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Coordinates: 36°19′N 5°44′E / 36.317°N 5.733°E / 36.317; 5.733
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{{Short description|Archaeological site in Algeria}}
{{about|the village in Algeria|the female given name|Jamila}}
{{about|the village in Algeria|the female given name|Jamila}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Djémila
|name = Djémila
|native_name = جميلة {{ar icon}}
|native_name =
Ğamila {{kab icon}}
|alternate_name = Cuicul
|alternate_name = Cuicul
|image = GM Djemila Roman Theatre02.jpg
|image = Djemila18.jpg
|alt =
|alt =
|caption = Roman Theatre of Djémila
|caption = Roman Theatre of Djémila
Line 39: Line 39:
| designation1_offname = Cuicul-Djémila
| designation1_offname = Cuicul-Djémila
| designation1_date = 1982 <small>(6th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_date = 1982 <small>(6th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/191 191]
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/191 191]
| designation1_criteria = iii, iv
| designation1_criteria = iii, iv
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[Algeria]]
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Arab States]]
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Arab States]]
}}
}}
[[File:20180402 132230 HDR The historical market.jpg|thumb|The Historical Market|187x187px]]
[[File:20180402 132230 HDR The historical market.jpg|thumb|The Historical Market|187x187px]]

[[File:Ground plan of Baptistery in Djemila.jpg|thumb|'''Ground plan derived from the 3D model of the Baptistery in Djemila'''|alt=]]
⚫
'''Djémila''' ({{lang-ar|جميلة|links=|lit=Ǧamīlah|translit=Beautiful (one)}}), formerly '''Cuicul''', is a small mountain village in [[Algeria]], near the northern coast east of [[Algiers]], where some of the best preserved [[Roman Empire|Roman]] ruins in North Africa are found. It is situated in the region bordering the [[Constantinois]] and [[Petite Kabylie]] (Basse Kabylie).
[[File:Section B1 of the Baptistery in Djemila .jpg|thumb|Section B1 dirived form the 3D model of the Baptistery in Djemila |alt=]]
⚫
'''Djémila''' ({{Lang-kab|Ğamila}}; {{lang-ar|جميلة}}, ''the Beautiful one''), formerly '''Cuicul''', is a small mountain village in [[Algeria]], near the northern coast east of [[Algiers]], where some of the best preserved [[Berbers|Berber]]o-[[Roman Empire|Roman]] ruins in North Africa are found. It is situated in the region bordering the [[Constantinois]] and [[Petite Kabylie]] (Basse Kabylie).


In 1982, Djémila became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] for its unique adaptation of [[Roman architecture]] to a mountain environment. Significant buildings in ancient Cuicul include a theatre, two fora, temples, basilicas, arches, streets, and houses. The exceptionally well preserved ruins surround the forum of the Harsh, a large paved square with an entry marked by a majestic arch.
In 1982, Djémila became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] for its unique adaptation of [[Roman architecture]] to a mountain environment. Significant buildings in ancient Cuicul include a theatre, two fora, temples, basilicas, arches, streets, and houses. The exceptionally well preserved ruins surround the forum of the Harsh, a large paved square with an entry marked by a majestic arch.
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During the reign of [[Caracalla]] in the 3rd century, Cuicul's administrators took down some of the old ramparts and constructed a new forum. They surrounded it with larger and more impressive edifices than those that bordered the old forum. The terrain hindered building, so that they built the theatre outside the town walls, which was exceptional.
During the reign of [[Caracalla]] in the 3rd century, Cuicul's administrators took down some of the old ramparts and constructed a new forum. They surrounded it with larger and more impressive edifices than those that bordered the old forum. The terrain hindered building, so that they built the theatre outside the town walls, which was exceptional.


Christianity became very popular in the 4th century (after some persecutions in the early third century<ref>[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1920_num_64_4_74330 Christian persecutions in Cuicul]</ref>) and brought the addition of a basilica and [[baptistry]]. They are to the south of Cuicul in a quarter called "Christian", and are popular attractions.<ref name=zero/>
Christianity became very popular in the 4th century (after some persecutions in the early third century<ref>[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1920_num_64_4_74330 Christian persecutions in Cuicul]</ref>) and brought the addition of a basilica and [[baptistery]]. They are to the south of Cuicul in a quarter called "Christian", and are popular attractions.<ref name=zero/>


