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{{Short description|Legendary Japanese hero-statesman}}
[[Image:Takeshiuchi Sukune.jpg|thumb|280px|Takenouchi no Sukune drawn by [[Kikuchi Yosai]]]]'''Takenouchi no Sukune''' (武内宿禰, AKA '''Takeshiuchi no Sukune''', also called “The Valiant Old Bear”[http://www.darumamagazine.com/new/articles-excerpts/musha-ningyo-the-portrait-dolls-of-boys-day/] was a legendary Japanese hero-statesman, and is a [[Shinto]] [[kami]].
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Takenouchi no Sukune<br />{{lang|ja|武内宿禰}}
| image = Takeshiuchi Sukune.jpg
| office = ''[[Ōomi]]''
| caption = Takenouchi no Sukune drawn by [[Kikuchi Yosai]]
| birth_date = 84 AD
| death_date = Unknown
| children = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hata no Yashiro]]
* [[Kose no Okara]]
* [[Soga no Ishikawa]]
* Heguri no Tsuku
* [[Ki no Tsuno]]
* Kume no Matio-hime
* Nonoiro-hime
* [[Katsuragi no Sotsuhiko]]
* Wakugo no Sukune}}
| father = {{Interlanguage link|Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto|ja|屋主忍男武雄心命}}
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Takenouchi no Sukune'''|武内宿禰}} or '''Takeshiuchi no Sukune''' was a legendary Japanese hero-statesman of the 1st century, and a [[Shinto]] [[kami]].


He is recorded in Japan's earliest literary texts, the ''[[Kojiki]]'' (ca. [[712]]) and the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' ([[720]]).
⚫
==Life==

⚫
Takenouchi no Sukune was supposedly the son of Princess Kagehime, and is said to be grandson to Imperial Prince Hikofutódhimakoto no Mikoto. [http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=548] Also descended from [[Emperor Kōgen]], Takenouchi no Sukune served under five legendary emperors, [[Emperor Keikō]], [[Emperor Seimu]], [[Emperor Chūai]], [[Emperor Ōjin]], and [[Emperor Nintoku]], but was perhaps best known for his service as Grand Minister to [[Jingū of Japan|the Regent Jingu]], with whom he supposedly invaded Korea. While Jingu was regent to her son, Ojin, Takenouchi was accused of treason. He underwent the "ordeal of boiling water" as a way to prove his innocence.
⚫
== Life ==
⚫
Takenouchi no Sukune was supposedly the son of Princess Kagehime, and is said to be grandson to {{Nihongo|Prince Hikofutsuoshinomakoto|彦太忍信命}}. Descended from [[Emperor Kōgen]], Takenouchi no Sukune served under five legendary emperors, [[Emperor Keikō]], [[Emperor Seimu]], [[Emperor Chūai]], [[Emperor Ōjin]], and [[Emperor Nintoku]], but was perhaps best known for his service as Grand Minister (Ōomi) to the Regent [[Empress Jingū]], with whom he supposedly invaded Korea. While Jingu was regent to her son, Ojin, Takenouchi was accused of treason. He underwent the "[[Trial by ordeal|ordeal]] of boiling water" as a way to prove his innocence.


In addition to his martial services to these emperors, he was reputedly also a ''saniwa'', or [[oracle|spirit medium]].
In addition to his martial services to these emperors, he was reputedly also a ''saniwa'', or [[oracle|spirit medium]].


He is said to have been the grandson of HIkofutsuoshinomakoto in the Nihon Shoki, where as the Kojiki states that he was the son of Hikofutsuoshinomakoto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takeuchi no Sukune • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史 |url=https://historyofjapan.co.uk/wiki/takeuchi-no-sukune/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
⚫
==Legacy==
⚫
Twenty-eight Japanese clans are said to be descended from Takenouchi no Sukune, including [[Takeuchi]] and [[Soga clan|Soga]]. He is a legendary figure, and is said to have drunk daily from a sacred well, and this helped him to live to be 280 years old. Further, he is enshrined as a [[Kami]] at the Ube shrine, in [[Iwami District, Tottori|the Iwami district]] of the [[Tottori Prefecture]] and at local [[Hachiman Shrine|Hachiman shrines]]. His portrait has also appeared on the [[Japanese yen]], and dolls of him are popular [[Kodomo no hi|Children’s Day]] gifts.


