Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3): Difference between revisions

*Pragyan*
	Pragyan roll out on Moon
Mission type	Lunar rover
Operator	ISRO
Mission duration	12 days (final)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	ISRO
Landing mass	26 kg (57 lb)
Dimensions	0.9 m × 0.75 m × 0.85 m (3.0 ft × 2.5 ft × 2.8 ft)
Power	50 W from solar panels
Start of mission
Launch date	14 July 2023 14:35 IST (09:05 UTC)
Rocket	LVM3 M4
Launch site	SDSC Second launch pad
Contractor	ISRO
Deployed from	Vikram
Deployment date	23 August 2023
Lunar rover
Landing date	23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC
Distance driven	101.4 m (333 ft)
	Chandrayaan programme ← Chandrayaan-2

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 04:38, 29 May 2024

Pragyan (from Sanskrit: prajñāna, lit. 'wisdom')^[4]^[5] is a lunar rover that forms part of Chandrayaan-3, a lunar mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).^[6]

A previous iteration of the rover, also named Pragyan, was launched as part of Chandrayaan-2 on 22 July 2019 and was destroyed with its lander, Vikram, when it crashed on the Moon on 6 September.^[7]^[8] Chandrayaan-3 launched on 14 July 2023, carrying new versions of Vikram and Pragyan,^[1] which successfully landed near the lunar south pole on 23 August 2023.^[9]

Übersicht

Pragyan has a mass of about 27 kg (60 lb) and dimensions of 0.9 m × 0.75 m × 0.85 m (3.0 ft × 2.5 ft × 2.8 ft), with a power output of 50 watts.^[10] It is designed to operate on solar power.^[11]^[12] The rover moves on six wheels and is intended to traverse 500 m (1,600 ft) on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm (0.39 in) per second, performing on-site analysis and sending the data to its lander for relay back to the Earth.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] For navigation, the rover is equipped with:

Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1-megapixel, monochromatic NAVCAMs in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a digital elevation model of the terrain.^[18] IIT Kanpur contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.^[19]
Control and motor dynamics: the rover design has a rocker-bogie suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent brushless DC electric motors. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.^[20]

The expected operating time of the rover is one lunar day or around 14 Earth days, as its electronics are not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. Its power system has a solar-powered sleep and wake-up cycle, which could result in a longer operation time than planned.^[21]^[22]

History

Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an LVM3-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India. On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at 30 kilometres (19 mi) above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.

It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly 150 metres (490 ft); it hovered there for about 30 seconds and located an optimal landing spot before continuing downward and touching down at 12:32 UTC.^[23]^[24]

After reaching the Moon's south pole, Chandrayaan-3 deployed the rover to explore the cratered surface, harnessed integrated cameras to send back videos of its environment, and started working on the research objectives planned for a two-week exploration of the Moon.^[25]

The first video of the rover, posted on 25 August 2023, showed it leaving the Vikram lander on a ramp and driving onto the Moon. ISRO posted the video in a thread on Twitter that also included footage from the lander approaching its landing site and kicking up dust as it touched down on the surface. ISRO wrote afterwards that the rover's two scientific instruments had been turned on and that it had moved eight meters.^[26]

On 26 August, the ISRO posted a new video, shot from the lander, of the rover's drive away, moving almost out of the lander's sight.^[27] On 27 August, it published two pictures after the rover encountered a large crater positioned three metres ahead of its location. However, the rover safely headed on a new path afterwards.^[28]^[29]

Later on 30 August, at 7:35 am, the rover took a picture of the Vikram lander, showing its two payloads, Chaste and ILSA, had deployed.^[30] Another image was captured at 11:04 the same day, from a distance of 15 m.^[31]

On September 2, the rover finished all assignments and entered into a sleep mode in preparation for wake up on September 22, however, it was not expected to continue working.^[32] Its battery was fully charged when it went into hibernation.^[33] However, after more than two weeks, both the rover and its lander's reactivations were delayed to the 23rd for unspecified reasons.^[34] As of 28 September 2023, the rover still had not woken^[35] and no updates have been provided by ISRO since. The Pragyan rover is presumed to be dead.