Of the bishops of Cuicul, Pudentianus took part in the [[Council of Carthage (255)]] concerning the validity of [[heresy|heretical]] [[baptism]], and Elpidophorus in the [[Council of Carthage (348)]]. Cresconius was the Catholic bishop who represented Cuicul at the [[Council of Carthage (411)]] between Catholic and [[Donatism|Donatist]] bishops; the Donatist bishop of the town died before the conference began. Crescens was one of the Catholic bishops whom the [[Arianism|Arian]] [[Vandals|Vandal]] king [[Huneric]] summoned to [[Council of Carthage (484)|Carthage in 484]]. Victor was at the [[Second Council of Constantinople]] in 553.<ref>A. Berthier, v. ''Cuicul'', in [http://booksnow.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/4/dictionnairedhis13bauduoft/dictionnairedhis13bauduoft.pdf ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''], vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1095–1097</ref><ref>H. Jaubert, [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5457275x/f54.image ''Anciens évêchés et ruines chrétiennes de la Numidie et de la Sitifienne''], in ''Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine'', vol. 46, 1913, pp. 32-33 (nº 46)</ref><ref>J. Mesnage [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1096329/f298.image ''L'Afrique chrétienne''], Paris 1912, pp. 283-284</ref><ref>Stefano Antonio Morcelli, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dO4-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA147 ''Africa christiana''], Volume I, Brescia 1816, p.&nbsp;147</ref> No longer a residential bishopric, Cuicul is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a [[titular see]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 877</ref>
Of the bishops of Cuicul, Pudentianus took part in the [[Council of Carthage (255)]] concerning the validity of [[heresy|heretical]] [[baptism]], and Elpidophorus in the [[Council of Carthage (348)]]. Cresconius was the Catholic bishop who represented Cuicul at the [[Council of Carthage (411)]] between Catholic and [[Donatism|Donatist]] bishops; the Donatist bishop of the town died before the conference began. Crescens was one of the Catholic bishops whom the [[Arianism|Arian]] [[Vandals|Vandal]] king [[Huneric]] summoned to [[Council of Carthage (484)|Carthage in 484]]. Victor was at the [[Second Council of Constantinople]] in 553.<ref>A. Berthier, v. ''Cuicul'', in [http://booksnow.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/4/dictionnairedhis13bauduoft/dictionnairedhis13bauduoft.pdf ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''], vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1095–1097</ref><ref>H. Jaubert, [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5457275x/f54.image ''Anciens évêchés et ruines chrétiennes de la Numidie et de la Sitifienne''], in ''Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine'', vol. 46, 1913, pp. 32-33 (nº 46)</ref><ref>J. Mesnage [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1096329/f298.image ''L'Afrique chrétienne''], Paris 1912, pp. 283-284</ref><ref>Stefano Antonio Morcelli, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dO4-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA147 ''Africa christiana''], Volume I, Brescia 1816, p.&nbsp;147</ref> No longer a residential bishopric, Cuicul is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a [[titular see]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 877</ref>
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[[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims later dominated the region]], but did not reoccupy the site of Cuicul, which they renamed Djémila ("beautiful" in Arabic).
[[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslims later dominated the region]], but did not reoccupy the site of Cuicul, which they renamed Djémila ("beautiful" in Arabic).


== 3D documentation ==
<br />
⚫
The spatial documentation of Djémila took place during two [[Zamani Project]] field campaigns in 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zamaniproject.org/site-algeria-djemila.html|title=Site - Djemila|website=zamaniproject.org|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> which were undertaken in co-operation with Prof Hamza Zeghlache and his team from the [[Setif 1 University|University of Setif, Algeria]], as well as the [[National Research Foundation (South Africa)|South African National Research Foundation]] (NRF). Several structures were documented, including the Baptistry,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spar3d.com/blogs/the-other-dimension/vol13no50-3d-heritage-models-with-a-twist/|title=3D Heritage Models, with a Twist|website=SPAR 3D|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref> the Caracalla Gate, the Market, the Septimius-servus Temple and the Theatre.


