Polkovnik: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Military rank |
{{short description|Military rank}} |
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{{About|the [[OF-5]] rank '''Polkovnik''' in Slavophone countries|the equivalent rank in Anglophone armed forces|Colonel|the equivalent in Austria, Germany and Switzerland|Oberst}} |
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{{refimprove|date=August 2021}} |
{{refimprove|date=August 2021}} |
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[[File:Use of the Polkóvnik rank.svg|thumb|Countries which use the Eastern European variant]] |
[[File:Use of the Polkóvnik rank.svg|thumb|Countries which use the Eastern European variant]] |
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''' |
'''{{Lang|ru-latn|Polkovnik}}''' ({{lang-pl|pułkownik}}; {{lang-ru|полковник|lit=[[regiment]]ary}}) is a [[military rank]] used mostly in [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]]-speaking countries which corresponds to a [[colonel]] in English-speaking states, ''coronel'' in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking states and ''[[oberst]]'' in several German-speaking and Scandinavian countries. It was originally a rank in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. However, in [[Cossack Hetmanate]] and [[Sloboda Ukraine]], ''polkovnyk'' was an administrative rank similar to a governor. Usually this word is translated as [[colonel]], however the transliteration is also in common usage, for the sake of the historical and social context. {{Lang|ru-latn|Polkovnik}} began as a commander of a distinct group of troops (''polk''), arranged for battle.<ref name="SK">{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/3335870 |publisher=Studies in Modern Languages and Literature, vol. 36 |page=27 |location=UMCS Lublin |year=2012 |author=Sławomir Kułacz, University of Gdańsk, Poland |title=Conceptualization of selected army ranks in English, German, Polish and Czech |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> |
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The exact name of this rank maintains a variety of spellings in different languages, but all descend from the Old Slavonic word ''polk'' (literally: regiment sized unit), and include the following in alphabetical order: |
The exact name of this rank maintains a variety of spellings in different languages, but all descend from the Old Slavonic word ''polk'' (literally: regiment sized unit), and include the following in alphabetical order: |
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# [[Belarus]] — {{lang|be|палкоўнік}} |
# [[Belarus]] — {{lang|be|палкоўнік}} |
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# [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Serbia]] — {{lang|sh|pukovnik}} ({{IPA |
# [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Serbia]] — {{lang|sh|pukovnik}} ({{IPA|bs|pǔkoːʋniːk|lang}}) |
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# [[Bulgaria]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]] — {{lang|ru|полковник}} ({{IPA-ru|pɐlˈkovnʲɪk|lang|ru-полковник.ogg}}, {{IPA-uk|polˈkɔu̯nɪk|lang}}) |
# [[Bulgaria]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]] — {{lang|ru|полковник}} ({{IPA-ru|pɐlˈkovnʲɪk|lang|ru-полковник.ogg}}, {{IPA-uk|polˈkɔu̯nɪk|lang}}) |
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# [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] — {{lang|cs|plukovník}} |
# [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] — {{lang|cs|plukovník}} |
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# [[Poland]] — {{lang|pl|pułkownik}} ({{IPA-pl|puwˈkɔvɲik|lang|pl-pułkownik.ogg}}) |
# [[Poland]] — {{lang|pl|pułkownik}} ({{IPA-pl|puwˈkɔvɲik|lang|pl-pułkownik.ogg}}) |
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# [[Slovenia]] — {{lang|sl|polkovnik}} |
# [[Slovenia]] — {{lang|sl|polkovnik}} |
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It is also used in some non-Slavic languages: |
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Although Georgia, Latvia, and Lithuania are not Slavic countries linguistically, they have been influenced by Russian terminology due to having been part of both the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. Latvian and Lithuanian were also influenced by Polish terminology, due to those countries having been part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The rank of ''polkovnik'' was also used in the Estonian army until 1924. |
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Lithuania (and likely Latvia) inherited the term from the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The rank of {{Lang|ru-latn|polkovnik}} was also used in the Estonian army until 1924. Georgia likely inherited it from the [[Russian Empire]]. |
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== Countries == |
== Countries == |
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{{Infobox military rank |
{{Infobox military rank |
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| name = Colonel |
| name = Colonel |
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| native_name = {{lang|ru|Полко́вник|italic=no}}<br /> |
| native_name = {{lang|ru|Полко́вник|italic=no}}<br />({{lang|ru-Latn|Polkovnik}}) |
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| image = {{nobreak|[[File:Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg|50px]] [[File:Russia-Airforce-OF-5-2010.svg|50px]]}} |
| image = {{nobreak|[[File:Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg|50px]] [[File:Russia-Airforce-OF-5-2010.svg|50px]]}} |
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| image_size = |
| image_size = |
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| image2 = |
| image2 = |
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| caption2 = |
| caption2 = |
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| country = {{flag|Russian Empire}} |