References

^ ^a ^b "ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details". Hindustan Times. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23–24 preferred landing dates". THE TIMES OF INDIA. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
^ "Chandrayaan-2 update: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver". Indian Space Research Organisation. 1 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
^ "Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft". Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit.
^ Wilson, Horace Hayman (1832). A dictionary in Sanscrit and English. Calcutta: Education Press. p. 561. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
^ "Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. May 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ "Chandrayaan – 2 Latest Update". isro.gov.in. 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro. Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Times of India. 8 September 2019.
^ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August". The Hindu. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
^ "Launch Kit at a glance – ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
^ "Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief". Gadgets360. NDTV. Press Trust of India. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
^ "ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh" (Press release). Department of Space. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
^ "ISRO to Launch Chandrayaan 2 on July 15, Moon Landing by September 7". The Wire. Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
^ Singh, Surendra (10 May 2019). "Chandrayaan-2 will carry 14 payloads to moon, no foreign module this time". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
^ "Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised" (Press release). Indian Space Research Organisation. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^ "Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon". The Economic Times. Times News Network. 2 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011.
^ Ramesh, Sandhya (12 June 2019). "Why Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO's 'most complex mission' so far". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
^ Laxmiprasad, A.S; Sridhar Raja, V.L.N; Menon, Surya; Goswami, Adwaita; Rao, M.V.H; Lohar, K.A (15 July 2013). "An in situ laser induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBS) for Chandrayaan-2 rover: Ablation kinetics and emissivity estimations". Advances in Space Research. 52 (2): 332–321. Bibcode:2013AdSpR..52..332L. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2013.03.021. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023 – via ScienceDirect.
^ "With robot hands, IIT-K profs bring joy to paralytics". The Times of India. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
^ Annadurai, Mylswami; Nagesh, G.; Vanitha, Muthayaa (28 June 2017). ""Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbiter & Lander Mission", 10th IAA Symposium on The Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Moon Village and Beyond, Torin, Italy". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2019. Mobility of the Rover in the unknown lunar terrain is accomplished by a Rocker bogie suspension system driven by six wheels. Brushless DC motors are used to drive the wheels to move along the desired path and steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels. The wheels are designed after extensive modelling of the wheel-soil interaction, considering the lunar soil properties, sinkage and slippage results from a single wheel test bed. The Rover mobility has been tested in the Lunar test facility wherein the soil simulant, terrain and the gravity of moon are simulated. The limitations w.r.t slope, obstacles, pits in view of slippage/sinkage have been experimentally verified with the analysis results. Alt URL
^ "Dr M Annadurai, Project director, Chandrayaan 1: 'Chandrayaan 2 logical extension of what we did in first mission'". The Indian Express. 29 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
^ Payyappilly, Baiju; Muthusamy, Sankaran (17 January 2018). "Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover". 2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660. ISBN 978-1-5090-4426-9. S2CID 38638820. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
^ Mehta, Jatan. "Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
^ "India Is on the Moon: Lander's Success Moves Nation to Next Space Chapter". The New York Times. 23 August 2023. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
^ Monisha Ravisetti (28 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time". Space.com. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
^ ISRO [@isro] (25 August 2023). "... ... and here is how the Chandrayaan-3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 August 2023 – via Twitter.
^ ISRO [@isro] (26 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
🔍What's new here?
Pragyan rover roams around Shiv Shakti Point in pursuit of lunar secrets at the South Pole 🌗!" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 August 2023 – via Twitter.
^ ISRO [@isro] (28 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
On August 27, 2023, the Rover came across a 4-meter diameter crater positioned 3 meters ahead of its location.
The Rover was commanded to retrace the path.
It's now safely heading on a new path" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 August 2023 – via Twitter.
^ Davis, Wes (28 August 2023). "India's lunar mission beams back video and images from the Moon's south pole". The Verge. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
^ ISRO [@isro] (30 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
Smile, please📸!
Pragyan Rover clicked an image of Vikram Lander this morning.
The 'image of the mission' was taken by the Navigation Camera onboard the Rover (NavCam).
NavCams for the Chandrayaan-3 Mission are developed by the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)
https://isro.gov.in/LEOS.html" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 August 2023 – via Twitter.
^ ISRO [@isro] (30 August 2023). "Beyond Borders, Across Moonscapes:
India's Majesty knows no bounds!.
Once more, co-traveller Pragyan captures Vikram in a Snap!
This iconic snap was taken today around 11 am IST from about 15 m.
The data from the NavCams is processed by SAC/ISRO, Ahmedabad" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 August 2023 – via Twitter.
^ ""Hopeful Chandrayaan-3 lander and rover will awake": space scientist Suvendu Patnayak". ANI News. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ "Chandrayaan 3: Pragyan goes to sleep, may 'wake up' on next sunrise on Sept 22". Hindustan Times. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
^ "Reactivation of Chandrayaan-3 lander, rover deferred by a day". Hindustan Times. 22 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ "Hope Fades for India's Historic Moon Lander After It Fails to 'Wake Up'". Voice of America. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

