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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Coord|20|N|71|E|type:event|display=title}}
{{Coord|20|N|71|E|type:event|display=title}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Diu
| conflict = Third siege of Diu
| partof = [[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)]] and [[Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts]]
⚫
| partof =
| image = [[File:Earlybattle2.jpg|300px]]
| image = Earlybattle2.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = A battle between the Portuguese Armada and Turkish soldiers on horseback in Goa, western India
| caption = A battle between the Portuguese Armada and Turkish soldiers on horseback in Goa, western India
| date = 20 April 1546 - 11 November 1546
| date = 20 April – 10 November 1546<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=20|year1=1546|month2=11|day2=10|year2=1546}})
| place = [[Diu, India|Diu]], Portuguese India
| place = [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Portuguese India]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_type = India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.71|70.98|type:event|display=inline}}
| latitude =
| map_caption = Location of Diu in present-day India
| longitude =
| map_size =
| territory =
⚫
| result = Portuguese victory
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| status =
⚫
| combatant1 = [[Portuguese Empire]]
| territory =
| combatant2 = [[Gujarat Sultanate]]<br>[[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malekandathil |first=Pius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA116&dq=Diu+1545+ottoman&hl=pt-PT |title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-01-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Casale |first=Giancarlo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTTRCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA76&dq=Diu+1545+ottoman&hl=pt-PT |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |date=2010-02-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970338-8 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
| result = Portuguese victory
| status =
| combatant3 =
⚫
| commander1 = João de Mascarenhas<br>[[João de Castro]]
⚫
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|border|25px]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
| commander2 = [[Khoja Zufar]]{{KIA}}
| combatant3 =
| commander3 =
⚫
| units1 =
⚫
| commander1 = João de Mascarenhas<br>[[João de Castro]]
⚫
| units2 =
| commander2 = Khadjar Safar{{KIA}}
| commander3 =
| units3 =
⚫
| strength1 = 18 May: 440 men<ref name="India 1600, p. 218">History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497–1600, K. M. Mathew, p. 218, 1988</ref>
| units1 =
⚫
| units2 =
⚫
| units3 =
⚫
| strength1 = 18th May 440 men<ref name="India 1600, page 218">History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497-1600, K. M. Mathew, page 218, 1988</ref>


19th July reinforcements consisting of 20 Fustas and 6 caturs with men arrived<ref name="India 1600, page 218"/>
19 July: reinforcements consisting of 20 fustas and 6 caturs with men arrived<ref name="India 1600, p. 218"/>


On 7th November governor Castro arrived with 35 Fustas,caturs, 3 galeons, naus and gales, with 3,000 Portuguese and 300 Indian men<ref>History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497-1600, K. M. Mathew, page 219, 1988</ref>
On 7 November, Governor Castro arrived with 35 fustas, caturs, 3 galeons, naus and gales, with 3,000 Portuguese and 300 Indian men<ref>History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497–1600, K. M. Mathew, p. 219, 1988</ref>
| strength2 = 10,000 men<ref>The Cambridge history of the British Empire, John Holland Rose, Ernest Alfred Benians, Arthur Percival Newton, page 16, 1960</ref>
| strength2 = 10,000 men<ref>The Cambridge history of the British Empire, John Holland Rose, Ernest Alfred Benians, Arthur Percival Newton, p. 16, 1960</ref><br>30 Ottoman ships<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA29&dq=Ottoman+1546+Diu&hl=pt-PT |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. |date=2017-04-24 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0 |language=en}}</ref>
| strength3 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = more than 200<ref>History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497-1600, K. M. Mathew, page 218/219, 1988</ref>
| casualties1 = More than 200<ref>History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497–1600, K. M. Mathew, pp. 218/219, 1988</ref>
⚫
| casualties2 = 3,000 killed<br>600 prisoners<ref>The Cambridge history of the British Empire, John Holland Rose, Ernest Alfred Benians, Arthur Percival Newton, p. 17, 1960</ref>
| casualties2 = 3,000 killed
⚫
| casualties3 =
⚫
600 prisoners<ref>The Cambridge history of the British Empire, John Holland Rose, Ernest Alfred Benians, Arthur Percival Newton, page 17, 1960</ref>
⚫
| notes =
| casualties3 =
⚫
| notes =
}}
}}
{{Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean}}
{{Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean}}
⚫
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}
⚫
The '''Second Siege of Diu''' was a siege of the [[Portuguese India]]n city of [[Diu, India|Diu]] by the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] in 1546. It ended with a major Portuguese victory.
{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538-1557)}}
⚫
The '''third siege of Diu''' was a siege of the [[Portuguese India]]n city of [[Diu, India|Diu]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate]] in 1546. It ended with a major Portuguese victory.