== Spatial Documentation ==
== Notable residents ==
⚫
Spatial documentation of Djémila took place during two [[Zamani Project]] field campaigns in 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zamaniproject.org/site-algeria-djemila.html|title=Site - Djemila|website=zamaniproject.org|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>, which were undertaken in co-operation with Prof Hamza Zeghlache and his team from the University of Setif, Algeria, as well as the South African [[National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation South Africa]] (NRF). Several structures were documented, including the Baptistry, the Caracalla Gate, the Market, the Septimius-servus Temple and the Theatre. The South African-based non-profit organisation specialises in [[digital cultural heritage]], and seeks to increase awareness and knowledge of tangible heritage in Africa and beyond. Their data can be used for research, education, restoration, conservation and as a record for future generations.
<br />
== Notable residents==
Several significant Romanized Africans were born in Cuicul:<ref>Anthony R. Birley, ''Septimius Severus, the African Emperor'', Éd. Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-16591-1}}</ref>
Several significant Romanized Africans were born in Cuicul:<ref>Anthony R. Birley, ''Septimius Severus, the African Emperor'', Éd. Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-16591-1}}</ref>
* [[Lucius Alfenus Senecio]]: governor of [[Britannia]] (205 to 207).
* [[Lucius Alfenus Senecio]]: governor of [[Britannia]] (205 to 207).
* [[Gaius Valerius Pudens]]: governor of Britannia.
* [[Gaius Valerius Pudens]]: governor of Britannia.
* [[Claudius Subatianus Aquila]]: governor of [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Egypt]].
* [[Tiberius Claudius Subatianus Aquila]]: governor of [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Egypt]].
* [[Claudius Subatianus Proculus]]: governor of [[Numidia]].
* [[Tiberius Claudius Subatianus Proculus]]: governor of [[Numidia]].


==Gallery==
==Gallery==


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Vue_generale_du_site_de_Dj%C3%A9mila.jpg| Panorama of Cuicul
File:Vue generale du site de Djémila.jpg|Panorama of Cuicul
File:Djemila 1180510.jpg|The ''Macellum''
File:Djemila 1180510.jpg|The ''Macellum''
File:Djemila, Algeria.jpg|Arch of [[Caracalla]]
File:Djemila, Algeria.jpg|The Arch of [[Caracalla]]
File:Djemila 0700510.jpg|Forum laid out by [[Septimius Severus]]
File:Djemila 0700510.jpg|Forum laid out by [[Septimius Severus]]
File:Djemila 140510.jpg|Temple of ''Gens Septimia''
File:Djemila 140510.jpg|Temple of ''Gens Septimia''
File:Djemila algeria roman ruins 114.jpg|Christian quarter
File:Djemila algeria roman ruins 114.jpg|Christian quarter
File:Baptistère.jpg|Christian baptismal area
File:Baptistère.jpg|Christian baptismal area
File:Djemila 110.jpg|Museum
File:Djemila 110.jpg|Museum
File:Ancient Roman theater in Djemila.jpg|Roman theater
File:Ancient Roman theater in Djemila.jpg|Roman theater
File:GM Djemila Roman Theatre04.jpg| Roman theater
File:GM Djemila Roman Theatre04.jpg|Roman theater
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Rome}}
{{Portal|Ancient Rome|Algeria}}


* [[Mauretania Caesariensis]]
* [[Mauretania Caesariensis]]
* [[Volubilis]]
* [[Volubilis]]
* [[List of cultural assets of Algeria]]


==References==
==References==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Djémila}}
{{commons category|Djemila}}
⚫
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/191 Official UNESCO Site for Cuicul-Djémila]
* [http://lexicorient.com/algeria/djemila.htm Djemila, Algeria]
⚫
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/191 Official UNESCO Site for Cuicul-Djémila]
* [http://www.pbase.com/cyrilp/djemila Photos of Cuicul (Djemila)]
* [http://www.pbase.com/cyrilp/djemila Photos of Cuicul (Djemila)]
* [https://www.topworldimages.com/Exploring_the_Ancient_Marvel_of_Djemila_Algeria_A_Hidden_Gem_for_World_Travelers.htm Djemila Multimedia]

* [https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/collections_featured.php?parent=5964 Images of Djemila] in Manar al-Athar digital heritage photo archive


{{Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa}}
{{Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Djemila}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Djemila}}
[[Category:Populated places in Sétif Province]]
[[Category:Communes of Sétif Province]]
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[[Category:Communes of Algeria]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sétif Province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sétif Province]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Algeria]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Algeria]]
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[[Category:Ancient Berber cities]]
[[Category:Ancient Berber cities]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sétif Province]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sétif Province]]
⚫
[[Category:Sétif Province]]

Latest revision as of 06:00, 27 May 2024

This article is about the village in Algeria. For the female given name, see Jamila.
Djémila
Roman Theatre of Djémila
Djémila is located in Algeria
Djémila
Shown within Algeria
Alternative nameCuicul
StandortSétif Province, Algeria
Coordinates36°19′N 5°44′E / 36.317°N 5.733°E / 36.317; 5.733
TypSettlement
History
Gegründet1st century AD
Abandoned6th century AD
PeriodsRoman Empire
Official nameCuicul-Djémila
TypCultural
Criteriaiii, iv
Designated1982 (6th session)
Reference no.191
RegionArab States
The Historical Market

Djémila (Arabic: جميلة, romanized: Beautiful (one), lit. 'Ǧamīlah'), formerly Cuicul, is a small mountain village in Algeria, near the northern coast east of Algiers, where some of the best preserved Roman ruins in North Africa are found. It is situated in the region bordering the Constantinois and Petite Kabylie (Basse Kabylie).