[scheduled_launch-1] "ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details". Hindustan Times. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.

[Landing_date-2] "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23–24 preferred landing dates". THE TIMES OF INDIA. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.

[3] "Chandrayaan-2 update: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver". Indian Space Research Organisation. 1 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.

[Chandrayaan-2_Spacecraft-4] "Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft". Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit.

[5] Wilson, Horace Hayman (1832). A dictionary in Sanscrit and English. Calcutta: Education Press. p. 561. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.

[6] "Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. May 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.

[L_Update-7] "Chandrayaan – 2 Latest Update". isro.gov.in. 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.

[Hard_landing_TOI-8] Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro. Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Times of India. 8 September 2019.

[9] "Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August". The Hindu. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.

[Launchkit_gl-10] "Launch Kit at a glance – ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.

[ndtv20180829-11] "Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief". Gadgets360. NDTV. Press Trust of India. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.

[idos20180828-12] "ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh" (Press release). Department of Space. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.

[13] "ISRO to Launch Chandrayaan 2 on July 15, Moon Landing by September 7". The Wire. Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

[14] Singh, Surendra (10 May 2019). "Chandrayaan-2 will carry 14 payloads to moon, no foreign module this time". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.

[payload-15] "Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised" (Press release). Indian Space Research Organisation. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2010.

[Economic-16] "Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon". The Economic Times. Times News Network. 2 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011.

[:1-17] Ramesh, Sandhya (12 June 2019). "Why Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO's 'most complex mission' so far". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

[18] Laxmiprasad, A.S; Sridhar Raja, V.L.N; Menon, Surya; Goswami, Adwaita; Rao, M.V.H; Lohar, K.A (15 July 2013). "An in situ laser induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBS) for Chandrayaan-2 rover: Ablation kinetics and emissivity estimations". Advances in Space Research. 52 (2): 332–321. Bibcode:2013AdSpR..52..332L. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2013.03.021. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023 – via ScienceDirect.

[19] "With robot hands, IIT-K profs bring joy to paralytics". The Times of India. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[20] Annadurai, Mylswami; Nagesh, G.; Vanitha, Muthayaa (28 June 2017). ""Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbiter & Lander Mission", 10th IAA Symposium on The Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Moon Village and Beyond, Torin, Italy". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2019. Mobility of the Rover in the unknown lunar terrain is accomplished by a Rocker bogie suspension system driven by six wheels. Brushless DC motors are used to drive the wheels to move along the desired path and steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels. The wheels are designed after extensive modelling of the wheel-soil interaction, considering the lunar soil properties, sinkage and slippage results from a single wheel test bed. The Rover mobility has been tested in the Lunar test facility wherein the soil simulant, terrain and the gravity of moon are simulated. The limitations w.r.t slope, obstacles, pits in view of slippage/sinkage have been experimentally verified with the analysis results. Alt URL

[21] "Dr M Annadurai, Project director, Chandrayaan 1: 'Chandrayaan 2 logical extension of what we did in first mission'". The Indian Express. 29 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.

[22] Payyappilly, Baiju; Muthusamy, Sankaran (17 January 2018). "Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover". 2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660. ISBN 978-1-5090-4426-9. S2CID 38638820. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2019.

[:6-23] Mehta, Jatan. "Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.

[24] "India Is on the Moon: Lander's Success Moves Nation to Next Space Chapter". The New York Times. 23 August 2023. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.