| country = {{flag|Russian Empire}} (17th century)<br>{{flag|USSR}} (1935–1991)<br>{{flag|Russia}} |
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| service branch = {{army|Russia}}<br />{{air force|Russia}} |
| service branch = {{army|Russia}}<br />{{air force|Russia}} |
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| abbreviation = |
| abbreviation = |
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}} |
}} |
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In the 17th century, |
In the 17th century, {{Lang|ru-latn|polkovnik}} became the position of a [[regiment]]al commander of the ''[[streltsy]]''; this position also made it into [[Regiments of the new order|New Regiments]] of the ''streltsy'' and later into the new army of [[Peter the Great]]. The rank was legalized by [[Table of Ranks]] that placed it in the 6th grade as the second-top field officer, right under the [[brigadier]]. A promotion to the rank of {{Lang|ru-latn|polkovnik}} gave a privilege of hereditary [[Russian nobility|nobility]]. |
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The [[Red Army]] reintroduced the |
The [[Red Army]] reintroduced the {{Lang|ru-latn|polkovnik}} rank in 1935, together with a number of other former Russian ranks, and it continued to be in used in many ex-[[USSR]] countries, including Russia. |
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{| |
{| |
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|[[File:06 Representation of the Uniforms of the Russian Imperial Army.jpg|thumb|upright| |
|[[File:06 Representation of the Uniforms of the Russian Imperial Army.jpg|thumb|upright|{{Lang|ru-latn|Polkovnik}} of the Russian Empire (1793)]] |
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|valign=top| |
|valign=top| |
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==== Rank insignia ==== |
==== Rank insignia ==== |
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The [[Rank insignia]] to Polkovnik (OF-5) is as follows: |
The [[Rank insignia]] to Polkovnik (OF-5) is as follows: |
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<gallery class="center" widths=" |
<gallery class="center" widths="100" perrow="6"> |
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1904ic-p07.png|{{center|[[Shoulder board]] ''Pokovnik'' [[Imperial Russian Army|IRA]] until 1917}} |
File:1904ic-p07.png|{{center|[[Shoulder board]] ''Pokovnik'' [[Imperial Russian Army|IRA]] until 1917}} |
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1911-ir001-p15.png|{{center|Nevsky 1st Infantry Regiment}} |
File:1911-ir001-p15.png|{{center|Nevsky 1st Infantry Regiment}} |
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1904ossr01-15.png|{{center|Siberian 1st of His Highness Infantry Regiment}} |
File:1904ossr01-15.png|{{center|Siberian 1st of His Highness Infantry Regiment}} |
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1904-ip100-p15.png|{{center|25th Infantry division}} |
File:1904-ip100-p15.png|{{center|25th Infantry division}} |
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1904ir036-p15.png|{{center|Ivanogorodsky 99th infantry regiment}} |
File:1904ir036-p15.png|{{center|Ivanogorodsky 99th infantry regiment}} |
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Red Army Polkovnik-1940 & Podpolkovnik-1943v.png|{{center|[[Gorget patch]] [[Red Army|RA]], Land forces (1935-1940)}} |
File:Red Army Polkovnik-1940 & Podpolkovnik-1943v.png|{{center|[[Gorget patch]] [[Red Army|RA]], Land forces (1935-1940)}} |
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RA AF F5-Polkovnik-1940 F4-Podpolkovnik-1943v.png|{{center|... Air Force (1935-1940)}} |
File:RA AF F5-Polkovnik-1940 F4-Podpolkovnik-1943v.png|{{center|... Air Force (1935-1940)}} |
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RA A F5-Polkovnik 1943v.png|{{center|land forces RA (1940-1943)}} |
File:RA A F5-Polkovnik 1943v.png|{{center|land forces RA (1940-1943)}} |
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RA AF F5-Polkovnik 1943v.png|{{center|Air Force (1940-1943)}} |
File:RA AF F5-Polkovnik 1943v.png|{{center|Air Force (1940-1943)}} |
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RA- |
File:RA-SA A-inf F5Col 1955.png|{{center|Shoulder board [[Red Army|RA]] infantry/ motorized infantry (1943-1946)/ [[Soviet Army|CA]] (1946-55)}} |
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File:RAF A F5Col since 2010par.svg|{{center|parade uniform, Land forces (1955-1994), and since 2010}} |
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RAF AF F5Col since 2010par.svg|{{center|... [[Airborne forces|ABF]], [[Air Force|AF]], [[Aviation]] of the [[Soviet Air Defence Forces|ADF]] (1955-1994), and since 2010}} |
File:RAF AF F5Col since 2010par.svg|{{center|... [[Airborne forces|ABF]], [[Air Force|AF]], [[Aviation]] of the [[Soviet Air Defence Forces|ADF]] (1955-1994), and since 2010}} |
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Russia-Army-OF-5-1994-field.svg|{{center|everyday uniform, Ground forces until 2010}} |
File:Russia-Army-OF-5-1994-field.svg|{{center|everyday uniform, Ground forces until 2010}} |
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Russia-AirBorne-OF-5-1994-field.svg|{{center|..., ABF until 2010}} |
File:Russia-AirBorne-OF-5-1994-field.svg|{{center|..., ABF until 2010}} |
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Russia-AirForce-OF-5-1994-field.svg|{{center|..., AF until 2010}} |
File:Russia-AirForce-OF-5-1994-field.svg|{{center|..., AF until 2010}} |
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Russia-Army-OF-5-camo.svg|{{center|field uniform until 2010}} |
File:Russia-Army-OF-5-camo.svg|{{center|field uniform until 2010}} |
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RAF A F5-Polkovnik 2010shirt.png|{{center|parade uniform shirt, Ground forces until 2010}} |
File:RAF A F5-Polkovnik 2010shirt.png|{{center|parade uniform shirt, Ground forces until 2010}} |
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Russia-Navy-OF-5-1994-parade.svg|{{center|everyday uniform Naval forces on land until 2010}} |
