797 work (mentioned above) he reconsidered his earlier claim, identifying the [[Mound builder (people)|Mound builders]] as Native Americans. While he was not the first to make this claim, he may have been the first to suggest a significant age to the mounds, positing that they were older than [[James Ussher]]'s Biblical chronology. Lacking evidence, Barton nevertheless speculated that Native Americans originated in Asia.
-===Appointments===
+==Archeology==
+Barton pursued [[archeology]]. Although his early publication in 1787, ''Observations on Some Parts of Natural History,'' incorrectly attributed the prehistoric [[mound]]s of [[Ohio]] to the [[Danish people|Danes]], by his 1797 work (mentioned above), he had reconsidered his earlier claim and identified the [[Mound builder (people)|Mound builders]] correctly as Native Americans. While he was not the first to make such a claim, he may have been the first to suggest a significant age to the mounds, as he posited that they were older than [[James Ussher]]'s Biblical chronology. Lacking evidence, Barton still speculated that Native Americans originated in Asia, anticipating the much later [[scientific consensus]] in favor of the idea.
-Barton served as vice president of the [[American Philosophical Society]] from 1802 to 1815, the year of his death, and president of the [[Philadelphia Medical Society]] from 1808-1815. In 1812, he was elected as a member to the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].
-===Death===
+==Appointments==
+Barton was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1789.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Benjamin Smith Barton|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Benjamin+Smith+Barton|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 December 2020|website=American Philosophical Society Member History|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> He served as president of the [[Philadelphia Medical Society]] from 1808 to 1815. In 1812, he was elected as a member to the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].
+==Miscellaneous==
+In 1803, before his famous expedition, [[Meriwether Lewis]] went to Philadelphia and met with Benjamin Smith Barton.  Barton helped to increase Lewis' botanical knowledge and collection skills.<ref name="dd">{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=Dayton |last2=Burns |first2=Ken |title=Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery |date=1997 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=9780679454502 |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref name="sa">{{cite book |last1=Ambrose |first1=Stephen |title=Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West |date=1996 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9780684826974 |pages=81,87–91}}</ref> Lewis returned with 226 plants.  They are preserved today at the [[Lewis and Clark Herbarium]] at the Academy of Sciences in [[Philadelphia]].
+==Death==
 In 1815, Barton died of [[tuberculosis]] in [[New York City]].
 ==Legacy==
+[[File:Benjamin Smith Barton Historical Marker at Arch near 7th Sts Philadelphia PA (DSC 4495).jpg|thumb|Benjamin Smith Barton Historical Marker at [[Arch Street|Arch]] and 7th streets in [[Philadelphia]]]]
-In [[botany]], his [[Binomial nomenclature#Authorship in scientific names|author abbreviation]] is '''Barton'''.
 His older brother, [[William Barton (heraldist)|William Barton]], was also a member of the American Philosophical Society. His maternal uncle, [[David Rittenhouse]], served as the Society's second president after the death of founder [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1790.
-His son Thomas Pennant Barton (born in Philadelphia in 1803; died there 5 April 1869) gathered together a notable Shakespearean library. It comprised 2,000 of the rarest editions of Shakespeare's works, and formed, with about 10,000 miscellaneous books, one of the most important private collections in America. He provided by will that this should be sold after his death to some institution that could prevent its dispersion. His widow carried out his wishes, and the collection was acquired by the [[Boston Public Library]], which set apart a special room for its accommodation. A catalogue was issued, prefaced by a memoir.<ref>{{Appletons'|wstitle=Barton, Thomas|year=1900|inline=1}}</ref>
+His son [[Thomas Pennant Barton]] (born in [[Philadelphia]] in 1803; died there April 5, 1869) gathered together a notable Shakespearean library. It comprised 2,000 of the rarest editions of Shakespeare's works, and formed, with about 10,000 miscellaneous books, one of the most important private collections in America. He provided by will that this should be sold after his death to some institution that could prevent its dispersion. His widow carried out his wishes, and the collection was acquired by the [[Boston Public Library]], which set apart a special room for its accommodation. A catalogue was issued, prefaced by a memoir.<ref>{{Appletons'|wstitle=Barton, Thomas|year=1900|inline=1}}</ref>
+{{Botanist|Barton|inline=yes}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 63: / Line 58: @@
 ==Sources==
-*Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., “Benjamin Smith Barton, MD (Kiel),” ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', vol. 26, p. 197-203.