[25] Monisha Ravisetti (28 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time". Space.com. Retrieved 29 August 2023.

[26] ISRO [@isro] (25 August 2023). "... ... and here is how the Chandrayaan-3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 August 2023 – via Twitter.

[27] ISRO [@isro] (26 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
🔍What's new here?
Pragyan rover roams around Shiv Shakti Point in pursuit of lunar secrets at the South Pole 🌗!" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 August 2023 – via Twitter.

[28] ISRO [@isro] (28 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
On August 27, 2023, the Rover came across a 4-meter diameter crater positioned 3 meters ahead of its location.
The Rover was commanded to retrace the path.
It's now safely heading on a new path" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 August 2023 – via Twitter.

[29] Davis, Wes (28 August 2023). "India's lunar mission beams back video and images from the Moon's south pole". The Verge. Retrieved 29 August 2023.

[30] ISRO [@isro] (30 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
Smile, please📸!
Pragyan Rover clicked an image of Vikram Lander this morning.
The 'image of the mission' was taken by the Navigation Camera onboard the Rover (NavCam).
NavCams for the Chandrayaan-3 Mission are developed by the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)
https://isro.gov.in/LEOS.html" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 August 2023 – via Twitter.

[31] ISRO [@isro] (30 August 2023). "Beyond Borders, Across Moonscapes:
India's Majesty knows no bounds!.
Once more, co-traveller Pragyan captures Vikram in a Snap!
This iconic snap was taken today around 11 am IST from about 15 m.
The data from the NavCams is processed by SAC/ISRO, Ahmedabad" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 August 2023 – via Twitter.

[32] ""Hopeful Chandrayaan-3 lander and rover will awake": space scientist Suvendu Patnayak". ANI News. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.

[33] "Chandrayaan 3: Pragyan goes to sleep, may 'wake up' on next sunrise on Sept 22". Hindustan Times. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.

[34] "Reactivation of Chandrayaan-3 lander, rover deferred by a day". Hindustan Times. 22 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.

