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Coordinates: 23°33′53″N 119°33′50″E / 23.5648°N 119.5639°E / 23.5648; 119.5639
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{{Short description|Temple in Magong City, Penghu, Taiwan}}
{{stack begin}}
{{stack begin}}
{{chinese
{{chinese
|pic=File:澎湖天后宮 外觀.jpg |piccap=The temple entrance <small>(2017)</small>
|pic=File:澎湖天后宮 外觀.jpg |piccap=The temple entrance <small>(2017)</small>
|t={{linktext|天后|宮}} |s={{linktext|天后|宫}} |p=Tiānhòu Gōng |w=T&lsquo;ien-hou Kung |l={{nowrap|Palace of the Heavenly Empress}}
|t={{linktext|天后|宮}} |s={{linktext|天后|宫}} |p=Tiānhòu Gōng |w=T{{wg-apos}}ien-hou Kung |l={{nowrap|Palace of the Heavenly Empress}}
|altname={{nowrap|Tianfei Temple}} |t2={{linktext|天妃|宮}} |s2={{linktext|天妃|宫}}<ref name=mfw/> |p2=Tiānfēi Gōng |w2=T&lsquo;ien-fei Kung |l2={{nowrap|Palace of the [[Tian|Heavenly]] [[Chinese consort|Consort]]}}
|altname={{nowrap|Tianfei Temple}} |t2={{linktext|天妃|宮}} |s2={{linktext|天妃|宫}}<ref name=mfw/> |p2=Tiānfēi Gōng |w2=T{{wg-apos}}ien-fei Kung |l2={{nowrap|Palace of the [[Tian|Heavenly]] [[Chinese consort|Consort]]}}
|altname3={{nowrap|Mazu Temple}} |t3={{linktext|媽祖|宮}} |s3={{linktext|妈祖|宫}}<ref name=mfw/> |p3=Māzǔ Gōng |w3=Ma-tsu Kung |l3={{nowrap|Palace of the [[Lin Moniang|Maternal Ancestor]]}}
|altname3={{nowrap|Mazu Temple}} |t3={{linktext|媽祖|宮}} |s3={{linktext|妈祖|宫}}<ref name=mfw/> |p3=Māzǔ Gōng |w3=Ma-tsu Kung |l3={{nowrap|Palace of the [[Lin Moniang|Maternal Ancestor]]}}
|altname4={{nowrap|Niang Temple}} |t4={{linktext|娘|宮}} |s4={{linktext|娘|宫}}<ref name=mfw/> |p4=Niánggōng |w4=Niang Kung |l4={{nowrap|Palace of the Lady}}
|altname4={{nowrap|Niang Temple}} |t4={{linktext|娘|宮}} |s4={{linktext|娘|宫}}<ref name=mfw/> |p4=Niánggōng |w4=Niang Kung |l4={{nowrap|Palace of the Lady}}
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|pic=File:澎湖天后宮｜三川殿交趾燒.jpg |piccap=Roof decorations <small>(2018)</small>
|pic=File:澎湖天后宮｜三川殿交趾燒.jpg |piccap=Roof decorations <small>(2018)</small>
|altname={{nowrap|Temple of the Honorable Mother}} |t2={{linktext|娘媽|宮}} |s2={{linktext|娘妈|宫}}<ref name=mfw/> |p2=Niángmā Gōng |w2=Niang-ma Kung |l2={{nowrap|Temple of the Lady-&-Mother}}
|altname={{nowrap|Temple of the Honorable Mother}} |t2={{linktext|娘媽|宮}} |s2={{linktext|娘妈|宫}}<ref name=mfw/> |p2=Niángmā Gōng |w2=Niang-ma Kung |l2={{nowrap|Temple of the Lady-&-Mother}}
|altname3= {{nowrap|Temple of the Mother}} |t3={{linktext|媽|宮}} |s3={{linktext|妈|宫}}<ref name=mfw>{{citation |contribution=澎湖天后宫 |contribution-url=https://www.mafengwo.cn/poi/6367504.html |title=Mafengwo |url=https://www.mafengwo.cn/ |accessdate=22 December 2016|language=Chinese }}. </ref> |p3=Māgōng |w3=Ma Kung |l3={{nowrap|Temple of [[Lin Moniang#Names|the Mother]]}}
|altname3= {{nowrap|Temple of the Mother}} |t3={{linktext|媽|宮}} |s3={{linktext|妈|宫}}<ref name=mfw>{{citation |contribution=澎湖天后宫 |contribution-url=https://www.mafengwo.cn/poi/6367504.html |title=Mafengwo |url=https://www.mafengwo.cn/ |access-date=22 December 2016|language=zh }}. </ref> |p3=Māgōng |w3=Ma Kung |l3={{nowrap|Temple of [[Lin Moniang#Names|the Mother]]}}
}}
}}
{{stack end}}
{{stack end}}