+*Bell, Whitfield J. Jr. (1971) “Benjamin Smith Barton, MD (Kiel),” ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'', vol. 26, p. 197-203.
+*[[Joseph Ewan|Ewan, Joseph]] and Ewan, Nesta Dunn (2007). ''Benjamin Smith Barton, Naturalist and Physician in Jeffersonian America.'' St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.{{ISBN|978-1-930723-35-1}}
-*Jeannette E. Graustein (1961). “The Eminent Benjamin Smith Barton,” ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', vol. 85, p. 423-438.
+*Graustein, Jeannette E. (1961). “The Eminent Benjamin Smith Barton,” ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', vol. 85, p. 423-438.
-*Joseph Ewan and Nesta Dunn Ewan (2007). ''Benjamin Smith Barton, Naturalist and Physician in Jeffersonian America.'' St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. {{ISBN|978-1-930723-35-1}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Pennell |first1=Francis W. |title=Benjamin Smith Barton as Naturalist |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1942 |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=108–122 |jstor=985083 }}
-* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Swensen |first=Rolf | editor-first=Keir B. |editor-last=Sterling | title = Barton, Benjamin Smith | encyclopedia = Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists | year = 1997 | publisher = Greenwood Press | pages = 59–61 | isbn = 0-313-23047-1|display-editors=etal}}
+* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Swensen | first = Rolf | editor-first = Keir B. | editor-last = Sterling | title = Barton, Benjamin Smith | encyclopedia = Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists | year = 1997 | publisher = Greenwood Press | pages = [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_p7q0/page/59 59–61] | isbn = 978-0-313-23047-9 | display-editors = etal | url = https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_p7q0/page/59 }}
+*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Barton, Benjamin Smith (1766-1815) |encyclopedia=American National Biography|year=2000 |last=Thomas |first=Phillip Drennon  |publisher=Oxford University Press }}
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category}}
 {{wikisource-inline|list=<blockquote>
 * [[s:A Biographical Sketch (of Benjamin Smith Barton)|A Biographical Sketch (of Benjamin Smith Barton)]] (1816) by William P. C. Barton
@@ Line 74: / Line 72: @@
 * {{Cite AMB1920|wstitle=Barton, Benjamin Smith|short=y}}</blockquote>
 }}
-*[http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2320 Article and portrait at "Discovering Lewis & Clark"]
+*[http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2320 Article and portrait at "Discovering Lewis & Clark"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613114812/http://lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2320 |date=2010-06-13 }}
 *Barton, Benjamin Smith (1766-1915). "A memoir concerning the fascinating faculty which has been ascribed to the rattle-snake, and other American serpents". Philadelphia: Printed, for the author, by Henry Sweitzer, 1796. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2542057R
 *[http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ Zoologica GDZ] Full digitised ''Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania''
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Barton, Benjamin Smith}}
@@ Line 90: / Line 87: @@
 [[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
 [[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in New York (state)]]
+[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)]]
 [[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]]
 [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
 [[Category:18th-century American writers]]
+[[Category:18th-century American male writers]]
 [[Category:19th-century American writers]]
 [[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Deutschland Vereinigte Staaten Frankreich BnF data Italien Portugal Niederlande Norwegen Israel Belgien
Academics	CiNii International Plant Names Index
Menschen	Deutsche Biographie
Other	IdRef SNAC