In 1982, Djémila became a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its unique adaptation of Roman architecture to a mountain environment. Significant buildings in ancient Cuicul include a theatre, two fora, temples, basilicas, arches, streets, and houses. The exceptionally well preserved ruins surround the forum of the Harsh, a large paved square with an entry marked by a majestic arch.

Roman Cuicul

[edit]

Under the name of Cuicul, the city was built 900 metres (3,000 ft) above sea level during the 1st century AD as a Roman military garrison situated on a narrow triangular plateau in the province of Numidia. The terrain is somewhat rugged, being located at the confluence of two rivers.

Cuicul on the map of Numidia, just south of Milevium and Cirta.Atlas Antiquus, H. Kiepert, 1869

Cuicul's builders followed a standard plan with a forum at the center and two main streets, the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, composing the major axes.[1] The city was initially populated by a colony of Roman soldiers from Italy, and eventually grew to become a large trading market. The resources that contributed to the prosperity of the city were essentially agricultural (cereals, olive trees and farm).

During the reign of Caracalla in the 3rd century, Cuicul's administrators took down some of the old ramparts and constructed a new forum. They surrounded it with larger and more impressive edifices than those that bordered the old forum. The terrain hindered building, so that they built the theatre outside the town walls, which was exceptional.

Christianity became very popular in the 4th century (after some persecutions in the early third century[2]) and brought the addition of a basilica and baptistery. They are to the south of Cuicul in a quarter called "Christian", and are popular attractions.[1]

Of the bishops of Cuicul, Pudentianus took part in the Council of Carthage (255) concerning the validity of heretical baptism, and Elpidophorus in the Council of Carthage (348). Cresconius was the Catholic bishop who represented Cuicul at the Council of Carthage (411) between Catholic and Donatist bishops; the Donatist bishop of the town died before the conference began. Crescens was one of the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484. Victor was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553.[3][4][5][6] No longer a residential bishopric, Cuicul is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[7]

The city was slowly abandoned after the fall of the Roman Empire around the 5th century and 6th century. There were some improvements under emperor Justinian I, with wall reinforcements.

Muslims later dominated the region, but did not reoccupy the site of Cuicul, which they renamed Djémila ("beautiful" in Arabic).

3D documentation

[edit]

The spatial documentation of Djémila took place during two Zamani Project field campaigns in 2009,[8] which were undertaken in co-operation with Prof Hamza Zeghlache and his team from the University of Setif, Algeria, as well as the South African National Research Foundation (NRF). Several structures were documented, including the Baptistry,[9] the Caracalla Gate, the Market, the Septimius-servus Temple and the Theatre.

Notable residents

[edit]

Several significant Romanized Africans were born in Cuicul:[10]

[edit]
  • Panorama of Cuicul
    Panorama of Cuicul
  • The Macellum
    The Macellum
  • The Arch of Caracalla
    The Arch of Caracalla
  • Forum laid out by Septimius Severus
    Forum laid out by Septimius Severus
  • Temple of Gens Septimia
    Temple of Gens Septimia
  • Christian quarter
    Christian quarter
  • Christian baptismal area
    Christian baptismal area
  • Museum
    Museum
  • Roman theater
    Roman theater
  • Roman theater
    Roman theater

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Djemila, Morocco, Algeria, & Tunisia, Geoff Crowther and Hugh Finlay, Lonely Planet, 2nd Edition, April 1992, pp. 298 - 299.
  2. ^ Christian persecutions in Cuicul
  3. ^ A. Berthier, v. Cuicul, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1095–1097
  4. ^ H. Jaubert, Anciens évêchés et ruines chrétiennes de la Numidie et de la Sitifienne, in Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine, vol. 46, 1913, pp. 32-33 (nº 46)
  5. ^ J. Mesnage L'Afrique chrétienne, Paris 1912, pp. 283-284
  6. ^ Stefano Antonio Morcelli, Africa christiana, Volume I, Brescia 1816, p. 147
  7. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 877
  8. ^ "Site - Djemila". zamaniproject.org. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  9. ^ "3D Heritage Models, with a Twist". SPAR 3D. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  10. ^ Anthony R. Birley, Septimius Severus, the African Emperor, Éd. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-16591-1
[edit]
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