The '''Mazu Temple''' is a [[Chinese temple|Chinese]] [[Mazu temple|temple]] of the [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese]] [[sea goddess]] [[Lin Moniang|Mazu]], the [[apotheosis|deified form]] of the medieval [[Fujian]]ese [[shamaness]] Lin Moniang, located at 1{{nbsp}}Zhengyi Street {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|正義街1號}})}} in [[Magong|Magong City]], [[Penghu]], [[Taiwan]]. It is usually accounted the oldest [[Mazu temple]] in Taiwan and, despite the present differences in [[Chinese characters|characters]], is the namesake of the surrounding city of Magong. It is open from 7:00{{nbsp}}am to 5:30{{nbsp}}pm daily.<ref name=tb>{{citation |contribution=Mazu Temple |contribution-url=http://www.penghu-nsa.gov.tw/English/ScenicSpotDetail.aspx?Cond=73eae1ff-0b2f-4bfd-b1b3-b37f0c611a31 |url=http://www.penghu-nsa.gov.tw/English/ |title=Penghu National Scenic Area |location=Magong |publisher=Tourism Bureau of the PNSA |date=2016 }}.</ref>
The '''Penghu Tianhou Temple''' is a [[Chinese temple|temple]] dedicated to the sea goddess [[Mazu]] located on Zhengyi Street in [[Magong|Magong City]], [[Penghu]], [[Taiwan]]. It is usually considered the oldest [[Mazu temple]] in Taiwan and, despite differences in [[Chinese characters|characters]], is the namesake of the surrounding city of Magong. It is open from 7:00{{nbsp}}am to 5:30{{nbsp}}pm daily.<ref name=tb>{{citation |contribution=Mazu Temple |contribution-url=http://www.penghu-nsa.gov.tw/English/ScenicSpotDetail.aspx?Cond=73eae1ff-0b2f-4bfd-b1b3-b37f0c611a31 |url=http://www.penghu-nsa.gov.tw/English/ |title=Penghu National Scenic Area |location=Magong |publisher=Tourism Bureau of the PNSA |date=2016 }}.</ref>


