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{{Short description|Creative re-spelling of the word "fish"}} |
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{{italic title}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} |
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'''Ghoti''' is a creative respelling of the word ''[[fish]]'', used to illustrate irregularities in [[English language|English]] spelling and pronunciation. |
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==Explanation== |
==Explanation== |
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The word is intended to be pronounced in the same way ({{IPAc-en|f|ɪ|ʃ}}), using these sounds: |
The word is intended to be pronounced in the same way as ''fish'' ({{IPAc-en|f|ɪ|ʃ}}), using these sounds: |
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* ''gh'', pronounced {{IPAc-en|f}} as in ''enough'' {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|n|ʌ|f}} or ''tough'' {{IPAc-en|t|ʌ|f}}; |
* ''gh'', pronounced {{IPAc-en|f}} as in ''enough'' {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|n|ʌ|f}} or ''tough'' {{IPAc-en|t|ʌ|f}}; |
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* ''o'', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} as in ''women'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|m|ɪ|n}}; |
* ''o'', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} as in ''women'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|m|ɪ|n}}; |
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* ''ti'', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} as in ''nation'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|eɪ|ʃ|ən}} or ''motion'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|oʊ|ʃ|ən}}. |
* ''ti'', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} as in ''nation'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|eɪ|ʃ|ən}} or ''motion'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|oʊ|ʃ|ən}}. |
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The key to the phenomenon is that the pronunciations of the constructed word's three parts are inconsistent with how they would ordinarily be pronounced in those placements. To illustrate: ''gh'' can only resemble ''f'' when following the letters ''ou'' or ''au'' at the end of certain [[morpheme]]s ("tough", "cough", "laugh"), while ''ti'' would only resemble ''sh'' when followed by a vowel sound ("martian", "patient", "spatial"). The expected pronunciation in English would sound like " |
The key to the phenomenon is that the pronunciations of the constructed word's three parts are inconsistent with how they would ordinarily be pronounced in those placements. To illustrate: ''gh'' can only resemble ''f'' when following the letters ''ou'' or ''au'' at the end of certain [[morpheme]]s ("tough", "cough", "laugh"), while ''ti'' would only resemble ''sh'' when followed by a vowel sound due to [[Phonological history of English consonant clusters|yod-coalescence]] ("martian", "patient", "spatial"). The expected pronunciation in English would sound like "goatee" {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|t|i}}, not "fish".<ref name="nytzimmer">{{cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Ben |author-link=Benjamin Zimmer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/magazine/27FOB-onlanguage-t.html |title=Ghoti |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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An early known published reference is an October 1874 article by [[Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer|S. R. Townshend Mayer]] in ''[[St. James's Magazine]]'', which cites the letter.<ref name="SJM" /> |
An early known published reference is an October 1874 article by [[Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer|S. R. Townshend Mayer]] in ''[[St. James's Magazine]]'', which cites the letter.<ref name="SJM" /> |
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Another relatively early appearance of ''ghoti'' was in a 1937 newspaper article,<ref name="llog" /> and the term is alluded to in the 1939 [[James Joyce]] experimental work of fiction ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkGwCwAAQBAJ&dq=finnegan%27s+wake+ghoti&pg=PA299 | title=Annotations to Finnegans Wake | isbn=9781421419077 | last1=McHugh | first1=Roland | date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> |
Another relatively early appearance of ''ghoti'' was in a 1937 newspaper article,<ref name="llog" /> and the term is alluded to in the 1939 [[James Joyce]] experimental work of fiction ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkGwCwAAQBAJ&dq=finnegan%27s+wake+ghoti&pg=PA299 | title=Annotations to Finnegans Wake | isbn=9781421419077 | last1=McHugh | first1=Roland | date=24 February 2016 | publisher=JHU Press }}</ref> |
