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| pop = 1261
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| pop_footnotes = <ref name="census16">{{Census 2016 AUS|id=UCL115085 |name=Kandos (Urban Centre) |accessdate=4 January 2018 |quick=on}}</ref>
| pop_footnotes = <ref name="census21">{{Census 2021 AUS|id=SAL12065 |name=Kandos |accessdate=24 July 2022 |quick=on}}</ref>
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'''Kandos''' is a small town in the [[Central Tablelands]] of [[New South Wales]], Australia, within [[Mid-Western Regional Council]]. The area is the traditional home of the Dabee tribe, of the [[Wiradjuri]] people. The town sits beneath Cumber Melon Mountain<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search|title=Geographical Names Board}}</ref> (from the Aboriginal name Combamolang<ref>As spelt by Richard Fitzgerald owner of Dabee Station in a letter dated 26 January 1823</ref>), in a district formerly known as Coomber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156821144|title='Rylstone Shire Council.', Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative|date=15 January 1914|website=Trove|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> Kandos shares its locality, employment and infrastructure with the neighbouring town [[Rylstone, New South Wales|Rylstone]], six kilometres away. Kandos had a population of 1261<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/UCL115085?opendocument|title=Kandos census|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Quick Stats}}</ref> at the 2016 census and Rylstone 644.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/UCL121098?opendocument|title=Rylstone census|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Quick Stats}}</ref>
'''Kandos''' is a small town in the [[Central Tablelands]] of [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], within the [[Mid-Western Regional Council]]. The area is the traditional home of the Dabee tribe of the [[Wiradjuri]] people. The town sits beneath Cumber Melon Mountain<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search|title=Geographical Names Board|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601202524/http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search|url-status=dead}}</ref> (from the [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Aboriginal]] name Combamolang<ref>As spelt by Richard Fitzgerald owner of Dabee Station in a letter dated 26 January 1823</ref>), in a district formerly known as Coomber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156821144|title='Rylstone Shire Council.', Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative|date=15 January 1914|website=Trove|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> Kandos shares its locality, employment and infrastructure with the neighbouring town [[Rylstone, New South Wales|Rylstone]], 6 kilometres away. At the [[2021 Australian census|2021 census]], Kandos had a population of 1263.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL12065|title=Kandos Census|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Quick Stats}}</ref>


==History==
==History==


=== Company town ===
=== Company town ===
The NSW Cement Lime and Coal Company was registered in May 1913<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157797898|title=N.S.W. CEMENT AND COAL COMPANY. (1913, May 23). National Advocate (Bathurst, NSW|website=Trove|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> and floated in August<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157725373|title=Our Mineral Deposits (1913, August 28). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> that year to build a cement industry. The company purchased 100 acres from local farmer John Lloyd junior for £2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156817742|title='Candos.', Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative 30 April 1914, p. 7.|website=Trove|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> on which to establish an industry and town. The industrial infrastructure was built during the first three years. Limestone was lifted from a nearby quarry and transported via an aerial ropeway. Coal and shale were mined nearby. Dams, a rail siding, railway station, stacks, silos and power house were built, kilns imported and machinery installed. Cement production began in August 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article218725264|title='Kandos.', Lithgow Mercury (NSW: 1898 - 1954), 25 August 1916, p. 3.|website=Trove|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> It took longer than anticipated to establish the industry because the first plant, supplied by Krupp Ltd Germany, was interned at Portuguese West Africa at the outbreak of World War 1, thus requiring General Manager Frank Oakden to sail to America and England to order another plant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article137425129|title=NEWS OF THE DAY. (1914, November 30). Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW: 1876 - 1954), p. 7.|website=Trove|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
The NSW Cement Lime and Coal Company was registered in May 1913,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157797898|title=N.S.W. CEMENT AND COAL COMPANY. (1913, May 23). National Advocate (Bathurst, NSW|newspaper=National Advocate|date=23 May 1913 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> and floated in August<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157725373|title=Our Mineral Deposits (1913, August 28). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative|newspaper=Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative |date=28 August 1913 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> that year to build a [[Cement|cement industry]]. The company purchased 100 [[acre]]s from local farmer John Lloyd junior for £2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156817742|title='Candos.', Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative 30 April 1914, p. 7.|newspaper=Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative|date=30 April 1914 |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> on which to establish an industry and town. The industrial infrastructure was built during the first three years. Limestone was lifted from a nearby quarry and transported via an aerial ropeway. Coal and shale were mined nearby. Dams, a rail siding, railway station, stacks, silos and power house were built, kilns imported and machinery installed. Cement production began in August 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article218725264|title='Kandos.', Lithgow Mercury (NSW: 1898 - 1954), 25 August 1916, p. 3.|newspaper=Lithgow Mercury|date=25 August 1916 |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> It took longer than anticipated to establish the industry because the first plant, supplied by Krupp Ltd Germany, was interned at Portuguese West Africa at the outbreak of the First World War, thus requiring General Manager Frank Oakden to sail to America and England to order another plant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article137425129|title=NEWS OF THE DAY. (1914, November 30). Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW: 1876 - 1954), p. 7.|newspaper=Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate|date=30 November 1914 |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>