[35] "Hope Fades for India's Historic Moon Lander After It Fails to 'Wake Up'". Voice of America. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{About|the lunar rover from [[Chandrayaan 3]]|the rover from [[Chandrayaan 2]]|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}
 {{Short description|Indian lunar rover}}
 {{Italic title}}
-{{Split|date=August 2023|''Pragyan'' (''Chandrayaan-2'')|''Pragyan'' (''Chandrayaan-3'')|discuss=Talk:Pragyan (rover)#Need to split article}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | mission_type       = [[Lunar rover]]
 | operator           = [[ISRO]]
-| mission_duration   = {{plainlist|
+| mission_duration   = {{time interval|August 23, 2023|September 4, 2023}} (final)
-* [[Chandrayaan-2]]: 0 days (landing failure)
-* [[Chandrayaan-3]]: {{time interval|August 23, 2023}} (elapsed)
-}}
 | manufacturer       = [[ISRO]]
-| landing_mass       = {{plainlist|
+| landing_mass       = {{cvt|26|kg}}
-* Chandrayaan-2: {{cvt|27|kg}}
-* Chandrayaan-3: {{cvt|26|kg}}
-}}
 | dimensions         = {{cvt|0.9|x|0.75|x|0.85|m|ft}}
 | power              = 50 W from [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]]
+| launch_date        = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35 IST (09:05 UTC)<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news |title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details |date=2023-07-06 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708231639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-| launch_date        = {{plainlist|
+| launch_rocket      = [[LVM3]] M4
-* Chandrayaan-2: {{start-date|22 July 2019}} 14:43:12 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (09:13:12 [[UTC]])
-* Chandrayaan-3: {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35 IST (09:05 UTC)<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news |title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details |date=2023-07-06 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708231639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-}}
-| launch_rocket      = [[LVM3]] M1, [[LVM3]] M4
 | launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second launch pad]]
-| deployment_from    = [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']]
+| deployment_from    = [[Chandrayaan-3#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']]
+| deployment_date    =  23 August 2023<ref name="Landing date">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23–24 preferred landing dates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms |date=6 July 2023 |website=THE TIMES OF INDIA |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825135914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
-| deployment_date    = {{plainlist| * Chandrayaan-2: 7 September 2019 (intended,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|title=Live media coverage of the landing of Chandrayaan-2 on lunar surface – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-02|archive-date=2019-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902212259/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|url-status=dead}}</ref> never deployed from destroyed lander)<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan – 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status = dead}}</ref>
-* Chandrayaan-3: 23 August 2023<ref name="Landing date">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23–24 preferred landing dates |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms |date=6 July 2023 |website=THE TIMES OF INDIA |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825135914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
-}}
 | launch_contractor  = [[ISRO]]
 | last_contact       =
@@ Line 37: / Line 26: @@
    |type                = rover
    |object              = Lunar
+   |arrival_date        = 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan-2 update: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|date = September 1, 2019|access-date = September 1, 2019|publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|archive-date = September 3, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903075526/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|url-status = dead}}</ref>
-   |arrival_date        = {{plainlist|
+   |location            =
-* Chandrayaan-2: 6 September 2019, 20:00–21:00 UTC
+   |distance            = {{Cvt|101.4|m}}
-* Chandrayaan-3: 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan-2 update: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|date = September 1, 2019|access-date = September 1, 2019|publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|archive-date = September 3, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903075526/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|url-status = dead}}</ref>
-}}
-   |location            = Attempted: 70.90267°S  22.78110°E<ref name="Amitabh2018">{{cite conference |url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf |title=Potential Landing Sites for Chandrayaan-2 Lander in Southern Hemisphere of Moon |conference=49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 19–23 March 2018. The Woodlands, Texas. |first1=S. |last1=Amitabh |first2=T. P. |last2=Srinivasan |first3=K. |last3=Suresh |date=2018 |bibcode=2018LPI....49.1975A |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822054335/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> (Intended) <br /> Crash landing at least 500m away from planned site. (Actual)
-   |distance            = {{plainlist|
-* Chandrayaan-2: {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} (intended)
-* Chandrayaan-3: {{Cvt|101.4|m}}
-}}
 }}
 | programme          = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
-| previous_mission   =
+| previous_mission   = [[Chandrayaan-2]]
 }}