== Possible connections to Korea ==
Takenouchi no Sukune is grandfather of {{nihongo|Takenouchi no matori|竹内真鳥}} who created manuscript books of {{nihongo|''[[Takenouchi monjo]]''|[[:ja:竹内文書|竹内文書]]}} which depicted ancient Japan before the era of ''[[Kojiki]]'' and ''[[Nihon Shoki]]''. The copies still exsit in ''Kouso kotai jingu'' shrine in [[Ibaraki prefecture]].
Japanese historians have theorized a possible inference to Takenouchi no Sukune found in ancient Korea's ''[[Samguk Sagi]]'' where a name called "Udojugun (于道朱君/우도주군)" is mentioned.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=[[Samguk Sagi]] |chapter=Chapter 45 - Battle of Seok Uro}}</ref> In the book, it states that during the time a Japanese envoy "Galnago (葛那古/갈나고)" stayed in [[Silla]], a royal named "Seok Uro (昔于老/석우로)" accompanied him. However after a while, the two started to banter where Seok Uro threatened to "make the emperor of Japan a salt making slave and his wife who cooks rice" as a heavy joke. After relaying the message to the emperor himself (referred to as Emperor Ookimi[?]/大王/オオキミ), a general named Udojugun was sent to the Korean peninsula and declared war against Silla.<ref name=":0" />

According to scholars, Udojugun and Takenouchi no Sukune might have been the same individual as Takenouchi no Sukune's pronunciation would have been closer to "Utusukune (内宿禰)" in [[Old Japanese]]. In addition, ''[[Wakan Sansai Zue]]'' also mentions Takenouchi no Sukune's accomplishments during the Silla-Wa War (新羅・倭戦争) further adding credence to his involvement during the Silla period.<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[Wakan Sansai Zue]] |volume=13 |chapter=異國人物 - 神功皇后征三韓}}</ref> As a similar sounding name appears in Korean records while also having historical documents that support his authenticity to an extent, scholars deduced that though not completely accurate, Takenouchi no Sukune can be considered an individual who had truly existed.

According to world-renowned linguist and Japanese language expert [[Alexander Vovin]], due to [[Amenohiboko]] being of Korean origin, Empress Jingū and her son and successor, Emperor Ōjin might have been native speakers of the [[Korean language]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |title=Immigrants or Overlords? Korean Influences on Japan in the Archaic Period: a Linguistic Perspective |date=2012-06-14 |publisher=Institut für Kulturund Geitestesgeschichte Asiens |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> Vovin states that since Takenouchi no Sukune was able to interact with Korean kingdoms during their rule, he stated that Takenouchi no Sukune may also have been of foreign origin as not only did he have jurisdiction over Japan-Korean affairs, but was also the father of many clan founders that have heavy connections with Korea.<ref name=":1" />

⚫
== Legacy ==
⚫
Twenty-eight Japanese clans are said to be descended from Takenouchi no Sukune, including [[Takeuchi]] and [[Soga clan|Soga]]. He is a legendary figure, and is said to have drunk daily from a sacred well, which helped him live to be 280 years old. He is enshrined as a [[Kami]] at the [[Ube shrine]], in [[Iwami District, Tottori|the Iwami district]] of the [[Tottori Prefecture]] and at local [[Hachiman Shrine|Hachiman shrines]].