James Dawson, local surveyor and landowner, was contracted by the cement company to survey the first town subdivision and most subdivisions thereafter.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Streetwise: finding History on the Streets of Kandos|last=O'Sullivan|first=Colleen|publisher=Kandos Museum Inc|year=2016|isbn=978-099449820-5|location=NSW State Library|pages=Section beginning p172}}</ref> At the first land sale<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156935416|title=Kandos. (1915, August 19). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative (NSW : 1890 - 1954), p. 13|website=Trove|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> at Kandos on 14 August 1915, 200 business and residential sites were auctioned. Local pastoralist Hunter White of Havilah paid an exceptionally high price of £2700 for land set aside for a hotel on the corner of Angus Avenue and White Crescent. The land attracted that price because the company put a caveat on all land titles, to prevent the building of another hotel. White, a large investor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156887058|title=Go Ahead Kandos, (1916, December 4). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative (NSW : 1890 - 1954), p. 4|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> in the company and soon to be a company director, later onsold to Tooth & Company. Over ten years, various attempts were made to obtain another hotel licence on non-company land. Each time it was opposed in the licensing courts.
James Dawson, local surveyor and landowner, was contracted by the cement company to survey the first town subdivision and most subdivisions thereafter.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Streetwise: finding History on the Streets of Kandos|last=O'Sullivan|first=Colleen|publisher=Kandos Museum Inc|year=2016|isbn=978-099449820-5|location=NSW State Library|pages=Section beginning p172}}</ref> At the first land sale<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156935416|title=Kandos. (1915, August 19). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative (NSW : 1890 - 1954), p. 13|newspaper=Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative|date=19 August 1915 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> at Kandos on 14 August 1915, 200 business and residential sites were auctioned. Local pastoralist Hunter White of Havilah paid an exceptionally high price of £2700 for land set aside for a hotel on the corner of Angus Avenue and White Crescent. The land attracted that price because the company put a caveat on all land titles, to prevent the building of another hotel. White, a large investor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156887058|title=Go Ahead Kandos, (1916, December 4). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative (NSW : 1890 - 1954), p. 4|newspaper=Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative |date=4 December 1916 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> in the company and soon to be a company director, later onsold to Tooth & Company. Over ten years, various attempts were made to obtain another hotel licence on non-company land. Each time it was opposed in the licensing courts.


In 1926 a licence for a second hotel was finally granted to William Morgan, for the Railway Hotel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224591775|title=KANDOS. (1926, October 20). Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), p. 2|website=Trove|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> It was built on Ilford Road on a crown subdivision, which was unaffected by the cement company's caveat.
In 1926 a licence for a second hotel was finally granted to William Morgan, for the Railway Hotel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article224591775|title=KANDOS. (1926, October 20). Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), p. 2|newspaper=Lithgow Mercury|date=20 October 1926 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> It was built on Ilford Road on a crown subdivision, which was unaffected by the cement company's caveat.


Kandos was originally named Candos, an acronym, it is believed, of company officials.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Much Controversy Over Town's Name', Daily Telegraph Supplement, p15|date=7 October 1966|work=Daily Telegraph|location=NSW State Library}}</ref> In 1915 the Post Master General deemed that the name Candos was too similar to Chandos in South Australia, and the name was changed to Kandos.<ref>National Archives of Australia, Kandos Post Office, Historical Notes: 'The official approval of the name "Kandos in lieu of Candos" was recorded.'</ref>
Kandos was originally named Candos, an acronym, it is believed, of company officials.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Much Controversy Over Town's Name', Daily Telegraph Supplement, p15|date=7 October 1966|work=Daily Telegraph|location=NSW State Library}}</ref> In 1915 the Post Master General deemed that the name Candos was too similar to Chandos in South Australia, and the name was changed to Kandos.<ref>National Archives of Australia, Kandos Post Office, Historical Notes: 'The official approval of the name "Kandos in lieu of Candos" was recorded.'</ref>


The streets in the first subdivision were also named after company officials: Angus Avenue (James Angus, chairman) Buchanan Street (Edward Buchanan master builder); White Crescent (Hunter White local pastoralist); Rodgers Street (Colin Rodgers financier); Jaques Street (Charles Jaques solicitor); McDonald Street (George McDonald politician); Noyes Street (Edward Noyes engineering consultant); Davies Road (Lewis Davis shipping merchant). All were successful city capitalists.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Streetwise, Finding History on the Streets of Kandos|last=O'Sullivan|first=Colleen|publisher=Kandos Museum Inc|year=2016|isbn=978-099449820-5|location=NSW State Library|pages=See biographical entries for each person.}}</ref>
The streets in the first subdivision were also named after company officials: Angus Avenue (James Angus, chairman) Buchanan Street (Edward Buchanan master builder); White Crescent (Hunter White local pastoralist); Rodgers Street (Colin Rodgers financier); Jaques Street (Charles Jaques solicitor); McDonald Street (George McDonald politician); Noyes Street (Edward Noyes engineering consultant); Davies Road (Lewis Davis shipping merchant). All were successful city capitalists.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Streetwise, Finding History on the Streets of Kandos|last=O'Sullivan|first=Colleen|publisher=Kandos Museum Inc|year=2016|isbn=978-099449820-5|location=NSW State Library|pages=See biographical entries for each person}}</ref>


=== 20th century town ===
=== 20th-century town ===
Kandos is a rare 20th-century town, most NSW towns having been established in the nineteenth century. It began as a private village but was proclaimed an urban area on 11 January 1918<ref>Parish Map, Rylstone, County of Roxburgh 1919</ref> and came under the control of Rylstone Shire Council.
Kandos is a rare 20th-century town, most NSW towns having been established in the nineteenth century. It began as a private village but was proclaimed an urban area on 11 January 1918<ref>Parish Map, Rylstone, County of Roxburgh 1919</ref> and came under the control of Rylstone Shire Council.