-'''''Pragyan''''' (from {{lang-sa|prajñāna|translit=|lit=wisdom}})<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |access-date=24 August 2019 |quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=561|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124234/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[lunar rover]] that forms part of [[Chandrayaan-3]], a lunar mission developed by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|title=Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 &#124; India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=May 2019|access-date=2019-05-01|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518232417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A previous iteration of the rover was launched as part of [[Chandrayaan-2]] on 22 July 2019 and was destroyed with its lander, ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'', when it crashed on the [[Moon]] on 6 September.<ref name="L Update"/><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms |date=2020-11-12 }} ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref> Chandrayaan-3 launched on 14 July 2023, carrying new versions of ''Vikram'' and ''Pragyan'',<ref name="scheduled launch"/> which successfully landed near the [[lunar south pole]] on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''''Pragyan''''' (from {{lang-sa|prajñāna|translit=|lit=wisdom}})<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |access-date=24 August 2019 |quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=561|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124234/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[lunar rover]] that forms part of [[Chandrayaan-3]], a lunar mission developed by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|title=Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 &#124; India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=May 2019|access-date=2019-05-01|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518232417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
+A previous iteration of the rover, also named [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)|Pragyan]], was launched as part of [[Chandrayaan-2]] on 22 July 2019 and was destroyed with its lander, ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'', when it crashed on the [[Moon]] on 6 September.<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan – 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms |date=2020-11-12 }} ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref> Chandrayaan-3 launched on 14 July 2023, carrying new versions of ''Vikram'' and ''Pragyan'',<ref name="scheduled launch"/> which successfully landed near the [[lunar south pole]] on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Overview==
@@ Line 62: / Line 47: @@
 The expected operating time of the rover is one lunar day or around 14 Earth days, as its electronics are not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. Its power system has a solar-powered sleep and wake-up cycle, which could result in a longer operation time than planned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|title=Dr M Annadurai, Project director, Chandrayaan 1: 'Chandrayaan 2 logical extension of what we did in first mission'|date=2019-06-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-30|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629180634/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last1=Payyappilly| first1=Baiju| last2=Muthusamy| first2=Sankaran| date=17 January 2018| chapter=Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover| chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524| title=2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES)| pages=1–6| doi=10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660| isbn=978-1-5090-4426-9| s2cid=38638820| access-date=5 August 2019| archive-date=20 July 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203342/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524_Design_framework_of_a_configurable_electrical_power_system_for_lunar_rover| url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Chandrayaan-2 (2019) ==
+== History ==
-{{further|Chandrayaan-2}}
-[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Pragyan rover mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Pragyan'' mounted on the ramp of ''Vikram'' lander]]
-===Planned landing site ===
-Two landing sites were selected in the [[Lunar south pole|lunar south polar]] region, each with a [[landing ellipse]] of {{cvt|32|x|11|km}}.<ref name="Amitabh2018"/> The prime landing site (PLS54) is at {{Coord|70.90267|S|22.78110|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}}, approximately {{cvt|350|km}} north of the rim of the [[South Pole–Aitken basin]].<ref name="Rishitosh 2019">[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf Geological Insights into Chandrayaan-2 Landing Site in the Southern High Latitudes of the Moon.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619200119/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf |date=2020-06-19 }} Rishitosh K. Sinha, Vijayan Sivaprahasam, Megha Bhatt, Harish Nandal, Nandita Kumari, Neeraj Srivastava, Indhu Varatharajan, Dwijesh Ray, Christian Wöhler, and Anil Bhardwaj. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132).</ref><ref name="Amitabh2018"/> The alternative landing site (ALS01) is at {{Coord|67.87406|S|18.46947|W|globe:Moon|display=inline}}. The prime site is on a high plain between the craters [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus&nbsp;C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius&nbsp;N]],<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html Chandrayaan-2: How 'Lander Vikram' will touchdown on the moon?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719070148/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html |date=2019-07-19 }} Srishti Choudhary, ''Live Mint'' 14 July 2019.</ref><ref name='Rishitosh 2019'/> on the [[near side of the Moon]].<ref name="Amitabh2018"/>  The criteria used to select the landing zones were a location in the south polar region and on the near side, a slope less than 15 degrees, with boulders less than {{cvt|50|cm|in}} in diameter, a crater and boulder distribution, being sunlit for at least 14 days, and with nearby ridges not shadowing the site for long durations.<ref name="Amitabh2018"/>