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''Ghoti'' is often cited to support [[English spelling reform]], and is often attributed to [[George Bernard Shaw]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |title=Bernard Shaw: Volume III: 1918–1950: The Lure of Fantasy |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=1994 |isbn=0517130351}}</ref> a supporter of this cause. However, the word does not appear in Shaw's writings,<ref name="llog" /> and a biography of Shaw attributes it instead to an anonymous spelling reformer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxwhat04.html |title=What is "ghoti"? |first=Jim |last=Scobbie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010225063805/http://www.alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxwhat04.html |archive-date=25 February |
''Ghoti'' is often cited to support [[English spelling reform]], and is often attributed to [[George Bernard Shaw]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |title=Bernard Shaw: Volume III: 1918–1950: The Lure of Fantasy |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=1994 |isbn=0517130351}}</ref> a supporter of this cause. However, the word does not appear in Shaw's writings,<ref name="llog" /> and a biography of Shaw attributes it instead to an anonymous spelling reformer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxwhat04.html |title=What is "ghoti"? |first=Jim |last=Scobbie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010225063805/http://www.alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxwhat04.html |archive-date=25 February 2001 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> Similar constructed words exist that demonstrate English [[Idiosyncrasy #Linguistics|idiosyncrasies]], but ''ghoti'' is one of the most widely recognized.<ref name="nytzimmer" /> |
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==Notable usage== |
==Notable usage== |
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*In ''[[Finnegans Wake]]'' (published in 1939), [[James Joyce]] alludes to ''ghoti'': "Gee each owe tea eye smells fish." ("G-H-O-T-I spells 'fish'.") (p. 299). On p. 51, ''that fishabed ghoatstory'' may also allude to ''ghoti''. |
*In ''[[Finnegans Wake]]'' (published in 1939), [[James Joyce]] alludes to ''ghoti'': "Gee each owe tea eye smells fish." ("G-H-O-T-I spells 'fish'.") (p. 299). On p. 51, ''that fishabed ghoatstory'' may also allude to ''ghoti''. |
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*In the [[artistic language]] [[Klingon language|Klingon]], '''{{mono|ghotI’}}''' {{IPA|/ɣoˈtʰɪʔ/}} is the proper word for "fish".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kli.org/about-klingon/new-klingon-words/gh/ |title=Klingon Language Institute |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> |
*In the [[artistic language]] [[Klingon language|Klingon]], '''{{mono|ghotI’}}''' {{IPA|/ɣoˈtʰɪʔ/}} is the proper word for "fish".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kli.org/about-klingon/new-klingon-words/gh/ |title=Klingon Language Institute |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> |
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*In |
*In "An Egg Grows in Gotham", a 1966 episode of the television series ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'', the villain [[Egghead (DC Comics)|Egghead]] uses "Ghoti Oeufs" as the name for his caviar business, and Batman explains the reference to Robin.<ref>{{cite episode |title=An Egg Grows in Gotham |series=Batman |series-link=Batman (TV series) |credits=Teleplay by Stanley Ralph Ross, Story by Ed Self |network=[[American Broadcasting Company]] |airdate=19 October 1966 |season=2 |number=13 |time=13 minutes |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_de5St_97M#t=3m06s |access-date=23 May 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> |
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*[[Ghoti Hook]] is a 1990s Christian punk band. |
*[[Ghoti Hook]] is a 1990s Christian punk band. |
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*''Ghoti'' has been used to test [[speech synthesizer]]s.<ref name="kevelson198601">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/Ahoy_Issue_25_1986-01_Ion_International_US#page/n31/mode/2up |title=Speech Synthesizers for the Commodore Computers / Part II |work=Ahoy! |date=January 1986 |access-date=23 May 2019 |last=Kevelson |first=Morton |pages=32}}</ref> The ''Speech!'' [[allophone]]-based speech synthesizer software for the [[BBC Micro]] was tweaked to pronounce ''ghoti'' as ''fish''.<ref name="speechsynth">{{cite web |url=http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Rec/rec.games.computer.ultima.dragons/2006-05/msg01548.html |title=Re: Spelling Bees |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120103344/http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Rec/rec.games.computer.ultima.dragons/2006-05/msg01548.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Examination of the code reveals the string '''GHOTI''' used to identify the special case. |