All buildings in the town of Kandos, except for the original public school<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kandos Public School, an Historical Account|last=Burns-Woods|first=J|publisher=Division of Planning, Department of Education NSW|year=1974|location=NSW State Library|pages=4|quote="The new rubble stone building was completed in January 1884"}}</ref> behind the Police Station, were built after 1915. There are several buildings of architectural interest. Kandos Museum, formerly the Methodist Church, was designed by works manager, Floyd S Richards, in the Californian Mission Style of his hometown church in America. It is on the [[Australian Heritage Database]]. St Dominic's Convent was built in the Spanish Mission Style for the Good Samaritan nuns. Both are in contrast to the modernist functional Kandos Community Centre, while the Band Rotunda, built entirely of cement, is a temple-like structure in the classical revival style.
All buildings in the town of Kandos, except for the original public school<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kandos Public School, an Historical Account|last=Burns-Woods|first=J|publisher=Division of Planning, Department of Education NSW|year=1974|location=NSW State Library|pages=4|quote="The new rubble stone building was completed in January 1884"}}</ref> behind the Police Station, were built after 1915. There are several buildings of architectural interest. Kandos Museum, formerly the Methodist Church, was designed by works manager, Floyd S Richards, in the Californian Mission Style of his hometown church in America. It is on the [[Australian Heritage Database]]. St Dominic's Convent was built in the Spanish Mission Style for the Good Samaritan nuns. Both are in contrast to the modernist functional Kandos Community Centre, while the Band Rotunda, built entirely of cement, is a temple-like structure in the classical revival style.


It is believed Kandos was the first place in Australia to have concrete electricity poles,<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kandos|last=Fleming|first=B A|year=1984|location=NSW State Library|pages=37 (1918)}}</ref> when early in 1920 the cement works supplied electricity<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article218457808|title='The Progress Of Kandos', Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), 28 May 1920 p. 3|website=Trove|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> to light Angus Avenue, Kandos Hotel, Angus Memorial Hall, businesses in the main street, the railway station and station master's cottage.
It is believed Kandos was the first place in Australia to have concrete electricity poles,<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kandos|last=Fleming|first=B A|year=1984|location=NSW State Library|pages=37 (1918)}}</ref> when early in 1920 the cement works supplied electricity<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article218457808|title='The Progress Of Kandos', Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), 28 May 1920 p. 3|newspaper=Lithgow Mercury|date=28 May 1920 |access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> to light Angus Avenue, Kandos Hotel, Angus Memorial Hall, businesses in the main street, the railway station and station master's cottage.


=== Kandos helped build NSW ===
=== Kandos helped build NSW ===
Kandos brands itself as "the town that made the cement that made your town". Kandos cement<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article158296349|title=Kandos : A Great Western Industry|date=7 September 1927|website=Trove|publisher=Sydney Mail|page=14|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> was used in roads, bridges, reservoirs, stacks, tanks, pipes, posts, paths, fences and buildings. It was used for roof tiles, asbestos sheets and ash bricks. Kandos also supplied the cement for construction of Sydney Harbour Bridge<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bond of Empire: Story of Construction of Bridge|last=Ennis|first=Lawrence OBE Director of Construction|work=in Sydney Harbour Bridge Souvenir, for official opening|publisher=NSW Government|year=1932|location=State Library of NSW|pages=48}}</ref> as well as other city infrastructure, including the underground railway between Central and St James, Lane Cove Road, Glebe Island Wheat Silos, The Royal Automobile Club, Mark Foys additions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article109640692|title=Kandos Cement|date=24 November 1926|website=Trove|publisher=Construction and Local Government Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1913 - 1930)|page=8|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> as well as the Opera House.<ref><nowiki>http://mininglink.com.au/site/kandos-cement-plant</nowiki></ref>
Kandos brands itself as "the town that made the cement that made your town". Kandos cement<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article158296349|title=Kandos : A Great Western Industry|date=7 September 1927|website=Trove|publisher=Sydney Mail|page=14|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> was used in roads, bridges, reservoirs, stacks, tanks, pipes, posts, paths, fences and buildings. It was used for roof tiles, asbestos sheets and ash bricks. Kandos also supplied the cement for construction of Sydney Harbour Bridge<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bond of Empire: Story of Construction of Bridge|last=Ennis|first=Lawrence OBE Director of Construction|work=in Sydney Harbour Bridge Souvenir, for official opening|publisher=NSW Government|year=1932|location=State Library of NSW|pages=48}}</ref> as well as other city infrastructure, including the underground railway between Central and St James, Lane Cove Road, Glebe Island Wheat Silos, The Royal Automobile Club, Mark Foys additions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article109640692|title=Kandos Cement|date=24 November 1926|website=Trove|publisher=Construction and Local Government Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1913 - 1930)|page=8|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> as well as the Opera House.<ref>[http://mininglink.com.au/site/kandos-cement-plant "Kandos Cement Plant | | MiningLink - The largest & most visited mining website in Australia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624035725/http://mininglink.com.au/site/kandos-cement-plant|date=24 June 2016}}</ref>