{{anchor|Etymology|Names}}
{{anchor|Etymology|Names}}


==Name==
==Name==
The original name of the site was the '''Niangma Temple''' ("Temple of the Honorable Mother)". It was renamed the '''Tianfei Temple''' ("Temple of the Princess of Heaven") following its rebuilding in the 16th century. The present [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name of the temple followed Mazu's elevation by the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] and translates as the "Palace of the Queen of Heaven" and is sometimes romanized as the {{nowrap|'''Tienhou Temple'''.<ref name=cirque>{{citation |last=Atkey |first=Mel |url=https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=v988BQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Running Away with the Circus |publisher=Friendlysong Books |location=Vancouver |date=2013 |p=[https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=v988BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 155] }}.</ref>}} Its English name is also sometimes transcribed as the {{nowrap|'''Matsu Temple'''.<ref name=mrlonely>{{citation |contribution=Matsu Temple |contribution-url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/taiwan/makung/attractions/matsu-temple/a/poi-sig/1001958/1002108 |title=Makung Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/taiwan/makung/attractions/a/poi-sig/1002108 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=London |accessdate=22 December 2015 }}.</ref>}}
The original name of the site was the '''Niangma Temple''' ("Temple of the Honorable Mother)". It was renamed the '''Tianfei Temple''' ("Temple of the Princess of Heaven") following its rebuilding in the 16th century. The present [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name of the temple followed Mazu's elevation by the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] and translates as the "Palace of the Queen of Heaven" and is sometimes romanized as the {{nowrap|'''Tienhou Temple'''.<ref name=cirque>{{citation |last=Atkey |first=Mel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v988BQAAQBAJ |title=Running Away with the Circus |publisher=Friendlysong Books |location=Vancouver |date=2013 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=v988BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 155] |isbn=9780991695713 }}.</ref>}} Its English name is also sometimes transcribed as the {{nowrap|'''Matsu Temple'''.<ref name=mrlonely>{{citation |contribution=Matsu Temple |contribution-url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/taiwan/makung/attractions/matsu-temple/a/poi-sig/1001958/1002108 |title=Makung Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/taiwan/makung/attractions/a/poi-sig/1002108 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=London |access-date=22 December 2015 }}.</ref>}}


==History==
==History==
[[File:Penghu Mazu Temple.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Mazu Temple {{circa|lk=no|1919}}.]]
[[File:Penghu Mazu Temple 1919.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Mazu Temple {{circa|lk=no|1919}}.]]
The temple claims to be the oldest in [[Taiwan]],<ref name=mrlonely/><ref name=roc/> possibly dating to the early [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] in the 15th century.It was supposedly destroyed by [[Wokou|"Japanese" pirates]] and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was enlarged following [[Yu Dayou]]'s 1563 victory over the pirates at [[Putian]] and again after another imperial victory in 1592, a date sometimes given as its foundation.<ref name=cirque/><ref name=roc>{{citation |contribution=Penghu Queen of Heaven Temple (Tianhou Temple) |contribution-url=http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0002125&id=2140 |url=http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/ |title=Traveling in Taiwan |date=2016 |location=Taipei |publisher=Tourism Bureau of the ROC }}.</ref> Alternatively, its construction is credited to the [[Hoklo Taiwanese|Hoklo]] in 1593 or 1604.<ref name=eag>{{citation |last=Billinge |first=Tom |contribution=Bypassed by History: The Lucky Escape of Taiwan's Temples |contribution-url=https://asia-gazette.com/panasia/2015/11/bypassed-history-lucky-escape-taiwans-temples |url=https://asia-gazette.com/ |title=East Asia Gazette |date=10 November 2015 }}.</ref><ref name=beaut>{{citation |contribution=Artist Depicts Facets of Taiwan as Seductive Beauties |contribution-url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/05/13/2003532715 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/ |title=Taipei Times |location=Taipei |date=13 May 2012 |last=Chen |first=Yi-ching |authormask=Chen Yi-ching |editor-last=Hsu |editor-first=Stacy |display-editors=0 }}.</ref> A 1604 [[stele]] recording the ultimatum Yu Dayou's son [[Yu Zigao|Zigao]] gave to the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] to abandon [[Taiwan under Dutch rule|Taiwan]] was discovered at the temple in 1919.<ref name=mrlonely/> In 1622, the Dutch seized the area and erected a fort; following [[Sino–Dutch conflicts|their conquest]] by Yu Zigao's forces two years later, the temple was again remodeled.<ref name=cirque/>
The temple claims to be the oldest in [[Taiwan]],<ref name=mrlonely/><ref name=roc/> possibly dating to the early [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] in the 15th century. It was supposedly destroyed by [[Wokou|"Japanese" pirates]] and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was enlarged following [[Yu Dayou]]'s 1563 victory over the pirates at [[Putian]] and again after another imperial victory in 1592, a date sometimes given as its foundation.<ref name=cirque/><ref name=roc>{{citation |contribution=Penghu Queen of Heaven Temple (Tianhou Temple) |contribution-url=http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0002125&id=2140 |url=http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/ |title=Traveling in Taiwan |date=2016 |location=Taipei |publisher=Tourism Bureau of the ROC |access-date=2016-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223063050/http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/ |archive-date=2016-12-23 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> Alternatively, its construction is credited to the [[Hoklo Taiwanese|Hoklo]] in 1593 or 1604.<ref name=eag>{{citation |last=Billinge |first=Tom |contribution=Bypassed by History: The Lucky Escape of Taiwan's Temples |contribution-url=https://asia-gazette.com/panasia/2015/11/bypassed-history-lucky-escape-taiwans-temples |url=https://asia-gazette.com/ |title=East Asia Gazette |date=10 November 2015 }}.</ref><ref name=beaut>{{citation |contribution=Artist Depicts Facets of Taiwan as Seductive Beauties |contribution-url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/05/13/2003532715 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/ |title=Taipei Times |location=Taipei |date=13 May 2012 |last=Chen |first=Yi-ching |author-mask=Chen Yi-ching |editor-last=Hsu |editor-first=Stacy |display-editors=0 }}.</ref> A 1604 [[stele]] recording the ultimatum Yu Dayou's son [[Yu Zigao|Zigao]] gave to the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] to abandon [[Taiwan under Dutch rule|Taiwan]] was discovered at the temple in 1919.<ref name=mrlonely/> In 1622, the Dutch seized the area and erected a fort; following [[Sino–Dutch conflicts|their conquest]] by Yu Zigao's forces two years later, the temple was again remodeled.<ref name=cirque/>