File:Russia-Navy-OF-5-1994-parade.svg|{{center|everyday uniform Naval forces on land until 2010}} |
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VMY Полковник ВВ.gif|{{center|everyday uniform jacket [[Internal Troops of Russia|Internal Troops]]}} |
File:VMY Полковник ВВ.gif|{{center|everyday uniform jacket [[Internal Troops of Russia|Internal Troops]]}} |
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Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg|{{center|everyday uniform jacket, Ground forces since 2010}} |
File:Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg|{{center|everyday uniform jacket, Ground forces since 2010}} |
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File:Russia-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|field uniform since 2010}} |
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RAF NA F5-Polkovniken after2010.png|{{center|everyday uniform jacket ([[Russian Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]]) since 2010}} |
File:RAF NA F5-Polkovniken after2010.png|{{center|everyday uniform jacket ([[Russian Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]]) since 2010}} |
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Russia-Police-OF-5-2013.svg|{{center|Polkovnik of the [[Police of Russia|Police]] (until 2011 — [[Militsiya]]), also [[ |
File:Russia-Police-OF-5-2013.svg|{{center|Polkovnik of the [[Police of Russia|Police]] (until 2011 — [[Militsiya]]), also [[National Guard of Russia|National Guard]]}} |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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In the [[Registered Cossack Army]] of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in the 16th and 17th centuries, a ''polkovnyk'' commanded a [[regiment]] ({{lang|uk|полк}}. ''polk''), a Cossack military unit. After the reform of the Cossack army by [[hetman]] [[Mykhailo Doroshenko]] in the 1620s there were six Cossack regiments, each comprising one thousand Cossacks. ''Polkovnyk''s were elected by the Cossack Council ({{lang|uk|рада}}, ''rada'') subject to the approval of the Polish government. A ''polkovnyk'' obtained a salary for his service, and enjoyed considerable privileges. After the [[Sejm]] of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] adopted the "Ordination" of 1638, only [[nobility|noblemen]] (''[[szlachta]]'') were allowed to become ''polkovnyk''s. |
In the [[Registered Cossack Army]] of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in the 16th and 17th centuries, a ''polkovnyk'' commanded a [[regiment]] ({{lang|uk|полк}}. ''polk''), a Cossack military unit. After the reform of the Cossack army by [[hetman]] [[Mykhailo Doroshenko]] in the 1620s there were six Cossack regiments, each comprising one thousand Cossacks. ''Polkovnyk''s were elected by the Cossack Council ({{lang|uk|рада}}, ''rada'') subject to the approval of the Polish government. A ''polkovnyk'' obtained a salary for his service, and enjoyed considerable privileges. After the [[Sejm]] of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] adopted the "Ordination" of 1638, only [[nobility|noblemen]] (''[[szlachta]]'') were allowed to become ''polkovnyk''s. |
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During [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648-1657) and in the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (1649-1764; also in the [[Slobozhanshchyna|Slobozhanschtschyna]] in |
During [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648-1657) and in the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (1649-1764; also in the [[Slobozhanshchyna|Slobozhanschtschyna]] in 1652–1765), a ''polkovnyk'' headed a territorial administrative unit, the regiment ({{lang|uk|полк}}). In terms of Nobility, Khmelnytsky's Polkovnyks were recognized as equal to Lithuania's Barons. |
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In modern Ukraine, the military rank of ''polkovnyk'' resembles the similar rank of the former [[Soviet Army]]. |
In modern Ukraine, the military rank of ''polkovnyk'' resembles the similar rank of the former [[Soviet Army]]. |
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==Colonel (Eastern Europe)'s insignia== |
==Colonel (Eastern Europe)'s insignia== |
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<gallery class="center"> |
<gallery class="center"> |
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File:15.AzAF-COL.png|{{lang|az|Polkovnik}}<ref name="Azerbaijan">{{cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələri hərbi qulluqçularının hərbi geyim forması və fərqləndirmə nişanları haqqında Əsasnamə |url=https://mod.gov.az//images/pdf/854d34d118da32783a511172925270d7.pdf |website=mod.gov.az |publisher=Ministry of Defense |access-date=16 February 2021 |language=az |pages=64–70 |date=25 June 2001}}</ref><br />([[Azerbaijani Land Forces]]) |
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<!-- In alphabetic order of Country please --> |
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File:Post-Soviet-Army-OF-5.svg|{{lang|be|Палкоўнік}}<br />{{lang|be-Latn|Palkoŭnik}}<ref name="Belarus">{{cite web |title=Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 21.07.2009 N 388 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия по воинским званиям и внесении дополнений в Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 9 июня 2006 г. N 383" |url=http://pravo.levonevsky.org/bazaby11/republic09/text814.htm |website=pravo.levonevsky.org/ |publisher=Government of Belarus |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=ru}}</ref><br />([[Belarusian Ground Forces]]) |
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⚫ | File:Bosnia and Herzegovina Colonel Insignia.svg|{{lang|bs|Pukovnik}}<ref name="Bosnia&Herzegovina">{{cite web |title=OBILJEŽJA I ČINOVI OS BIH |url=http://os.mod.gov.ba/vojna-oprema-naoruzanje-i-simboli-os-bih/oznake-cinova-i-uniforme-u-os-bih/Obilje%c5%beja_i_cinovi_OS_BiH/default.aspx?id=1737&langTag=bs-BA&template_id=181&pageIndex=1 |website=os.mod.gov.ba |publisher=Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine |access-date=30 September 2019 |language=bs}}</ref><br />([[Bosnian Ground Forces]]) |