=== Migrants helped build Kandos ===
=== Migrants helped build Kandos ===
Many migrants contributed to the growth of Kandos. The first chairman (James Angus), managing director (Frank Oakden),<ref>"Kandos Cement", Bruce A Fleming, 2013, p14.</ref> works manager (Floyd Richards),<ref>"Kandos Cement" Bruce A Fleming, 2013, p43.</ref> chief engineer (Vilhelm Langevad)<ref>"History of Kandos", B A Fleming, 1984, pp15-16.</ref> and architect (Stanley Jeffreys) were all migrants.<ref>''Streetwise, Finding History on the Streets of Kandos,'' Colleen O'Sullivan, 2016, Kandos Museum Inc. See biographical entries for Angus and Jeffreys.</ref> In the 1920s migrants opened businesses and worked for the company. It is estimated that around 400 newly arrived migrants, mainly refugees, were living in and around Kandos in the 1950s and 1960s, coming mainly from Eastern Europe including Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Ukraine, Estonia, Hungary and Lithuania.<ref>"Rocky Mountain Spirit", Andos, Kay, 2014, pp257-260.</ref> Today, migrants from the Middle East and Asia make an important contribution. The clock in the main street was donated by a group of migrants, who were naturalised in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article176529129|title=He’s a J.P.|date=1 August 1959|website=Trove|publisher=Good Neighbour (ACT : 1950 - 1969)|page=7|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>
Many migrants contributed to the growth of Kandos. The first chairman (James Angus), managing director (Frank Oakden),<ref>"Kandos Cement", Bruce A Fleming, 2013, p14.</ref> works manager (Floyd Richards),<ref>"Kandos Cement" Bruce A Fleming, 2013, p43.</ref> chief engineer (Vilhelm Langevad)<ref>"History of Kandos", B A Fleming, 1984, pp15-16.</ref> and architect (Stanley Jeffreys) were all migrants.<ref>''Streetwise, Finding History on the Streets of Kandos,'' Colleen O'Sullivan, 2016, Kandos Museum Inc. See biographical entries for Angus and Jeffreys.</ref> In the 1920s migrants opened businesses and worked for the company. It is estimated that around 400 newly arrived migrants, mainly refugees, were living in and around Kandos in the 1950s and 1960s, coming mainly from Eastern Europe including Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Ukraine, Estonia, Hungary and Lithuania.<ref>"Rocky Mountain Spirit", Andos, Kay, 2014, pp257-260.</ref> Today, migrants from the Middle East and Asia make an important contribution. The clock in the main street was donated by a group of migrants, who were naturalised in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article176529129|title=He's a J.P.|date=1 August 1959|website=Trove|publisher=Good Neighbour (ACT : 1950 - 1969)|page=7|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>


== Population ==
== Population ==
In the 2016 Census, there were 1,261 people in Kandos. 79.0% of people were born in Australia and 84.5% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were Anglican 30.8%, No Religion 22.5% and Catholic 20.2%.<ref name="census16"/>{
At the 2021 Census, there were 1263 people in Kandos. 77.6% of people were born in Australia and 84.5% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 29.6%, Anglican 26.9%, and Catholic 19.3%.<ref name="census21"/>


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
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=== Cement industry closed ===
=== Cement industry closed ===
The cement manufacturing facility and associated limestone quarry (both operated by Cement Australia) were closed in September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mininglink.com.au/site/kandos-cement-plant|title=Kandos Cement Plant|website=Mining Link ("The largest and most visited mining website in Australia")|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> Another major industry in the region was coal-mining. Centennial Coal operated the Charbon coal mine until its closure. The underground mine closed in March 2014,<ref>Snyder, Darren, "Hope for Charbon Workers: Centennial Coal announces plan to re-open Airly mine", Mudgee Guardian, 18 February 2014.</ref> while open cut mining continued until 2015.<ref>"Airly to reopen while Charbon draws to a close", Centennial Coal, Charbon, Retrieved 4 June 2019 https://www.centennialcoal.com.au/Operations/OperationsList/Charbon</ref>
The cement manufacturing facility and associated limestone quarry (both operated by Cement Australia) were closed in September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mininglink.com.au/site/kandos-cement-plant|title=Kandos Cement Plant|website=Mining Link ("The largest and most visited mining website in Australia")|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412235247/http://mininglink.com.au/site/kandos-cement-plant|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another major industry in the region was coal-mining. Centennial Coal operated the Charbon coal mine until its closure. The underground mine closed in March 2014,<ref>Snyder, Darren, "Hope for Charbon Workers: Centennial Coal announces plan to re-open Airly mine", Mudgee Guardian, 18 February 2014.</ref> while open cut mining continued until 2015.<ref>"Airly to reopen while Charbon draws to a close", Centennial Coal, Charbon, Retrieved 4 June 2019 https://www.centennialcoal.com.au/Operations/OperationsList/Charbon</ref>


=== Industrial employment opportunities ===
=== Industrial employment opportunities ===
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A community shop, with funds distributed to the community.
A community shop, with funds distributed to the community.


Bespoke stores include Shady Lady millinery and Ad Hoc furniture.  
Bespoke stores include Kosmos and Thistle and Ad Hoc furniture.  


Art and craft include Aboriginal Art, Art Box, Kandos Krafters, Number 47.
Art and craft include Aboriginal Artists, the Kandos Krafters, potters, a goldsmith and blacksmith, amongst others.


== Transport ==
== Transport ==
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'''Ganguddy Dunns Swamp''' is a popular recreation area and lake in the Wollemi National Park, Ganguddy Dunns Swamp was formed when the cement company constructed a weir on the Cudgegong River to provide piped water to the cement works and town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219574793|title=Boating At Kandos|date=23 October 1930|website=Trove|publisher=Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), p. 3|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> Facilities include bushwalking tracks, picnic areas, camping sites, Aboriginal art, fishing and kayaking. It has 40,000 visitors a year.[https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/camping-and-accommodation/campgrounds/ganguddy-dunns-swamp-campground]
'''Ganguddy Dunns Swamp''' is a popular recreation area and lake in the Wollemi National Park, Ganguddy Dunns Swamp was formed when the cement company constructed a weir on the Cudgegong River to provide piped water to the cement works and town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219574793|title=Boating At Kandos|date=23 October 1930|website=Trove|publisher=Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), p. 3|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> Facilities include bushwalking tracks, picnic areas, camping sites, Aboriginal art, fishing and kayaking. It has 40,000 visitors a year.[https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/camping-and-accommodation/campgrounds/ganguddy-dunns-swamp-campground]


'''Kandos Museum,''' formerly the Methodist Church, is built in Spanish Mission style and is listed on the [[Australian Heritage Database]]. There is an outdoor display of large industrial items. The museum contains a sizeable group of objects, photographs and information about the industrial, social and war history of the area. There is an electric vehicle charging facility at this location. [http://www.kandosmuseum.org.au Kandos Museum] is the tourist information outlet.
'''Kandos Museum,''' formerly the Methodist Church, is built in Spanish Mission style and is listed on the [[Australian Heritage Database]]. There is an outdoor display of large industrial items. The [[museum]] contains a sizeable group of objects, photographs and information about the industrial, social and war history of the area. There is an electric vehicle charging facility at this location. [http://www.kandosmuseum.org.au Kandos Museum] is the tourist information outlet.