[[Magong]] grew up around the temple and was named for it.<ref name=tb/> [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Under Japanese rule]], the port of Magong was a major base of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. Its [[Chinese characters|characters]] were changed in 1920 but it retained the same pronunciation in Japanese and English as before. In [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], however, the names no longer match, since the [[Chinese tones|tone]] of the first syllable shifted from first to third. The present temple is largely the result of a 1922 renovation,<ref name=mrlonely/> mostly employing [[Tangshan]],<ref name=roc/> [[Guangzhou]], and [[Chaozhou]] artists.<ref name=rtr>{{citation |contribution=Penghu Mazu Temple |contribution-url=https://www.rtaiwanr.com/penghu/penghu-mazu-temple |url=https://www.rtaiwanr.com/regions/offshore-islands |title=Offshore Islands |location= |publisher=Round Taiwan Round |date=2015 }}.</ref>
[[Magong]] grew up around the temple and was named for it.<ref name=tb/> [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Under Japanese rule]], the port of Magong was a major base of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. Its [[Chinese characters|characters]] were changed in 1920 but it retained the same pronunciation in Japanese and English as before. In [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], however, the names no longer match, since the [[Chinese tones|tone]] of the first syllable shifted from first to third. The present temple is largely the result of a 1922 renovation,<ref name=mrlonely/> mostly employing [[Tangshan]],<ref name=roc/> [[Guangzhou]], and [[Chaozhou]] artists.<ref name=rtr>{{citation |contribution=Penghu Mazu Temple |contribution-url=https://www.rtaiwanr.com/penghu/penghu-mazu-temple |url=https://www.rtaiwanr.com/regions/offshore-islands |title=Offshore Islands |publisher=Round Taiwan Round |date=2015 }}.</ref>


==Architecture==
==Architecture==
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==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<center><gallery widths="180" heights="180">
<gallery widths="180" heights="180">
File:澎湖天后宮整修中.JPG| Entrance <small>(2013)</small>
File:澎湖天后宮整修中.JPG| Entrance <small>(2013)</small>
File:Penghu Tianhougong 20150618.jpg|Entrance 2015
File:Penghu Tianhougong 20150618.jpg|Entrance 2015
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File:澎湖天后宮樑上的裝飾.jpg| Ceiling decoration
File:澎湖天后宮樑上的裝飾.jpg| Ceiling decoration
File:澎湖天后宮｜沈有容諭退紅毛番.jpg|[[沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等]] (1604) Shen Yourong expelled Dutch Wijbrant and his people
File:澎湖天后宮｜沈有容諭退紅毛番.jpg|[[沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等]] (1604) Shen Yourong expelled Dutch Wijbrant and his people
</gallery></center>
</gallery>