His portrait has appeared on the [[Japanese yen]], and dolls of him are popular [[Kodomo no hi|Children's Day]] gifts.
[[File:Takeuchi1JPY.JPG|thumb|Yen bill with a representative drawing attributed to Takenouchi no Sukune on its obverse.]]
*First convertible silver yen bill (1889-1958)
*First five yen bill (1899-1939)
*Third five yen bill (1916-1939)
*Second one-yen bill (1943-1958)
*Second 200 yen bill (1945-1946)

==Family==
* '''Father:''' {{Interlanguage link|Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto|ja|屋主忍男武雄心命}} (屋主忍男武雄心命, ?–?)
* '''Mother:''' Yamashita no Kage-hime (影媛), sister of Kiinokuni no Miyatsukuko Uzuhiko (Ujihiko) (山下影日売)
** '''Wife(s):''' unknown
*** '''Son:''' [[Hata no Yashiro]] (羽田矢代, ?–?), ancestor of the [[Hata clan (Ason)|Hata clan]] (波多氏) related to [[Hata clan]] (秦氏).
*** '''Son:''' [[Kose no Okara]] (許勢小柄, ?–?), ancestor of the [[Kose clan]] (巨勢氏).
*** '''Son:''' [[Soga no Ishikawa]] (蘇我石川, ?–?), ancestor of the [[Soga clan]] (蘇我氏).
*** '''Son:''' [[Heguri no Tsuku]] (平群木菟, ?–?), ancestor of the [[Heguri clan]] (平群氏).
*** '''Son:''' [[Ki no Tsuno]] (紀角, ?–?), ancestor of the [[Ki clan]] (紀氏).
*** '''Daughter:''' Kume no Matio-hime (久米能摩伊刀比売, ?–?)
*** '''Daughter:''' Nonoiro-hime (怒能伊呂比売, ?–?)
*** '''Son:''' [[Kazuragi no Sotsuhiko]] (葛城襲津彦, ?–?), ancestor of the [[Katsuragi clan]] (葛城氏).
*** '''Son:''' Wakugo no Sukune (若子宿禰)
==Family tree==
{{Generations of Jimmu}}

==Artwork==
<gallery>
File:Empress Jingu and Minister Takenouchi by Utagawa Kunisada I.jpg|Empress Jingū (above) and Takenouchi no Sukune (below) Fishing at Chikuzen
File:Takeuchi and the infant emperor.jpg|Minister Takeuchi carrying the infant [[Emperor Ōjin]]. <br/> Made by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]
File:Empress Jingu and Takenouchi no Sukune Fishing at Chikuzen LACMA M.84.31.260.jpg|Empress Consort Jingū and Takenouchi fish in [[Chikuzen Province | Chikuzen]]. <br/> Print of Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1876)
File:De regent Takeuchi no Sukune-Rijksmuseum RP-P-1958-369.jpeg|The Regent Takeuchi no Sukune. <br/> Print of Totoya Hokkei (1822)
File:Daijin Takenouchino Sukune.jpg|Daijin Takenouchi no Sukune by [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]]
</gallery>


==External links==
==External links==
Line 15: Line 77:
* [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]]: [http://www.sinister-designs.com/graphicarts/takenouchi2.html Ukiyo-e image (1883)]
* [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]]: [http://www.sinister-designs.com/graphicarts/takenouchi2.html Ukiyo-e image (1883)]
* Nippon Kindai Banknote:[http://kjp-banknote.zening.info/en/yen1a.htm Banknote portrait (1916)]
* Nippon Kindai Banknote:[http://kjp-banknote.zening.info/en/yen1a.htm Banknote portrait (1916)]
* Takenouchi no Sukune Meets Dragon King of the Sea, Dallas Museum of Art, bronze sculpture:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725215318/http://dallasmuseumofart.org:8080/emuseum/media/view/Objects/3145828/406?t:state:flow=e8345f50-b33b-4bf9-83c8-e226a8426160]


==Notes==
⚫
{{jmyth navbox long}}
{{notelist}}


== References ==
[[Category:Japanese mythology|Takenouchi no Sukune]]
[[Category:Japanese mythology|Takenouchi no Sukune]]
[[Category:Shinto kami|Takenouchi no Sukune]]
[[Category:Shinto kami|Takenouchi no Sukune]]
[[Category:Deified Japanese men|Takenouchi no Sukune]]