== Background ==
== Background ==
⚫
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Muslim [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] was the principal seapower in India. Gujarat fought the Portuguese fleets in collaboration with the [[Mamluk Sultanate]]. The Portuguese were defeated by a combined Mamluk-Gujarati fleet in 1508, which was in turn destroyed by a Portuguese fleet in the [[Battle of Diu (1509)]]. By 1536, the Portuguese had gained complete control of Diu, while the Sultanate of Gujarat was under attack from the [[Mughals]].


⚫
In 1538, the [[Ottoman Empire]], which had taken over [[Egypt]] (1517) and [[Aden]] (1538) from [[Mamluk Egypt]], joined hands with the Gujarat Sultanate to launch an anti-Portuguese offensive. They [[First Siege of Diu|besieged Diu in 1538]], but had to retreat.
⚫
At the beginning of 1500s, the Muslim Sultanate of Gujarat was the principal seapower in India. Gujarat fought the Portuguese fleets in collaboration with the [[Mamluk]]s. The Portuguese were defeated by a combined Mamluk-Gujarati fleet in 1508, which was in turn destroyed by a Portuguese fleet in the [[Battle of Diu (1509)]]. By 1536, the Portuguese had gained complete control of Diu, while Gujarat was under attack from the [[Mughals]].

⚫
In 1538, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], who had taken over [[Egypt]] (1517) and [[Aden]] (1538), joined hands with the Gujarat Sultanate to launch an anti-Portuguese offensive. They [[First Siege of Diu|besieged Diu in 1538]], but had to retreat.

{{See also|First Siege of Diu}}


== The siege ==
== The siege ==
⚫
After the failed siege of 1538, the Gujarati General Khadjar Safar besieged Diu again in an attempt to recapture the island. The siege lasted seven months from 20 April 1546 to 10 November 1546, during which João de Mascarenhas defended Diu.<ref name="TonyJaques_Dictionary">{{cite book

⚫
After the failed siege of 1538, the Gujarati General Khadjar Safar besieged Diu again in an attempt to recapture the island. The siege lasted seven months from 20 April 1546 to 11 November 1546, during which João de Mascarenhas defended Diu.<ref name="TonyJaques_Dictionary">{{cite book
| title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century
| title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century
| volume = 1 (A-E)
| volume = 1 (A-E)
Line 62: Line 57:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


A large fleet dispatched by [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman]] would also arrive in Diu and help in the struggle against the Portuguese defenders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malekandathil |first=Pius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA116&dq=Diu+1545+ottoman&hl=pt-PT |title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-01-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA29&dq=Ottoman+1546+Diu&hl=pt-PT |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. |date=2017-04-24 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
The siege ended when a Portuguese fleet under Viceroy [[João de Castro]] arrived and routed the attackers.<ref name="TonyJaques_Dictionary"/>


⚫
The siege ended when a Portuguese fleet under Governor [[João de Castro]] arrived and routed the attackers.<ref name="TonyJaques_Dictionary"/>
⚫
Khadjar Safar and his son Muharram Rumi Khan (who were probably of Albanian origin) were both killed during the siege.<ref>{{cite book

⚫
Khadjar Safar and his son Muharram Rumi Khan (who were probably of Albanian origin{{Citation Needed|date=September 2022}}{{Relevant?|date=September 2022}}) were both killed during the siege.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Firearms: a global history to 1700
| title = Firearms: a global history to 1700
| url = https://archive.org/details/firearmsglobalhi1700chas
| url-access = limited
| author = Kenneth Warren Chase
| author = Kenneth Warren Chase
| edition = illustrated
| edition = illustrated
Line 71: Line 70:
| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-521-82274-9
| isbn = 978-0-521-82274-9
| page = [https://archive.org/details/firearmsglobalhi1700chas/page/n154 136]
| page = 136
}}</ref>
}}</ref>