=== Local Events ===
=== Local Events ===
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'''CWA Kandos Gardens Fair''' is a biennial weekend open gardens event, which showcases up to 12 town and country gardens in Kandos Rylstone and surrounds. Entertainment, demonstrations, talks, stalls and food are scattered throughout the gardens. <nowiki>https://www.facebook.com/KandosGardensFair</nowiki>
'''CWA Kandos Gardens Fair''' is a biennial weekend open gardens event, which showcases up to 12 town and country gardens in Kandos Rylstone and surrounds. Entertainment, demonstrations, talks, stalls and food are scattered throughout the gardens. <nowiki>https://www.facebook.com/KandosGardensFair</nowiki>


'''Kandos Street Machine and Hot Rod Show''', which began in 1999, is held annually on a weekend on or near Australia Day. Their stated aim is 'To put on one of the most laid back and family friendly car shows around'.[https://www.facebook.com/kandosstreetmachine]
'''Kandos Street Machine and Hot Rod Show''', similar to [[Summernats]], which began in 1999, is held annually on a weekend on or near Australia Day. Their stated aim is 'To put on one of the most laid back and family friendly car shows around'.[https://www.facebook.com/kandosstreetmachine]


'''The Rylstone Kandos Show''' is held annually in February at the Rylstone Showground.[http://www.rylstonekandosshowsociety.com/]
'''The Rylstone Kandos Show''' is held annually in February at the Rylstone Showground.[http://www.rylstonekandosshowsociety.com/]
Line 143: Line 143:
'''Community Capers''' is a monthly Rylstone-Kandos district newsletter published by KRRfm giving information about local news and events.
'''Community Capers''' is a monthly Rylstone-Kandos district newsletter published by KRRfm giving information about local news and events.


== Education and health ==
== Facilities ==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2019}}
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2019}}


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Kandos High School [https://kandos-h.schools.nsw.gov.au]
Kandos High School [https://kandos-h.schools.nsw.gov.au]


Kandos Primary School [http://www.kandos-p.schools.nsw.edu.au]
Kandos Public School [https://kandos-p.schools.nsw.gov.au]


Rylstone Kandos Preschool<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-19 |title=Rylstone Kandos Pre-School |url=https://www.acecqa.gov.au/resources/national-registers/services/rylstone-kandos-pre-school |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=ACECQA |language=en}}</ref>
Rylstone Kandos Preschool


Rylstone Primary School [https://rylstone-p.schools.nsw.gov.au]
Rylstone Public School [https://rylstone-p.schools.nsw.gov.au]

Rylstone Kandos Pre School 02 6379 4273


=== Health ===
=== Health ===
Two doctors practices service the two towns.
Two doctor practices service the two towns.


Kandos Family Medical Practice, 42 Davies Rd, Kandos; (02) 6379 4405
Kandos Family Medical Practice, 42 Davies Rd, Kandos; (02) 6379 4405
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Kandos Advanced Medical Centre, 82 Rodgers Street, Kandos (02) 6379 4100 and at Rylstone Health One, Ilford Rd, Rylstone (02) 6357 6150
Kandos Advanced Medical Centre, 82 Rodgers Street, Kandos (02) 6379 4100 and at Rylstone Health One, Ilford Rd, Rylstone (02) 6357 6150


Rylstone Health One, Ilford Rd, Rylstone; (02) 6357 6150, provides nurse led clinics Monday to Friday 8.30am-5pm, for booked clients or home visits, for assessments, wound care, pre-op ECG, referrals from GPs, health promotion activities, falls prevention, chronic and complex case management, fitness classes, blood tests, physiotherapy, visiting dental and women’s health services.
Rylstone Health One, Ilford Rd, Rylstone; (02) 6357 6150, provides nurse led clinics Monday to Friday 8.30am-5pm, for booked clients or home visits. Services include assessments, wound care, pre-op ECG, health promotion activities such as falls prevention, chronic and complex case management, fitness classes. A pathologist is available for blood collection, and visiting allied health services include physiotherapy, speech therapy, dietetics, dental and women's health.


Rylstone Hospital, Fitzgerald Street, Rylstone; 02 6357 6100. The hospital, which serves acute and emergency, also includes an aged care wing.
Rylstone Hospital, Fitzgerald Street, Rylstone; 02 6357 6100. The hospital, which serves acute and emergency, also includes an aged care wing.
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==External links==
==External links==
* {{Cite web| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/New-South-Wales/Kandos/2005/02/17/1108500196930.html |title=Kandos - SMH Travel| website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| date=8 February 2004}}
* {{Cite web| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/New-South-Wales/Kandos/2005/02/17/1108500196930.html |title=Kandos - SMH Travel| website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| date=8 February 2004}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.cemaust.com.au/driver.asp?page=main/operations/manufacturing%20operations/kandos%2C%20new%20south%20wales|title=Cement Australia|website=Cement Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914182907/http://www.cementaustralia.com.au/driver.asp?page=main%2Foperations%2Fmanufacturing%20operations%2Fkandos%2C%20new%20south%20wales|archive-date=14 September 2009|access-date=13 February 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web| url=http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/country-nsw/mudgee-area/kandos/ |website=visitnsw.com |title=Kandos}}
* {{Cite web| url=http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/country-nsw/mudgee-area/kandos/ |website=visitnsw.com |title=Kandos}}
* [http://rylstonekandos.com Rylstone Kandos Tourism and Business]
* [http://rylstonekandos.com Rylstone Kandos Tourism and Business]