*''Ghoti'' has been used to test [[speech synthesizer]]s.<ref name="kevelson198601">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/Ahoy_Issue_25_1986-01_Ion_International_US#page/n31/mode/2up |title=Speech Synthesizers for the Commodore Computers / Part II |work=Ahoy! |date=January 1986 |access-date=23 May 2019 |last=Kevelson |first=Morton |pages=32}}</ref> The ''Speech!'' [[allophone]]-based speech synthesizer software for the [[BBC Micro]] was tweaked to pronounce ''ghoti'' as ''fish''.<ref name="speechsynth">{{cite web |url=http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Rec/rec.games.computer.ultima.dragons/2006-05/msg01548.html |title=Re: Spelling Bees |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120103344/http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Rec/rec.games.computer.ultima.dragons/2006-05/msg01548.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Examination of the code reveals the string '''GHOTI''' used to identify the special case. |
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*In the |
*In the [[Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game]], there is a series of fish-type cards called "Ghoti".<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1538914710896222208|user=YuGiOh_TCG|title=The Power of the Elements Premiere! Event is coming up July 30-31! You can be entered into a drawing to win exclusive prizes, like this Ultra Rare copy of Ghoti of the Deep Beyond (while supplies last)!|date=20 June 2022}}</ref> |
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*The second track of [[Lupe Fiasco]]'s 2022 album |
*The second track of [[Lupe Fiasco]]'s 2022 album ''[[Drill Music in Zion]]'' is titled "Ghoti".<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Hoffman |first1=Tim |title=ALBUM REVIEW: Lupe Fiasco makes a salient statement with 'Drill Music In Zion' |url=https://riffmagazine.com/album-reviews/lupe-fiasco-drill-music-in-zion/ |website=RIFF Magazine |access-date=8 July 2022 |date=24 June 2022}}</ref> |
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*[[Vocaloid]] producer [[NILFRUITS]] uses the line "ghoti, ghoti" accompanying the sung lyrics of "fish, fish" in his 2018 song ''Hungry Nicole''.<ref>{{cite web |last=NILFRUITS |date=9 June 2018 |title=∴flower 『 HUNGRY NICOLE 』【Official】 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4MEB95GRe0?t=256/ |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=YouTube}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 12:56, 22 May 2024
Ghoti is a creative respelling of the word fish, used to illustrate irregularities in English spelling and pronunciation.
Explanation
The word is intended to be pronounced in the same way as fish (/fɪʃ/), using these sounds:
- gh, pronounced /f/ as in enough /ɪˈnʌf/ or tough /tʌf/;
- o, pronounced /ɪ/ as in women /ˈwɪmɪn/;
- ti, pronounced /ʃ/ as in nation /ˈneɪʃən/ or motion /ˈmoʊʃən/.
The key to the phenomenon is that the pronunciations of the constructed word's three parts are inconsistent with how they would ordinarily be pronounced in those placements. To illustrate: gh can only resemble f when following the letters ou or au at the end of certain morphemes ("tough", "cough", "laugh"), while ti would only resemble sh when followed by a vowel sound due to yod-coalescence ("martian", "patient", "spatial"). The expected pronunciation in English would sound like "goatee" /ˈɡoʊti/, not "fish".[1]
History
In 1815, there were several examples of absurd spellings given in a book by Alexander J. Ellis, A Plea for Phonotypy and Phonography, which advocated spelling reform. However, ghoti was not among the examples, which were all relatively lengthy and thus harder to remember.[2]
The first confirmed use of ghoti is in a letter dated 11 December 1855 from Charles Ollier to Leigh Hunt. On the third page of the letter, Ollier explains, "My son William has hit upon a new method of spelling Fish." Ollier then demonstrates the rationale, "So that ghoti is fish."[3] The letter credits ghoti to William Ollier Jr., born 1824.[2][4]
An early known published reference is an October 1874 article by S. R. Townshend Mayer in St. James's Magazine, which cites the letter.[4]
Another relatively early appearance of ghoti was in a 1937 newspaper article,[2] and the term is alluded to in the 1939 James Joyce experimental work of fiction Finnegans Wake.[5]
Ghoti is often cited to support English spelling reform, and is often attributed to George Bernard Shaw,[6] a supporter of this cause. However, the word does not appear in Shaw's writings,[2] and a biography of Shaw attributes it instead to an anonymous spelling reformer.[7] Similar constructed words exist that demonstrate English idiosyncrasies, but ghoti is one of the most widely recognized.[1]
Notable usage
- In Finnegans Wake (published in 1939), James Joyce alludes to ghoti: "Gee each owe tea eye smells fish." ("G-H-O-T-I spells 'fish'.") (p. 299). On p. 51, that fishabed ghoatstory may also allude to ghoti.