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Post-Soviet-Army-OF-5.svg|{{lang|be|Палкоўнік}}<br />{{lang|be-Latn|Palkoŭnik}}<ref name="Belarus">{{cite web |title=Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 21.07.2009 N 388 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия по воинским званиям и внесении дополнений в Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 9 июня 2006 г. N 383" |url=http://pravo.levonevsky.org/bazaby11/republic09/text814.htm |website=pravo.levonevsky.org/ |publisher=Government of Belarus |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=ru}}</ref><br />([[Belarusian Ground Forces]]) |
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File:Rank insignia of Полковник of the Bulgarian Army.png|{{lang|bg|Полковник}}<br />{{lang|bg-Latn|Polkovnik}}<ref name="Bulgaria">{{cite web |title=ЗАКОН ЗА ОТБРАНАТА И ВЪОРЪЖЕНИТЕ СИЛИ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ |url=https://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135631954 |website=lex.bg |access-date=25 May 2021 |location=Глава седма. ВОЕННА СЛУЖБА |language=bg |date=12 May 2009}}</ref><br />([[Bulgarian Land Forces]]) |
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⚫ | Bosnia and Herzegovina Colonel Insignia.svg|{{lang|bs|Pukovnik}}<ref name="Bosnia&Herzegovina">{{cite web |title=OBILJEŽJA I ČINOVI OS BIH |url=http://os.mod.gov.ba/vojna-oprema-naoruzanje-i-simboli-os-bih/oznake-cinova-i-uniforme-u-os-bih/Obilje%c5%beja_i_cinovi_OS_BiH/default.aspx?id=1737&langTag=bs-BA&template_id=181&pageIndex=1 |website=os.mod.gov.ba |publisher=Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine |access-date=30 September 2019 |language=bs}}</ref><br />([[Bosnian Ground Forces]]) |
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File:Army-HRV-OF-04.svg|{{lang|hr|Pukovnik}}<ref name="Croatia">{{cite web |title=Oznake činova |url=http://www.osrh.hr/#rubData/HTML/HR/RAZNO/OZNAKE/20190401_Galerija_oznaka/Galerija_oznaka_HR.htm |website=osrh.hr |publisher=Republic of Croatia Armed Forces |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=hr |date=1 April 2019}}</ref><br />([[Croatian Army]]) |
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File:CzArmy 2011 OF5-Plukovnik shoulder.svg|{{lang|cs|Plukovník}}<ref name="Czech_Republic">{{cite web |title=Ranks |url=https://www.army.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=49065 |website=army.cz |publisher=Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic |date=2018 |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref><br />([[Czech Land Forces]]) |
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File:Georgia-Army-OF-5.svg|{{lang|ka|პოლკოვნიკი}}<br />{{lang|ka-Latn|P’olk’ovnik’i}}<ref name="Georgia">{{cite web |title=სამხედრო წოდებები და ინსიგნიები |trans-title=Military Ranks and Insignia |url=https://mod.gov.ge/ge/page/34/samxedro-wodebebi-da-insigniebii |website=mod.gov.ge |publisher=Ministry of Defense of Georgia |access-date=12 March 2018 |language=ka}}</ref><br />([[Georgian Land Forces]]) |
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File:16-RKGF-COL.svg|{{lang|kk|Полковник}}<br />{{lang|kk-Latn|Polkovnïk}}<ref name=Kazakhstan>{{cite web |title=Қазақстан Республикасының Қарулы Күштері, басқа да әскерлері мен әскери құралымдары әскери қызметшілерінің әскери киім нысаны және айырым белгілері туралы |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/kaz/docs/U1100000144 |website=adilet.zan.kz |publisher=Ministry of Justice (Kazakhstan) |access-date=29 May 2021 |language=kk |date=25 August 2011}}</ref><br />([[Kazakh Ground Forces]]) |
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File:13.Kyrgyzstan Army-COL.svg|{{lang|ky|Полковник}}<br />{{lang|ky-Latn|Polkovnik}}<ref name="Kyrgyzstan">{{cite web |title=Кыргыз Республикасынын жарандарынын жалпыга бирдей аскердик милдети жөнүндө, аскердик жана альтернативдик кызматтар жөнүндө |url=http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ky-kg/202536 |website=cbd.minjust.gov.kg/ |publisher=Ministry of Justice (Kyrgyzstan) |access-date=3 June 2021 |language=ky |date=9 February 2009}}</ref><br />([[Kyrgyz Army]]) |
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File:LV-Army-OF5.png|{{lang|lv|Pulkvedis}}<ref name="Latvia">{{cite web |title=Pakāpju iedalījums |url=https://www.mil.lv/lv/aktivais-dienests/dienesta-gaita/dienesta-pakapes/pakapju-iedalijums |website=mil.lv/lv |publisher=Latvian National Armed Forces |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=lv}}</ref><br />([[Latvian Land Forces]]) |
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File:18-Lithuania Army-COL.svg|{{lang|lt|Pulkininkas}}'<ref name="Lithuania">{{cite web |title=Karių laipsnių ženklai |url=http://kariuomene.kam.lt/lt/kariuomenes_atributika/kariu_laipsniu_zenklai_3554.html |website=kariuomene.kam.lt |publisher=Ministry of National Defence (Lithuania) |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=lt}}</ref><br />([[Lithuanian Land Forces]]) |
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⚫ | File:14-APM-COL.svg|{{lang|mk|Полковник}}<br />{{lang|mk-Latn|Polkovnik}}<ref name="NorthMacedonia">{{cite web |title=УРЕДБА ЗА ОЗНАКИТЕ ЗА УНИФОРМИТЕ НА АРМИЈАТА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА |trans-title=Regulation on the Markings for the Uniforms of the Army of the Republic Northern of Macedonia |url=https://dejure.mk/zakon/uredba-za-oznakite-za-uniformite-na-armijata-na-republika-severna-makedonija-1 |website=dejure.mk |access-date=24 May 2021 |language=mk |date=12 November 2020}}</ref><br />([[1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia)|North Macedonian Ground Forces]]) |