==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Mazu temples]]
* [[Qianliyan]] & [[Shunfeng'er]]
* [[List of Mazu temples|List of Mazu temples around the world]]
* [[List of temples in Taiwan]]
* [[Lan Mu]]
* [[Lan Mu]]


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==External links==
==External links==
⚫
* {{citation |contribution=Matsu Temple at Penghu |contribution-url=http://imperial.park.org/Taiwan/Culture/Arts/first/english/frstsite/anti04/ |url=http://imperial.park.org |title=Internet 1996 World Exposition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318230535/http://imperial.park.org/ |archive-date=2016-03-18 }}, including cutaways of the temple and main hall.
{{commons category|Penghu Mazu Temple|Mazu Temple}}
* {{commons-inline|Category:Penghu Mazu Temple|Penghu Tianhou Temple}}
⚫
* {{citation |contribution=Matsu Temple at Penghu |contribution-url=http://imperial.park.org/Taiwan/Culture/Arts/first/english/frstsite/anti04/ |url=http://imperial.park.org |title=Internet 1996 World Exposition |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318230535/http://imperial.park.org/ |archivedate=2016-03-18 |df= }}, including cutaways of the temple and main hall.

⚫
{{coord|23.5648|N|119.5639|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}


⚫
{{coord|23.5648|N|119.5639|E|type:landmark_region:TW|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazu Temple, Magong}}


[[Category:Temples of Mazu]]
[[Category:Mazu temples in Penghu]]
[[Category:Taoist temples in Taiwan]]
[[Category:National monuments of Taiwan]]

Latest revision as of 23:10, 21 May 2024

Penghu Tianhou Temple
The temple entrance (2017)
Traditional Chinese天后宮
Simplified Chinese天后宫
Literal meaningPalace of the Heavenly Empress
Tianfei Temple
Traditional Chinese天妃宮
Simplified Chinese天妃宫[1]
Literal meaningPalace of the Heavenly Consort
Mazu Temple
Traditional Chinese媽祖宮
Simplified Chinese妈祖宫[1]
Literal meaningPalace of the Maternal Ancestor
Niang Temple
Traditional Chinese娘宮
Simplified Chinese娘宫[1]
Literal meaningPalace of the Lady
Maniang Temple
Traditional Chinese媽娘宮
Simplified Chinese妈娘宫[1]
Literal meaningPalace of the Mother-&-Lady
Roof decorations (2018)
Temple of the Honorable Mother
Traditional Chinese娘媽宮
Simplified Chinese娘妈宫[1]
Literal meaningTemple of the Lady-&-Mother
Temple of the Mother
Traditional Chinese媽宮
Simplified Chinese妈宫[1]
Literal meaningTemple of the Mother

The Penghu Tianhou Temple is a temple dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu located on Zhengyi Street in Magong City, Penghu, Taiwan. It is usually considered the oldest Mazu temple in Taiwan and, despite differences in characters, is the namesake of the surrounding city of Magong. It is open from 7:00 am to 5:30 pm daily.[2]

Name

[edit]

The original name of the site was the Niangma Temple ("Temple of the Honorable Mother)". It was renamed the Tianfei Temple ("Temple of the Princess of Heaven") following its rebuilding in the 16th century. The present Chinese name of the temple followed Mazu's elevation by the Qing and translates as the "Palace of the Queen of Heaven" and is sometimes romanized as the Tienhou Temple.[3] Its English name is also sometimes transcribed as the Matsu Temple.[4]

History

[edit]
The Mazu Temple c. 1919.