[[Category:Hachiman faith]]
{{Shinto-stub}}
[[Category:84 births]]
{{Japan-myth-stub}}
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[ja:武内宿禰]]
[[Category:Katsuragi clan]]
⚫
<references />{{jmyth navbox long}}
{{Hachiman Faith}}

Latest revision as of 15:47, 23 May 2024

Takenouchi no Sukune
武内宿禰
Takenouchi no Sukune drawn by Kikuchi Yosai
Ōomi
Personal details
Born84 AD
DiedUnknown
Children
Parent

Takenouchi no Sukune (武内宿禰) or Takeshiuchi no Sukune was a legendary Japanese hero-statesman of the 1st century, and a Shinto kami.

He is recorded in Japan's earliest literary texts, the Kojiki (ca. 712) and the Nihon Shoki (720).

Leben

[edit]

Takenouchi no Sukune was supposedly the son of Princess Kagehime, and is said to be grandson to Prince Hikofutsuoshinomakoto (彦太忍信命). Descended from Emperor Kōgen, Takenouchi no Sukune served under five legendary emperors, Emperor Keikō, Emperor Seimu, Emperor Chūai, Emperor Ōjin, and Emperor Nintoku, but was perhaps best known for his service as Grand Minister (Ōomi) to the Regent Empress Jingū, with whom he supposedly invaded Korea. While Jingu was regent to her son, Ojin, Takenouchi was accused of treason. He underwent the "ordeal of boiling water" as a way to prove his innocence.

In addition to his martial services to these emperors, he was reputedly also a saniwa, or spirit medium.

He is said to have been the grandson of HIkofutsuoshinomakoto in the Nihon Shoki, where as the Kojiki states that he was the son of Hikofutsuoshinomakoto.[1]

Possible connections to Korea

[edit]

Japanese historians have theorized a possible inference to Takenouchi no Sukune found in ancient Korea's Samguk Sagi where a name called "Udojugun (于道朱君/우도주군)" is mentioned.[2] In the book, it states that during the time a Japanese envoy "Galnago (葛那古/갈나고)" stayed in Silla, a royal named "Seok Uro (昔于老/석우로)" accompanied him. However after a while, the two started to banter where Seok Uro threatened to "make the emperor of Japan a salt making slave and his wife who cooks rice" as a heavy joke. After relaying the message to the emperor himself (referred to as Emperor Ookimi[?]/大王/オオキミ), a general named Udojugun was sent to the Korean peninsula and declared war against Silla.[2]

According to scholars, Udojugun and Takenouchi no Sukune might have been the same individual as Takenouchi no Sukune's pronunciation would have been closer to "Utusukune (内宿禰)" in Old Japanese. In addition, Wakan Sansai Zue also mentions Takenouchi no Sukune's accomplishments during the Silla-Wa War (新羅・倭戦争) further adding credence to his involvement during the Silla period.[3] As a similar sounding name appears in Korean records while also having historical documents that support his authenticity to an extent, scholars deduced that though not completely accurate, Takenouchi no Sukune can be considered an individual who had truly existed.

According to world-renowned linguist and Japanese language expert Alexander Vovin, due to Amenohiboko being of Korean origin, Empress Jingū and her son and successor, Emperor Ōjin might have been native speakers of the Korean language.[4] Vovin states that since Takenouchi no Sukune was able to interact with Korean kingdoms during their rule, he stated that Takenouchi no Sukune may also have been of foreign origin as not only did he have jurisdiction over Japan-Korean affairs, but was also the father of many clan founders that have heavy connections with Korea.[4]

Legacy

[edit]

Twenty-eight Japanese clans are said to be descended from Takenouchi no Sukune, including Takeuchi and Soga. He is a legendary figure, and is said to have drunk daily from a sacred well, which helped him live to be 280 years old. He is enshrined as a Kami at the Ube shrine, in the Iwami district of the Tottori Prefecture and at local Hachiman shrines.