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18-Lithuania Army-COL.svg|{{lang|lt|Pulkininkas}}'<ref name="Lithuania">{{cite web |title=Karių laipsnių ženklai |url=http://kariuomene.kam.lt/lt/kariuomenes_atributika/kariu_laipsniu_zenklai_3554.html |website=kariuomene.kam.lt |publisher=Ministry of National Defence (Lithuania) |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=lt}}</ref><br />([[Lithuanian Land Forces]]) |
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File:15-Montenegro Army-COL.svg|{{lang|sr-Latn|Pukovnik}}<br />([[Montenegrin Ground Army]])<ref name="Montenegro">{{cite journal |title=IV. Izgled Činova u Vojsci |journal=Official Gazette of Montenegro |date=16 August 2010 |volume=50/10 |pages=22–28 |url=https://wapi.gov.me/download-preview/f21585eb-2399-4cf3-ab40-7f0e245093be?version=1.0 |access-date=17 September 2021 |language=cnr}}</ref> |
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⚫ | 14-APM-COL.svg|{{lang|mk|Полковник}}<br />{{lang|mk-Latn|Polkovnik}}<ref name="NorthMacedonia">{{cite web |title=УРЕДБА ЗА ОЗНАКИТЕ ЗА УНИФОРМИТЕ НА АРМИЈАТА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА |trans-title=Regulation on the Markings for the Uniforms of the Army of the |
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File:Army-POL-OF-05.svg|{{lang|pl|Pułkownik}}<ref name="Poland_Army&AirForce">{{cite web |title=Sposób noszenia odznak stopni wojskowych na umundurowaniu wojsk Lądowych i sił Powietrznych |url=https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/iwsp/u/14/fc/14fc23f7-28a0-4a42-9ac0-287d512ffcb9/08b_oznaki_stopni_wojskowych_na_umundurowaniu_wl_i_sp_ok.pdf |website=wojsko-polskie.pl |publisher=Armed Forces Support Inspectorate |access-date=7 June 2021 |language=pl}}</ref><br />([[Polish Land Forces]]) |
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Army |
File:Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg|{{lang|ru|Полко́вник}}<br />{{lang|ru-Latn|Polkóvnik}}<ref name="Russia_Army">{{cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 марта 2010 года № 293 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия" |url=https://rg.ru/2010/03/12/forma-dok.html |website=rg.ru |publisher=Российской газеты |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=ru |date=12 March 2010}}</ref><br />([[Russian Ground Forces]]) |
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File:14-Serbian Army-COL.svg|{{lang|sr|Пуковник}}<br />{{lang|sr-Latn|Pukovnik}}<ref name="Serbia">{{cite web |title=ЧИНОВИ У ВОЈСЦИ СРБИЈЕ |url=http://www.vs.rs/sr_cyr/o-vojsci/obelezja-i-oznake/cinovi-u-vojsci-srbije |website=vs.rs |publisher=Serbian Armed Forces |access-date=7 June 2021 |language=sr}}</ref><br />([[Serbian Army]]) |
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File:Army-SVK-OF-05.svg|{{lang|sk|Plukovník}}<ref name="Slovakia">{{cite web |title=Označenie vojenských hodností príslušníkov Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky od 1.1.2016 |trans-title=Designation of military ranks of members of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic from 1.1.2016 |url=http://www.vhu.sk/oznacenie-vojenskych-hodnosti-prislusnikov-ozbrojenych-sil-slovenskej-republiky-od-112016/ |website=vhu.sk |publisher=Military History Institute |access-date=12 April 2021 |language=sk}}</ref><br />([[Ground Forces of the Slovak Republic|Slovak Ground Forces]]) |
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File:17-Slovenian Army-COL.svg|{{lang|sl|Polkovnik}}<ref name="Slovenia">{{cite web |title=Čini in razredi |url=https://www.slovenskavojska.si/o-vojski/cini-in-razredi/ |website=slovenskavojska.si |publisher=Slovenian Armed Forces |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=sl}}</ref><br />([[Slovenian Ground Force]]) |
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File:Post-Soviet-Army-OF-5.svg|{{lang|tg|Полковник}}<br />{{lang|tg-Latn|Polkovnik}}<ref name="Tajikistan">{{cite web |title=ҚОНУНИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ДАР БОРАИ ЎҲДАДОРИИ УМУМИИ ҲАРБӢ ВА ХИЗМАТИ ҲАРБӢ |url=https://majmilli.tj/%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8-35/ |website=majmilli.tj |publisher=The National Assembly of the Republic of Tajikistan |access-date=2 June 2021 |language=tg |date=13 April 2017}}</ref><br />([[Tajik National Army]]) |
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File:Post-Soviet-Army-OF-5.svg|{{lang|tk|Polkownik}}<ref name="Turkmenistan">{{cite web |title=TÜRKMENISTANYŇ KANUNY Harby borçlulyk we harby gulluk hakynda (Türkmenistanyň Mejlisiniň Maglumatlary 2010 ý., № 3, 58-nji madda) (Türkmenistanyň 01.10.2011 ý. № 234-IV Kanuny esasynda girizilen üýtgetmeler we goşmaçalar bilen) |trans-title=LAW OF TURKMENISTAN On military service and military service (Information of the Mejlis of Turkmenistan, 2010, No. 3, Article 58) (as amended by the Law of Turkmenistan of October 1, 2011 No. 234-IV) |url=https://milligosun.gov.tm/storage/file/04-harby-borclulyk-we-harby-gulluk-hakynda-ky9J0pKxTQ.pdf |website=milligosun.gov.tm |publisher=Ministry of Defense (Turkmenistan) |access-date=2 June 2021 |pages=28–29 |language=tk}}</ref><br />([[Turkmen Ground Forces]]) |
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Post-Soviet-Army-OF-5.svg|{{lang|tg|Полковник}}<br />{{lang|tg-Latn|Polkovnik}}<ref name="Tajikistan">{{cite web |title=ҚОНУНИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ДАР БОРАИ ЎҲДАДОРИИ УМУМИИ ҲАРБӢ ВА ХИЗМАТИ ҲАРБӢ |url=https://majmilli.tj/%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8-35/ |website=majmilli.tj |publisher=The National Assembly of the Republic of Tajikistan |access-date=2 June 2021 |language=tg |date=13 April 2017}}</ref><br />([[Tajik National Army]]) |
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File:UA shoulder mark 17.svg|{{lang|uk|Полковник}}<br />{{lang|uk-Latn|Polkovnyk}}<ref name="Ukraine">{{cite web |title=НАКАЗ 20.11.2017 № 606 |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1502-17#Text |website=zakon.rada.gov.ua |publisher=Ministry of Justice of Ukraine |access-date=2 June 2021 |language=uk |date=13 December 2017}}</ref><br />([[Ukrainian Ground Forces]]) |