The temple claims to be the oldest in Taiwan,[4][5] possibly dating to the early Ming in the 15th century. It was supposedly destroyed by "Japanese" pirates and rebuilt in the 16th century. It was enlarged following Yu Dayou's 1563 victory over the pirates at Putian and again after another imperial victory in 1592, a date sometimes given as its foundation.[3][5] Alternatively, its construction is credited to the Hoklo in 1593 or 1604.[6][7] A 1604 stele recording the ultimatum Yu Dayou's son Zigao gave to the Dutch to abandon Taiwan was discovered at the temple in 1919.[4] In 1622, the Dutch seized the area and erected a fort; following their conquest by Yu Zigao's forces two years later, the temple was again remodeled.[3]

Magong grew up around the temple and was named for it.[2] Under Japanese rule, the port of Magong was a major base of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Its characters were changed in 1920 but it retained the same pronunciation in Japanese and English as before. In Mandarin, however, the names no longer match, since the tone of the first syllable shifted from first to third. The present temple is largely the result of a 1922 renovation,[4] mostly employing Tangshan,[5] Guangzhou, and Chaozhou artists.[8]

Architecture

[edit]

The temple complex consists of a front, main, and back temple with an extra row of houses ("guarding dragons") on either side. It is built on the slope of the hill, with the temples rising from front to back. The front temple is also known as the Shanchuan Temple.[2] The temple has a high and sweeping "swallowtail" roof.[4]

Artwork

[edit]

The temple is filled with wood carvings in the Chaozhou style. The name plaque on the front temple is surrounded by three dragons. The swastikas on the main hall's door panels are taken to represent eternal prosperity; wealth and happiness are also symbolized by the doors' flowers and birds. The columns have lion and paired rabbit bases.[2][4]

The main idol of Mazu is said to be more than 700 years old, carved from a single piece of solid wood weighing about 150 kilograms (330 lb).[8]

Legacy

[edit]

The temple is one of the landmarks of Taiwan turned into moe figures in artist Chih Yu's We Stay, We Live.[7]

[edit]
  • Entrance (2013)
    Entrance (2013)
  • Entrance 2015
    Entrance 2015
  • Roof decoration: carp and water (clay)
    Roof decoration: carp and water (clay)
  • Roof decoration: four-fingers dragon (clay )
    Roof decoration: four-fingers dragon (clay )
  • Wall decoration dragon beside entrance
    Wall decoration dragon beside entrance
  • The Entrance of the Hall
    The Entrance of the Hall
  • Wall decoration: 【Chinese folk story: Legend of the White Snake (白蛇傳)】Buddhist monk called Fahai (法海) uses her powers to flood the temple and drowns many innocent people.
    Wall decoration: 【Chinese folk story: Legend of the White Snake (白蛇傳)】Buddhist monk called Fahai (法海) uses her powers to flood the temple and drowns many innocent people.
  • Charm from the temple
    Charm from the temple
  • Ceiling decoration
    Ceiling decoration
  • 沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等 (1604) Shen Yourong expelled Dutch Wijbrant and his people
    沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等 (1604) Shen Yourong expelled Dutch Wijbrant and his people

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "澎湖天后宫", Mafengwo (in Chinese), retrieved 22 December 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d "Mazu Temple", Penghu National Scenic Area, Magong: Tourism Bureau of the PNSA, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c Atkey, Mel (2013), Running Away with the Circus, Vancouver: Friendlysong Books, p. 155, ISBN 9780991695713.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Matsu Temple", Makung Attractions, London: Lonely Planet, retrieved 22 December 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Penghu Queen of Heaven Temple (Tianhou Temple)", Traveling in Taiwan, Taipei: Tourism Bureau of the ROC, 2016, archived from the original on 2016-12-23, retrieved 2016-12-22.
  6. ^ Billinge, Tom (10 November 2015), "Bypassed by History: The Lucky Escape of Taiwan's Temples", East Asia Gazette.
  7. ^ a b Chen Yi-ching (13 May 2012), "Artist Depicts Facets of Taiwan as Seductive Beauties", Taipei Times, Taipei{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  8. ^ a b "Penghu Mazu Temple", Offshore Islands, Round Taiwan Round, 2015.
[edit]

23°33′53″N 119°33′50″E / 23.5648°N 119.5639°E / 23.5648; 119.5639

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