Latest revision as of 02:32, 24 May 2024

Kandos
New South Wales
Kandos is located in New South Wales
Kandos
Kandos
Coordinates32°51′33″S 149°58′25″E / 32.859134°S 149.973680°E / -32.859134; 149.973680
Population1,263 (2021 census)[1]
Postcode(s)2848
Elevation650 m (2,133 ft)
Standort
LGA(s)Mid-Western Regional Council
State electorate(s)Bathurst
Federal division(s)Hunter

Kandos is a small town in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, within the Mid-Western Regional Council. The area is the traditional home of the Dabee tribe of the Wiradjuri people. The town sits beneath Cumber Melon Mountain[2] (from the Aboriginal name Combamolang[3]), in a district formerly known as Coomber.[4] Kandos shares its locality, employment and infrastructure with the neighbouring town Rylstone, 6 kilometres away. At the 2021 census, Kandos had a population of 1263.[5]

History

[edit]

Company town

[edit]

The NSW Cement Lime and Coal Company was registered in May 1913,[6] and floated in August[7] that year to build a cement industry. The company purchased 100 acres from local farmer John Lloyd junior for £2000[8] on which to establish an industry and town. The industrial infrastructure was built during the first three years. Limestone was lifted from a nearby quarry and transported via an aerial ropeway. Coal and shale were mined nearby. Dams, a rail siding, railway station, stacks, silos and power house were built, kilns imported and machinery installed. Cement production began in August 1916.[9] It took longer than anticipated to establish the industry because the first plant, supplied by Krupp Ltd Germany, was interned at Portuguese West Africa at the outbreak of the First World War, thus requiring General Manager Frank Oakden to sail to America and England to order another plant.[10]

James Dawson, local surveyor and landowner, was contracted by the cement company to survey the first town subdivision and most subdivisions thereafter.[11] At the first land sale[12] at Kandos on 14 August 1915, 200 business and residential sites were auctioned. Local pastoralist Hunter White of Havilah paid an exceptionally high price of £2700 for land set aside for a hotel on the corner of Angus Avenue and White Crescent. The land attracted that price because the company put a caveat on all land titles, to prevent the building of another hotel. White, a large investor[13] in the company and soon to be a company director, later onsold to Tooth & Company. Over ten years, various attempts were made to obtain another hotel licence on non-company land. Each time it was opposed in the licensing courts.

In 1926 a licence for a second hotel was finally granted to William Morgan, for the Railway Hotel.[14] It was built on Ilford Road on a crown subdivision, which was unaffected by the cement company's caveat.

Kandos was originally named Candos, an acronym, it is believed, of company officials.[15] In 1915 the Post Master General deemed that the name Candos was too similar to Chandos in South Australia, and the name was changed to Kandos.[16]

The streets in the first subdivision were also named after company officials: Angus Avenue (James Angus, chairman) Buchanan Street (Edward Buchanan master builder); White Crescent (Hunter White local pastoralist); Rodgers Street (Colin Rodgers financier); Jaques Street (Charles Jaques solicitor); McDonald Street (George McDonald politician); Noyes Street (Edward Noyes engineering consultant); Davies Road (Lewis Davis shipping merchant). All were successful city capitalists.[17]

20th-century town

[edit]

Kandos is a rare 20th-century town, most NSW towns having been established in the nineteenth century. It began as a private village but was proclaimed an urban area on 11 January 1918[18] and came under the control of Rylstone Shire Council.

All buildings in the town of Kandos, except for the original public school[19] behind the Police Station, were built after 1915. There are several buildings of architectural interest. Kandos Museum, formerly the Methodist Church, was designed by works manager, Floyd S Richards, in the Californian Mission Style of his hometown church in America. It is on the Australian Heritage Database. St Dominic's Convent was built in the Spanish Mission Style for the Good Samaritan nuns. Both are in contrast to the modernist functional Kandos Community Centre, while the Band Rotunda, built entirely of cement, is a temple-like structure in the classical revival style.

It is believed Kandos was the first place in Australia to have concrete electricity poles,[20] when early in 1920 the cement works supplied electricity[21] to light Angus Avenue, Kandos Hotel, Angus Memorial Hall, businesses in the main street, the railway station and station master's cottage.

Kandos helped build NSW

[edit]

Kandos brands itself as "the town that made the cement that made your town". Kandos cement[22] was used in roads, bridges, reservoirs, stacks, tanks, pipes, posts, paths, fences and buildings. It was used for roof tiles, asbestos sheets and ash bricks. Kandos also supplied the cement for construction of Sydney Harbour Bridge[23] as well as other city infrastructure, including the underground railway between Central and St James, Lane Cove Road, Glebe Island Wheat Silos, The Royal Automobile Club, Mark Foys additions,[24] as well as the Opera House.[25]

Migrants helped build Kandos

[edit]

Many migrants contributed to the growth of Kandos. The first chairman (James Angus), managing director (Frank Oakden),[26] works manager (Floyd Richards),[27] chief engineer (Vilhelm Langevad)[28] and architect (Stanley Jeffreys) were all migrants.[29] In the 1920s migrants opened businesses and worked for the company. It is estimated that around 400 newly arrived migrants, mainly refugees, were living in and around Kandos in the 1950s and 1960s, coming mainly from Eastern Europe including Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Ukraine, Estonia, Hungary and Lithuania.[30] Today, migrants from the Middle East and Asia make an important contribution. The clock in the main street was donated by a group of migrants, who were naturalised in 1958.[31]

Population

[edit]

At the 2021 Census, there were 1263 people in Kandos. 77.6% of people were born in Australia and 84.5% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 29.6%, Anglican 26.9%, and Catholic 19.3%.[1]

Economy

[edit]

Cement industry closed

[edit]

The cement manufacturing facility and associated limestone quarry (both operated by Cement Australia) were closed in September 2011.[32] Another major industry in the region was coal-mining. Centennial Coal operated the Charbon coal mine until its closure. The underground mine closed in March 2014,[33] while open cut mining continued until 2015.[34]

Industrial employment opportunities

[edit]

Opportunities for industrial employment are, or are expected to be available soon, within an hour's drive: near Lithgow (Airly and Springvale coal mines); near Mudgee (Wilpinjong, Ulan and Moolarban coal mines and Wollar Power Station); near Ilford (Crudine Ridge Wind Farm); near Lue (Lue Silver Mine) and near Bylong (Kepco).