-Both the planned site and the alternative site are located within the polar LQ30 [[List of quadrangles on the Moon|quadrangle]]. The surface likely consists of impact melt, possibly mantled by ejecta from the massive [[South Pole–Aitken basin]] and mixing by subsequent nearby impacts.<ref name='Mest 2015'>[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2510.pdf Update on the Geologic Mapping of the Lunar South Pole Quadrangle (LQ-30): Evaluating Mare, Cryptomare and Impact Melt Deposits.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616045131/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2510.pdf |date=2022-06-16 }} S. C. Mest, D. C. Berman, N.E. Petro, and R. A. Yingst. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015).</ref> The nature of the melt is mostly [[mafic]],<ref name='Mest 2015'/> meaning it is rich in [[silicate mineral]]s, [[magnesium]], and [[iron]]. The region could also offer scientifically valuable rocks from the [[Internal structure of the Moon|lunar mantle]] if the basin impactor excavated all the way through the crust.<ref>[https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/as-india-prepares-for-another-moon-mission-here-is-what-makes-chandrayaan-2-special/262403/ As India prepares for another Moon mission, here is what makes Chandrayaan-2 special.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806145056/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/as-india-prepares-for-another-moon-mission-here-is-what-makes-chandrayaan-2-special/262403/ |date=2019-08-06 }} Sandhya Ramesh, ''The Print''. 14 July 2019.</ref>
-===Crash landing===
-The lander ''Vikram'', carrying ''Pragyan'', separated from the [[Chandrayaan-2]] orbiter on 7 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 1:50&nbsp;a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as planned. The descent and soft-landing was to be done by the on-board computers on ''Vikram'', with mission control unable to make corrections.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ Chandrayaan 2: Here's everything about ISRO Moon-landing its Vikram lander.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911214743/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ |date=2019-09-11 }} ''Financial Express''. Ribhu Mishra, 7 September 2019.</ref>
-The lander's trajectory began to deviate at about 2.1 kilometers (1.3 mi; 6,900 ft) above the surface.<ref>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html India Just Found Its Lost Vikram Lander on the Moon, Still No Signal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909045912/https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html |date=2019-09-09 }} Tariq Malik ,''Space''. 8 September 2019.</ref> The final [[telemetry]] readings during ISRO's live-stream show that ''Vikram''{{'s}} final vertical velocity was {{cvt|58|m/s|km/h mph}} at {{cvt|330|m}} above the surface, which according to the MIT ''Technology Review'' was "quite fast for a lunar landing".<ref name='Patel MIT'>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 lander likely crashed into the moon's surface.|author=Neel V. Patel|website=MIT Technology Review|date=6 September 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906222449/https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref> Initial reports suggested a crash,<ref name='Apparent crash'>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909041327/https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html |date=2019-09-09 }} Mike Wall, ''Space''. 7 September 2019. Quote: "India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash."</ref><ref name="planetary landing">{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|title=India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash-Lands on Moon|website=www.planetary.org|language=en|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910230719/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and were later confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that the lander location had been found, and "it must had been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI"/><ref name="landerspotted">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|title=Lander Vikram located: K Sivan|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-09-08|archive-date=2019-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908125712/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html | title = India Says It Has Located Chandrayaan-2 Lander on Moon's Surface | first = Kai | last = Schultz | date = 8 September 2019 | access-date = 8 September 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] | archive-date = 8 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908122008/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] took images of the crash site, showing that the lander had been destroyed by the impact, creating an impact site and debris field spanning kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface|title=India's crashed Vikram moon lander spotted on lunar surface|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=December 3, 2019|website=the Guardian|access-date=October 5, 2021|archive-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006012535/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface|url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Chandrayaan-3 (2023) ==
 [[File:The lunar crater that the Pragyan rover of Chandrayaan-3 encountered on 27th August 2023, as seen by the Navgation Camera.png|thumb|A four-meter diameter crater, as captured by the Navigation camera onboard the rover.]]
@@ Line 83: / Line 54: @@
 It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly {{convert|150|m|ft}}; it hovered there for about 30 seconds and located an optimal landing spot before continuing downward and touching down at 12:32 [[UTC]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jatan |title=Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031414/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=India Is on the Moon: Lander's Success Moves Nation to Next Space Chapter |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/science/chandrayaan-3-india-moon-landing.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823172509/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/science/chandrayaan-3-india-moon-landing.html |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
-After reaching the Moon's south pole, Chandrayaan-3 deployed the rover to explore the cratered surface, harnessed integrated cameras to send back videos of its environment, and started working on the research objectives planned for a two-week exploration of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=published |first=Monisha Ravisetti |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