His portrait has appeared on the Japanese yen, and dolls of him are popular Children's Day gifts.

Yen bill with a representative drawing attributed to Takenouchi no Sukune on its obverse.
  • First convertible silver yen bill (1889-1958)
  • First five yen bill (1899-1939)
  • Third five yen bill (1916-1939)
  • Second one-yen bill (1943-1958)
  • Second 200 yen bill (1945-1946)

Family

[edit]

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[5] Ōkuninushi[6][7]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[8]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[9]
Kotoshironushi[10][11] Tamakushi-hime[9] Takeminakata[12][13] Susa Clan[14]
1 Jimmu[15]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[15]Kamo no Okimi[10][16]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[17][18][19][20][21][22] 2Isuzuyori-hime[20][21][22][16][23]Kamuyaimimi[17][18][19]
3 Annei[24][10][20][21][22]〔Ō clan[25][26]〕〔Aso clan[27]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[28][10]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[24][10]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][24]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][24]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[24][10][29]5Yosotarashi-hime[10]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[10]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][29]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][10][29]〔Wani clan〕[30]
7 Emperor Kōrei[31][10][29][32] 7Kuwashi-hime[32]
8 Emperor Kōgen[33][32]8Utsushikome [ja][33]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[31]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[34]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[a] [36][37]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][37]9 Emperor Kaika[33]Prince Ohiko [ja][38]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][37]10 Emperor Sujin[39][40]10Mimaki-hime[41]〔Abe clan〕[38]
Takenouchi no Sukune[37]11 Emperor Suinin[42][43]11Saho-hime[44]12Hibasu-hime [ja][45]Yasaka Iribiko[46][47][48]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][49]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][31]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[50]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[43][45]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][46][47][48]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][51]Yamato Takeru[52][53]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[52][53]
14Emperor Chūai[52][53] [54]15Empress Jingū[55] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[55]16Nakatsuhime[56][57][58]
16Emperor Nintoku[59]


Artwork

[edit]
  • Empress Jingū (above) and Takenouchi no Sukune (below) Fishing at Chikuzen
    Empress Jingū (above) and Takenouchi no Sukune (below) Fishing at Chikuzen
  • Minister Takeuchi carrying the infant Emperor Ōjin. Made by Utagawa Kuniyoshi
    Minister Takeuchi carrying the infant Emperor Ōjin.
    Made by Utagawa Kuniyoshi
  • Empress Consort Jingū and Takenouchi fish in Chikuzen. Print of Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1876)
    Empress Consort Jingū and Takenouchi fish in Chikuzen.
    Print of Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1876)
  • The Regent Takeuchi no Sukune. Print of Totoya Hokkei (1822)
    The Regent Takeuchi no Sukune.
    Print of Totoya Hokkei (1822)
  • Daijin Takenouchi no Sukune by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
    Daijin Takenouchi no Sukune by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[35]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Takeuchi no Sukune • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  2. ^ a b "Chapter 45 - Battle of Seok Uro". Samguk Sagi.
  3. ^ "異國人物 - 神功皇后征三韓". Wakan Sansai Zue. Vol. 13.
  4. ^ a b Vovin, Alexander (2012-06-14). Immigrants or Overlords? Korean Influences on Japan in the Archaic Period: a Linguistic Perspective. Institut für Kulturund Geitestesgeschichte Asiens. p. 29.
  5. ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  6. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  7. ^ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  8. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  9. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  11. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  12. ^ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  13. ^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  14. ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  15. ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  16. ^ a b 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  17. ^ a b 日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. "日子八井命とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  18. ^ a b ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
  19. ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  20. ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
  21. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  22. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  23. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  24. ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  25. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  26. ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  27. ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  28. ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  29. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  30. ^ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  31. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
  32. ^ a b c "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  33. ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  34. ^ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  35. ^ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  36. ^ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
  37. ^ a b c d Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  38. ^ a b Asakawa, Kan'ichi (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140. ISBN 9780722225394.
  39. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253. ISBN 9780520034600.
  40. ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
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