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File:Uzbekistan-army-OF-5.svg|{{lang|uz|Polkovnik}}<ref name="Uzbekistan">{{cite web |title=O'zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarolarining harbiy xizmatni o'tash tartibi to'g'risida |url=https://lex.uz/docs/-4513434 |website=lex.uz |publisher=Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan |access-date=3 June 2021 |language=uz |date=12 September 2019}}</ref><br />([[Uzbek Ground Forces]]) |
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Uzbekistan-army-OF-5.svg|{{lang|uz|Polkovnik}}<ref name="Uzbekistan">{{cite web |title=O‘zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarolarining harbiy xizmatni o‘tash tartibi to‘g‘risida |url=https://lex.uz/docs/-4513434 |website=lex.uz |publisher=Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan |access-date=3 June 2021 |language=uz |date=12 September 2019}}</ref><br />([[Uzbek Ground Forces]]) |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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* Гайдай Л. Історія України в особах, термінах, назвах і поняттях.-Луцьк: Вежа, 2000. {{in lang|uk}} |
* Гайдай Л. Історія України в особах, термінах, назвах і поняттях.-Луцьк: Вежа, 2000. {{in lang|uk}} |
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* [http://history.franko.lviv.ua/dovidnyk.htm Довідник з історії України.За ред. І.Підкови та Р.Шуста.- К.: Генеза, 1993]. {{in lang|uk}} |
* [http://history.franko.lviv.ua/dovidnyk.htm Довідник з історії України.За ред. І.Підкови та Р.Шуста.- К.: Генеза, 1993] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410032820/http://history.franko.lviv.ua/dovidnyk.htm |date=2009-04-10 }}. {{in lang|uk}} |
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* [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=2232-12 ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ Про військовий обов'язок і військову службу] {{in lang|uk}} |
* [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=2232-12 ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ Про військовий обов'язок і військову службу] {{in lang|uk}} |
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* [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=1053%2F2001 Про положення про проходження військової служби відповідними категоріями військовослужбовців] {{in lang|uk}} |
* [http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=1053%2F2001 Про положення про проходження військової служби відповідними категоріями військовослужбовців] {{in lang|uk}} |
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* [https://archive. |
* [https://archive.today/20121205105348/http://www.rusnavy.ru/d03/191.htm История Советского флота] {{in lang|ru}} |
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* [http://www.soldat.ru/spravka/rank/ Воинские звания военнослужащих России и СССР] {{in lang|ru}} |
* [http://www.soldat.ru/spravka/rank/ Воинские звания военнослужащих России и СССР] {{in lang|ru}} |
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* [http://army.armor.kiev.ua/titul/index.shtml Воинские звания] {{in lang|ru}} |
* [http://army.armor.kiev.ua/titul/index.shtml Воинские звания] {{in lang|ru}} |
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* [http://www.oval.ru/enc/27377.html Звания воинские] {{in lang|ru}} |
* [http://www.oval.ru/enc/27377.html Звания воинские] {{in lang|ru}} |
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* [http://www.uniforminsignia.net/index.php?p=main The International Encyclopedia of Uniform and Rank Insignia around the World] {{in lang|en}} |
* [http://www.uniforminsignia.net/index.php?p=main The International Encyclopedia of Uniform and Rank Insignia around the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226131213/http://www.uniforminsignia.net/index.php?p=main |date=2007-02-26 }} {{in lang|en}} |
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{{Star officer ranks}} |
{{Star officer ranks}} |
Revision as of 18:21, 25 May 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2021) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Use_of_the_Polk%C3%B3vnik_rank.svg/220px-Use_of_the_Polk%C3%B3vnik_rank.svg.png)
Polkovnik (Polish: pułkownik; Russian: полковник, lit. 'regimentary') is a military rank used mostly in Slavic-speaking countries which corresponds to a colonel in English-speaking states, coronel in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking states and oberst in several German-speaking and Scandinavian countries. It was originally a rank in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. However, in Cossack Hetmanate and Sloboda Ukraine, polkovnyk was an administrative rank similar to a governor. Usually this word is translated as colonel, however the transliteration is also in common usage, for the sake of the historical and social context. Polkovnik began as a commander of a distinct group of troops (polk), arranged for battle.[1]
The exact name of this rank maintains a variety of spellings in different languages, but all descend from the Old Slavonic word polk (literally: regiment sized unit), and include the following in alphabetical order:
- Belarus — палкоўнік
- Bosnien und Herzegowina, Kroatien, Montenegro and Serbien — pukovnik (Bosnian: [pǔkoːʋniːk])
- Bulgarien, North Macedonia, Russland and Ukraine — полковник (Russian: [pɐlˈkovnʲɪk] , Ukrainian: [polˈkɔu̯nɪk])
- Czech Republic and Slovakia — plukovník
- Polen — pułkownik (Polish: [puwˈkɔvɲik] )
- Slovenia — polkovnik
It is also used in some non-Slavic languages:
- Latvia — pulkvedis
- Lithuania — pulkininkas
- Georgien — პოლკოვნიკი (Georgian: [pʼolkʼovnikʼi])
Lithuania (and likely Latvia) inherited the term from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The rank of polkovnik was also used in the Estonian army until 1924. Georgia likely inherited it from the Russian Empire.