Other employment opportunities

[edit]

Employment opportunities are in:

  • Health: Rylstone Hospital, Health One Service, 2 aged care facilities, pharmacy, 3 doctors
  • Education: Kandos high school, 2 primary schools, pre-school
  • Hospitality: 3 clubs, 4 hotels, 2 motels; a scattering of small accommodation venues in or near the towns; a number of cafes

The larger than average IGA has a Deli, coffee and drinks bar, meat, fruit and vegetables, and liquor outlet. It trades seven days a week extended hours. Increasingly professionals are working from home and doing a city commute, weekly or less often.

Rare retail outlets

[edit]

A community shop, with funds distributed to the community.

Bespoke stores include Kosmos and Thistle and Ad Hoc furniture.  

Art and craft include Aboriginal Artists, the Kandos Krafters, potters, a goldsmith and blacksmith, amongst others.

Transport

[edit]

Road

[edit]

Kandos is about three hours drive from Sydney (via the Blue Mountains and Castlereagh Highway); and Newcastle (via Bylong Valley Way). It is within an hour's drive of three regional centres: Mudgee, Lithgow and Bathurst. There are two petrol stations and an electric vehicle charging facility.

Train and coach

[edit]

Kandos is on the Wallerawang to Gwabegar railway line. The section from Capertee to Rylstone was completed in 1884 and Kandos station was opened in 1915. Passenger rail closed in 1985 and daily coach services to Lithgow and Mudgee have operated since then.

On 24 October 2017 the NSW Government announced a $1.1 million grant to reinstate the 8 km rail link between Kandos and Rylstone. On 29 September 2018 the Kandos Rylstone Heritage Rail was opened by MP Paul Toole, while a special locomotive, the Garratt 6029, hauled eight carriages from Lithgow.

Train at the now-closed Kandos railway station

Air

[edit]

Rylstone Aerodrome Airpark [35]

Members own their individual freehold lots and share in the upkeep of the common property.

Tourism

[edit]

Places to visit

[edit]

Ganguddy Dunns Swamp is a popular recreation area and lake in the Wollemi National Park, Ganguddy Dunns Swamp was formed when the cement company constructed a weir on the Cudgegong River to provide piped water to the cement works and town.[36] Facilities include bushwalking tracks, picnic areas, camping sites, Aboriginal art, fishing and kayaking. It has 40,000 visitors a year.[1]

Kandos Museum, formerly the Methodist Church, is built in Spanish Mission style and is listed on the Australian Heritage Database. There is an outdoor display of large industrial items. The museum contains a sizeable group of objects, photographs and information about the industrial, social and war history of the area. There is an electric vehicle charging facility at this location. Kandos Museum is the tourist information outlet.

Local Events

[edit]

Cementa is a biennial 4-day Contemporary Arts Festival which brings together more than 60 urban and regional artists who exhibit video, installation, sound, performance and 2D and 3D artworks in venues and locations across the town and its surrounds.[2]

CWA Kandos Gardens Fair is a biennial weekend open gardens event, which showcases up to 12 town and country gardens in Kandos Rylstone and surrounds. Entertainment, demonstrations, talks, stalls and food are scattered throughout the gardens. https://www.facebook.com/KandosGardensFair

Kandos Street Machine and Hot Rod Show, similar to Summernats, which began in 1999, is held annually on a weekend on or near Australia Day. Their stated aim is 'To put on one of the most laid back and family friendly car shows around'.[3]

The Rylstone Kandos Show is held annually in February at the Rylstone Showground.[4]

Streetfeast is an annual long lunch held in the main street of Rylstone in early November. Stalls, shops and eateries also feature local produce, wines, art and craft.[5]

Facilities

[edit]

Henbury Golf Course is a challenging 18-hole Championship Golf Course designed in the 1930s by two eminent golf architects.[37] There are tennis courts and a putting green.[6]

Kandos and District Memorial Olympic Swimming Pool is clean, heated and private. The children's paddling pool is covered and there is a modern amenities block and tuck shop.[7]

Kandos Skate Park is situated beside the swimming pool.

Coomber Park in Angus Avenue and Rotary Park on Ilford Road have children's playgrounds, picnic areas and toilets. Other parks in the town with play equipment are Darton Park and a park on the corner of Noyes and Fleming Streets.

KRRfm 98.7 is a community radio station that broadcasts a wide range of programs, run by a team of volunteers, who entertain and inform listeners of local news and events.[8]

Community Capers is a monthly Rylstone-Kandos district newsletter published by KRRfm giving information about local news and events.

Facilities

[edit]

Bildung

[edit]

Kandos High School [9]

Kandos Public School [10]

Rylstone Kandos Preschool[38]

Rylstone Public School [11]

Health

[edit]

Two doctor practices service the two towns.