- In the artistic language Klingon, ghotI’ /ɣoˈtʰɪʔ/ is the proper word for "fish".[8]
- In "An Egg Grows in Gotham", a 1966 episode of the television series Batman, the villain Egghead uses "Ghoti Oeufs" as the name for his caviar business, and Batman explains the reference to Robin.[9]
- Ghoti Hook is a 1990s Christian punk band.
- Ghoti has been used to test speech synthesizers.[10] The Speech! allophone-based speech synthesizer software for the BBC Micro was tweaked to pronounce ghoti as fish.[11] Examination of the code reveals the string GHOTI used to identify the special case.
- In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game, there is a series of fish-type cards called "Ghoti".[12]
- The second track of Lupe Fiasco's 2022 album Drill Music in Zion is titled "Ghoti".[13]
- Vocaloid producer NILFRUITS uses the line "ghoti, ghoti" accompanying the sung lyrics of "fish, fish" in his 2018 song Hungry Nicole.[14]
See also
- English-language spelling reform
- English orthography
- English phonology
- "The Chaos", a poem which demonstrates the irregularity of English orthography
References
- ^ a b Zimmer, Ben (25 June 2010). "Ghoti". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d Zimmer, Ben (23 April 2008). ""Ghoti" before Shaw". Language Log. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ The original letter is housed in the British Library.
- ^ a b Mayer, S. R. Townshend (October 1874). "Leigh Hunt and Charles Ollier". St. James's Magazine. p. 406.
- ^ McHugh, Roland (24 February 2016). Annotations to Finnegans Wake. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421419077.
- ^ Holroyd, Michael (1994). Bernard Shaw: Volume III: 1918–1950: The Lure of Fantasy. Random House. ISBN 0517130351.
- ^ Scobbie, Jim. "What is "ghoti"?". Archived from the original on 25 February 2001. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ "Klingon Language Institute". Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ Teleplay by Stanley Ralph Ross, Story by Ed Self (19 October 1966). "An Egg Grows in Gotham". Batman. Season 2. Episode 13. Event occurs at 13 minutes. American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 23 May 2019.[dead YouTube link]
- ^ Kevelson, Morton (January 1986). "Speech Synthesizers for the Commodore Computers / Part II". Ahoy!. p. 32. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ "Re: Spelling Bees". Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ @YuGiOh_TCG (20 June 2022). "The Power of the Elements Premiere! Event is coming up July 30-31! You can be entered into a drawing to win exclusive prizes, like this Ultra Rare copy of Ghoti of the Deep Beyond (while supplies last)!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Hoffman, Tim (24 June 2022). "ALBUM REVIEW: Lupe Fiasco makes a salient statement with 'Drill Music In Zion'". RIFF Magazine. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ NILFRUITS (9 June 2018). "∴flower 『 HUNGRY NICOLE 』【Official】". YouTube. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
External links
- How to pronounce "ghoti"
- Hou tu pranownse Inglish, an essay on grapheme-to-phoneme rules that discusses "ghoti"
- "What is ghoti?" by Jim Scobbie