Countries
Russland
Colonel Полко́вник (Polkovnik) | |
---|---|
![]() ![]() Army and air force insignia | |
Land | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Service branch | ![]() ![]() |
Rank | Stab-ofizer |
NATO rank code | OF-5 |
Formation | 17th century |
Next higher rank | Generál-mayór |
Next lower rank | Podpolkovnik |
Equivalent ranks | Kapitan 1st rank (Navy) |
In the 17th century, polkovnik became the position of a regimental commander of the streltsy; this position also made it into New Regiments of the streltsy and later into the new army of Peter the Great. The rank was legalized by Table of Ranks that placed it in the 6th grade as the second-top field officer, right under the brigadier. A promotion to the rank of polkovnik gave a privilege of hereditary nobility.
The Red Army reintroduced the polkovnik rank in 1935, together with a number of other former Russian ranks, and it continued to be in used in many ex-USSR countries, including Russia.
![]() |
Rank insignia
The Rank insignia to Polkovnik (OF-5) is as follows:
-
Shoulder board Pokovnik IRA until 1917
-
Nevsky 1st Infantry Regiment
-
Siberian 1st of His Highness Infantry Regiment
-
25th Infantry division
-
Ivanogorodsky 99th infantry regiment
-
Gorget patch RA, Land forces (1935-1940)
-
... Air Force (1935-1940)
-
land forces RA (1940-1943)
-
Air Force (1940-1943)
-
parade uniform, Land forces (1955-1994), and since 2010
-
everyday uniform, Ground forces until 2010
-
..., ABF until 2010
-
..., AF until 2010
-
field uniform until 2010
-
parade uniform shirt, Ground forces until 2010
-
everyday uniform Naval forces on land until 2010
-
everyday uniform jacket Internal Troops
-
everyday uniform jacket, Ground forces since 2010
-
field uniform since 2010
-
everyday uniform jacket (Naval Aviation) since 2010
-
See also
- Ranks and insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917
- Ranks and insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940, and ... 1940–1943
- Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Army 1943–1955, and ... 1955–1991
- Ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation's armed forces 1994–2010
Polen
As part of the Commonwealth
The rank was first introduced in the armies of the Commonwealth in the 17th century to denote a captain (rotmistrz) of the core banner of a regiment. By the end of the 17th century, the title of the assignment became a de facto rank as such and started to denote the commanding officer of the entire regiment. In mercenary troops fighting in the ranks of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's army, the direct equivalent of the rank of pułkownik was oberszter, but in the 18th century the rank was abolished and renamed as pułkownik as well.
Interwar
During the Sanation in the period between World War I and World War II, a large number of officers were promoted to the rank, often for political reasons (the rule of the Sanation was even dubbed the government of the colonels because of that).
World War II
During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, the Polish divisions were commanded by officers of many grades, from colonels to three-star generals. In fact 22 divisions out of 42 were commanded by colonels in 1939. The pułkownicy (plural of pułkownik) also commanded units of all sizes, from divisions down to mere battalions.
Ukraine
In the Zaporozhian Host, the political, social, and military organization of Ukrainian cossacks, the title polkovnyk indicated a high military rank among the Ukrainian Cossack starshyna (officers); a polkovnyk commanded one or more military detachments during land and naval military actions in the 16th to 18th centuries. In the 18th century, a polkovnyk was a leader of a palanka, a territorial unit of the Zaporozhian Host. The military council elected a palanka polkovnyk to serve for a term of one year. He represented the Kosh Otaman in the palanka and had significant powers, including the right to condemn Cossacks to the death penalty. At the time of liquidation of the Zaporozhian Host by the Russian government in 1775, there were eight palanka polkovnyks. As symbol of office a polkovnyk wore a pernach (a mace with a hexagonal head; see also bulawa) in his belt.
In the Registered Cossack Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th centuries, a polkovnyk commanded a regiment (полк. polk), a Cossack military unit. After the reform of the Cossack army by hetman Mykhailo Doroshenko in the 1620s there were six Cossack regiments, each comprising one thousand Cossacks. Polkovnyks were elected by the Cossack Council (рада, rada) subject to the approval of the Polish government. A polkovnyk obtained a salary for his service, and enjoyed considerable privileges. After the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth adopted the "Ordination" of 1638, only noblemen (szlachta) were allowed to become polkovnyks.
During Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648-1657) and in the Cossack Hetmanate (1649-1764; also in the Slobozhanschtschyna in 1652–1765), a polkovnyk headed a territorial administrative unit, the regiment (полк). In terms of Nobility, Khmelnytsky's Polkovnyks were recognized as equal to Lithuania's Barons.
In modern Ukraine, the military rank of polkovnyk resembles the similar rank of the former Soviet Army.
Colonel (Eastern Europe)'s insignia
See also
- Lieutenant (Eastern Europe)
- Lieutenant colonel (Eastern Europe)
- Lieutenant colonel general
- Comparative army officer ranks of Europe
Notes and references
- ^ Sławomir Kułacz, University of Gdańsk, Poland (2012). "Conceptualization of selected army ranks in English, German, Polish and Czech". UMCS Lublin: Studies in Modern Languages and Literature, vol. 36: 27. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələri hərbi qulluqçularının hərbi geyim forması və fərqləndirmə nişanları haqqında Əsasnamə" (PDF). mod.gov.az (in Azerbaijani). Ministry of Defense. 25 June 2001. pp. 64–70. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 21.07.2009 N 388 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия по воинским званиям и внесении дополнений в Указ Президента Республики Беларусь от 9 июня 2006 г. N 383"". pravo.levonevsky.org/ (in Russian). Government of Belarus. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "OBILJEŽJA I ČINOVI OS BIH". os.mod.gov.ba (in Bosnian). Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ "ЗАКОН ЗА ОТБРАНАТА И ВЪОРЪЖЕНИТЕ СИЛИ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ". lex.bg (in Bulgarian). Глава седма. ВОЕННА СЛУЖБА. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ "Oznake činova". osrh.hr (in Croatian). Republic of Croatia Armed Forces. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Ranks". army.cz. Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic. 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "სამხედრო წოდებები და ინსიგნიები" [Military Ranks and Insignia]. mod.gov.ge (in Georgian). Ministry of Defense of Georgia. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "Қазақстан Республикасының Қарулы Күштері, басқа да әскерлері мен әскери құралымдары әскери қызметшілерінің әскери киім нысаны және айырым белгілері туралы". adilet.zan.kz (in Kazakh). Ministry of Justice (Kazakhstan). 25 August 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Кыргыз Республикасынын жарандарынын жалпыга бирдей аскердик милдети жөнүндө, аскердик жана альтернативдик кызматтар жөнүндө". cbd.minjust.gov.kg/ (in Kyrgyz). Ministry of Justice (Kyrgyzstan). 9 February 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "Pakāpju iedalījums". mil.lv/lv (in Latvian). Latvian National Armed Forces. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Karių laipsnių ženklai". kariuomene.kam.lt (in Lithuanian). Ministry of National Defence (Lithuania). Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "УРЕДБА ЗА ОЗНАКИТЕ ЗА УНИФОРМИТЕ НА АРМИЈАТА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА" [Regulation on the Markings for the Uniforms of the Army of the Republic Northern of Macedonia]. dejure.mk (in Macedonian). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ "IV. Izgled Činova u Vojsci". Official Gazette of Montenegro (in Montenegrin). 50/10: 22–28. 16 August 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ^ "Sposób noszenia odznak stopni wojskowych na umundurowaniu wojsk Lądowych i sił Powietrznych" (PDF). wojsko-polskie.pl (in Polish). Armed Forces Support Inspectorate. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 марта 2010 года № 293 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия"". rg.ru (in Russian). Российской газеты. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "ЧИНОВИ У ВОЈСЦИ СРБИЈЕ". vs.rs (in Serbian). Serbian Armed Forces. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Označenie vojenských hodností príslušníkov Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky od 1.1.2016" [Designation of military ranks of members of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic from 1.1.2016]. vhu.sk (in Slovak). Military History Institute. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Čini in razredi". slovenskavojska.si (in Slovenian). Slovenian Armed Forces. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "ҚОНУНИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ДАР БОРАИ ЎҲДАДОРИИ УМУМИИ ҲАРБӢ ВА ХИЗМАТИ ҲАРБӢ". majmilli.tj (in Tajik). The National Assembly of the Republic of Tajikistan. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "TÜRKMENISTANYŇ KANUNY Harby borçlulyk we harby gulluk hakynda (Türkmenistanyň Mejlisiniň Maglumatlary 2010 ý., № 3, 58-nji madda) (Türkmenistanyň 01.10.2011 ý. № 234-IV Kanuny esasynda girizilen üýtgetmeler we goşmaçalar bilen)" [LAW OF TURKMENISTAN On military service and military service (Information of the Mejlis of Turkmenistan, 2010, No. 3, Article 58) (as amended by the Law of Turkmenistan of October 1, 2011 No. 234-IV)] (PDF). milligosun.gov.tm (in Turkmen). Ministry of Defense (Turkmenistan). pp. 28–29. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "НАКАЗ 20.11.2017 № 606". zakon.rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "O'zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarolarining harbiy xizmatni o'tash tartibi to'g'risida". lex.uz (in Uzbek). Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- Гайдай Л. Історія України в особах, термінах, назвах і поняттях.-Луцьк: Вежа, 2000. (in Ukrainian)
- Довідник з історії України.За ред. І.Підкови та Р.Шуста.- К.: Генеза, 1993 Archived 2009-04-10 at the Wayback Machine. (in Ukrainian)
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