==See also==
⚫
* [[Siege of Diu (1538)]]
* [[Siege of Diu (1531)]]
* [[Catarina Lopes]]
* [[Isabel Madeira]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
⚫
Second Siege of Diu
⚫
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Second Siege Of Diu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Second Siege of Diu}}
[[Category:Sieges involving Portugal]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Portugal|Diu 2]]
[[Category:History of Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:History of Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate]]
[[Category:1546 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1546]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Sieges of the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire]]

Latest revision as of 21:12, 26 May 2024

20°N 71°E / 20°N 71°E / 20; 71

Third siege of Diu
Part of Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560) and Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts

A battle between the Portuguese Armada and Turkish soldiers on horseback in Goa, western India
Date20 April – 10 November 1546
(6 months and 3 weeks)
Location
Diu, Portuguese India
20°43′N 70°59′E / 20.71°N 70.98°E / 20.71; 70.98
Result Portuguese victory
Belligerents
Portuguese Empire Gujarat Sultanate
Ottoman Empire[1][2]
Commanders and leaders
João de Mascarenhas
João de Castro		 Khoja Zufar †
Strength

18 May: 440 men[3]

19 July: reinforcements consisting of 20 fustas and 6 caturs with men arrived[3]

On 7 November, Governor Castro arrived with 35 fustas, caturs, 3 galeons, naus and gales, with 3,000 Portuguese and 300 Indian men[4]		 10,000 men[5]
30 Ottoman ships[6]
Casualties and losses
More than 200[7] 3,000 killed
600 prisoners[8]
Siege of Diu (1546) is located in India
Siege of Diu (1546)
class=notpageimage|
Location of Diu in present-day India

The third siege of Diu was a siege of the Portuguese Indian city of Diu by the Ottoman Empire and Gujarat Sultanate in 1546. It ended with a major Portuguese victory.

Background

[edit]

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Muslim Sultanate of Gujarat was the principal seapower in India. Gujarat fought the Portuguese fleets in collaboration with the Mamluk Sultanate. The Portuguese were defeated by a combined Mamluk-Gujarati fleet in 1508, which was in turn destroyed by a Portuguese fleet in the Battle of Diu (1509). By 1536, the Portuguese had gained complete control of Diu, while the Sultanate of Gujarat was under attack from the Mughals.

In 1538, the Ottoman Empire, which had taken over Egypt (1517) and Aden (1538) from Mamluk Egypt, joined hands with the Gujarat Sultanate to launch an anti-Portuguese offensive. They besieged Diu in 1538, but had to retreat.

The siege

[edit]

After the failed siege of 1538, the Gujarati General Khadjar Safar besieged Diu again in an attempt to recapture the island. The siege lasted seven months from 20 April 1546 to 10 November 1546, during which João de Mascarenhas defended Diu.[9]

A large fleet dispatched by Suleiman would also arrive in Diu and help in the struggle against the Portuguese defenders.[10][11]

The siege ended when a Portuguese fleet under Governor João de Castro arrived and routed the attackers.[9]

Khadjar Safar and his son Muharram Rumi Khan (who were probably of Albanian origin[citation needed][relevant?]) were both killed during the siege.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Malekandathil, Pius (2010). Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-01-6.
  2. ^ Casale, Giancarlo (25 February 2010). The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970338-8.
  3. ^ a b History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497–1600, K. M. Mathew, p. 218, 1988
  4. ^ History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497–1600, K. M. Mathew, p. 219, 1988
  5. ^ The Cambridge history of the British Empire, John Holland Rose, Ernest Alfred Benians, Arthur Percival Newton, p. 16, 1960
  6. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (24 April 2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  7. ^ History of the Portuguese navigation in India, 1497–1600, K. M. Mathew, pp. 218/219, 1988
  8. ^ The Cambridge history of the British Empire, John Holland Rose, Ernest Alfred Benians, Arthur Percival Newton, p. 17, 1960
  9. ^ a b Tony Jaques, ed. (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Vol. 1 (A-E). Greenwood. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
  10. ^ Malekandathil, Pius (2010). Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-01-6.
  11. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (24 April 2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  12. ^ Kenneth Warren Chase (2003). Firearms: a global history to 1700 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9.
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