Kandos Family Medical Practice, 42 Davies Rd, Kandos; (02) 6379 4405

Kandos Advanced Medical Centre, 82 Rodgers Street, Kandos (02) 6379 4100 and at Rylstone Health One, Ilford Rd, Rylstone (02) 6357 6150

Rylstone Health One, Ilford Rd, Rylstone; (02) 6357 6150, provides nurse led clinics Monday to Friday 8.30am-5pm, for booked clients or home visits. Services include assessments, wound care, pre-op ECG, health promotion activities such as falls prevention, chronic and complex case management, fitness classes. A pathologist is available for blood collection, and visiting allied health services include physiotherapy, speech therapy, dietetics, dental and women's health.

Rylstone Hospital, Fitzgerald Street, Rylstone; 02 6357 6100. The hospital, which serves acute and emergency, also includes an aged care wing.

ADA Cottage Anzac Avenue, Kandos; (02) 6379 4709. Provides low and high care in a community of 19 residents.

Churches

[edit]

St Lawrence's Anglican Church corner Angus Avenue and Jaques Street

St Dominic's Catholic Church Dangar Avenue

One Life Church corner Dunn and Noyes Streets

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Kandos". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 24 July 2022. Edit this at Wikidata
  2. ^ "Geographical Names Board". Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  3. ^ As spelt by Richard Fitzgerald owner of Dabee Station in a letter dated 26 January 1823
  4. ^ "'Rylstone Shire Council.', Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative". Trove. 15 January 1914. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  5. ^ "Kandos Census". Australian Bureau of Statistics Quick Stats.
  6. ^ "N.S.W. CEMENT AND COAL COMPANY. (1913, May 23). National Advocate (Bathurst, NSW". National Advocate. 23 May 1913. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  7. ^ "Our Mineral Deposits (1913, August 28). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative". Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative. 28 August 1913. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  8. ^ "'Candos.', Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative 30 April 1914, p. 7". Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative. 30 April 1914. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  9. ^ "'Kandos.', Lithgow Mercury (NSW: 1898 - 1954), 25 August 1916, p. 3". Lithgow Mercury. 25 August 1916. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  10. ^ "NEWS OF THE DAY. (1914, November 30). Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW: 1876 - 1954), p. 7". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 30 November 1914. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  11. ^ O'Sullivan, Colleen (2016). Streetwise: finding History on the Streets of Kandos. NSW State Library: Kandos Museum Inc. pp. Section beginning p172. ISBN 978-099449820-5.
  12. ^ "Kandos. (1915, August 19). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative (NSW : 1890 - 1954), p. 13". Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative. 19 August 1915. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  13. ^ "Go Ahead Kandos, (1916, December 4). Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative (NSW : 1890 - 1954), p. 4". Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative. 4 December 1916. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  14. ^ "KANDOS. (1926, October 20). Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), p. 2". Lithgow Mercury. 20 October 1926. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  15. ^ "'Much Controversy Over Town's Name', Daily Telegraph Supplement, p15". Daily Telegraph. NSW State Library. 7 October 1966.
  16. ^ National Archives of Australia, Kandos Post Office, Historical Notes: 'The official approval of the name "Kandos in lieu of Candos" was recorded.'
  17. ^ O'Sullivan, Colleen (2016). Streetwise, Finding History on the Streets of Kandos. NSW State Library: Kandos Museum Inc. pp. See biographical entries for each person. ISBN 978-099449820-5.
  18. ^ Parish Map, Rylstone, County of Roxburgh 1919
  19. ^ Burns-Woods, J (1974). Kandos Public School, an Historical Account. NSW State Library: Division of Planning, Department of Education NSW. p. 4. The new rubble stone building was completed in January 1884
  20. ^ Fleming, B A (1984). History of Kandos. NSW State Library. pp. 37 (1918).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ "'The Progress Of Kandos', Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), 28 May 1920 p. 3". Lithgow Mercury. 28 May 1920. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  22. ^ "Kandos : A Great Western Industry". Trove. Sydney Mail. 7 September 1927. p. 14. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  23. ^ Ennis, Lawrence OBE Director of Construction (1932). Bond of Empire: Story of Construction of Bridge. State Library of NSW: NSW Government. p. 48. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "Kandos Cement". Trove. Construction and Local Government Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1913 - 1930). 24 November 1926. p. 8. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  25. ^ "Kandos Cement Plant | | MiningLink - The largest & most visited mining website in Australia" Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Kandos Cement", Bruce A Fleming, 2013, p14.
  27. ^ "Kandos Cement" Bruce A Fleming, 2013, p43.
  28. ^ "History of Kandos", B A Fleming, 1984, pp15-16.
  29. ^ Streetwise, Finding History on the Streets of Kandos, Colleen O'Sullivan, 2016, Kandos Museum Inc. See biographical entries for Angus and Jeffreys.
  30. ^ "Rocky Mountain Spirit", Andos, Kay, 2014, pp257-260.
  31. ^ "He's a J.P." Trove. Good Neighbour (ACT : 1950 - 1969). 1 August 1959. p. 7. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  32. ^ "Kandos Cement Plant". Mining Link ("The largest and most visited mining website in Australia"). Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  33. ^ Snyder, Darren, "Hope for Charbon Workers: Centennial Coal announces plan to re-open Airly mine", Mudgee Guardian, 18 February 2014.
  34. ^ "Airly to reopen while Charbon draws to a close", Centennial Coal, Charbon, Retrieved 4 June 2019 https://www.centennialcoal.com.au/Operations/OperationsList/Charbon
  35. ^ "Rylstone Aerodrome Airpark Community - Buy Rent Aircraft Hangar". Rylstone Aerodrome Airpark Community. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  36. ^ "Boating At Kandos". Trove. Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954), p. 3. 23 October 1930. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  37. ^ O'Sullivan, Colleen, Henbury, The Early History of a Country Golf Course, 2006, pp 3, 37
  38. ^ "Rylstone Kandos Pre-School". ACECQA. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
[edit]
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