+After reaching the Moon's south pole, Chandrayaan-3 deployed the rover to explore the cratered surface, harnessed integrated cameras to send back videos of its environment, and started working on the research objectives planned for a two-week exploration of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Monisha Ravisetti |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
 The first video of the rover, posted on 25 August 2023, showed it leaving the Vikram lander on a ramp and driving onto the Moon. ISRO posted the video in a thread on [[Twitter]] that also included footage from the lander approaching its landing site and kicking up dust as it touched down on the surface. ISRO wrote afterwards that the rover's two scientific instruments had been turned on and that it had moved eight meters.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1694945669721776263 |title=... ... and here is how the Chandrayaan-3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface.|access-date=2023-08-29|language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 89: / Line 60: @@
 On 26 August, the ISRO posted a new video, shot from the lander, of the rover's drive away, moving almost out of the lander's sight.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1695378531243454712 |title='''Chandrayaan-3 Mission:'''<br/>🔍What's new here?<br/>Pragyan rover roams around Shiv Shakti Point in pursuit of lunar secrets at the South Pole 🌗!|access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en}}</ref> On 27 August, it published two pictures after the rover encountered a large [[Lunar craters|crater]] positioned three metres ahead of its location. However, the rover safely headed on a new path afterwards.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1696116050843349028 |title='''Chandrayaan-3 Mission:'''<br/>On August 27, 2023, the Rover came across a 4-meter diameter crater positioned 3 meters ahead of its location.<br/>The Rover was commanded to retrace the path.<br/>It's now safely heading on a new path.|date=2023-08-28|access-date=2023-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's lunar mission beams back video and images from the Moon's south pole |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/28/23848816/india-chandrayaan-3-lunar-rover-videos-pictures |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>
-Later on 30 August, at 7:35 am, the rover took a picture of the Vikram lander, showing its two payloads, Chaste and ILSA, had deployed.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1696792992718442558 |title='''Chandrayaan-3 Mission:'''<br/>Smile, please📸!<br/>Pragyan Rover clicked an image of Vikram Lander this morning.  <br/>The 'image of the mission' was taken by the Navigation Camera onboard the Rover (NavCam).<br/>NavCams for the Chandrayaan-3 Mission are developed by the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)<br/>https://isro.gov.in/LEOS.html|date=2023-08-30|access-date=2023-08-31 |language=en}}</ref> Another image was captured at 11:04 the same day, from a distance of 15{{Nbsp}}m.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1696906614194807178 |title='''Beyond Borders, Across Moonscapes:'''<br/>'''India's Majesty knows no bounds!.''' <br/>Once more, co-traveller Pragyan captures Vikram in a Snap! <br/>This iconic snap was taken today around 11 am IST from about 15 m.<br/>The data from the NavCams is processed by SAC/ISRO, Ahmedabad.|date=2023-08-30|access-date=2023-08-31|language=en}}</ref>
+Later on 30 August, at 7:35 am, the rover took a picture of the Vikram lander, showing its two payloads, Chaste and ILSA, had deployed.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1696792992718442558 |title='''Chandrayaan-3 Mission:'''<br/>Smile, please📸!<br/>Pragyan Rover clicked an image of Vikram Lander this morning. <br/>The 'image of the mission' was taken by the Navigation Camera onboard the Rover (NavCam).<br/>NavCams for the Chandrayaan-3 Mission are developed by the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)<br/>https://isro.gov.in/LEOS.html|date=2023-08-30|access-date=2023-08-31 |language=en}}</ref> Another image was captured at 11:04 the same day, from a distance of 15{{Nbsp}}m.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1696906614194807178 |title='''Beyond Borders, Across Moonscapes:'''<br/>'''India's Majesty knows no bounds!.''' <br/>Once more, co-traveller Pragyan captures Vikram in a Snap! <br/>This iconic snap was taken today around 11 am IST from about 15 m.<br/>The data from the NavCams is processed by SAC/ISRO, Ahmedabad.|date=2023-08-30|access-date=2023-08-31|language=en}}</ref>
-On September 2, the rover finished all the assignments and was put into a sleep mode; it is expected to wake up on September 22. Its battery is fully charged.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan 3: Pragyan goes to sleep, may ‘wake up’ on next sunrise on Sept 22 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pragyan-rover-set-into-sleep-mode-battery-charged-to-wake-up-on-sept-22-chandrayaan-3-latest-news-101693672416450.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 September 2023 |language=en |date=2 September 2023}}</ref>
+On September 2, the rover finished all assignments and entered into a sleep mode in preparation for wake up on September 22, however, it was not expected to continue working.<ref>{{cite web |title="Hopeful Chandrayaan-3 lander and rover will awake": space scientist Suvendu Patnayak |url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/hopeful-chandrayaan-3-lander-and-rover-will-awake-space-scientist-suvendu-patnayak20230921122252/ |website=ANI News |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |date=21 September 2023}}</ref> Its battery was fully charged when it went into hibernation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan 3: Pragyan goes to sleep, may 'wake up' on next sunrise on Sept 22 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pragyan-rover-set-into-sleep-mode-battery-charged-to-wake-up-on-sept-22-chandrayaan-3-latest-news-101693672416450.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 September 2023 |language=en |date=2 September 2023}}</ref> However, after more than two weeks, both the rover and its lander's reactivations were delayed to the 23rd for unspecified reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reactivation of Chandrayaan-3 lander, rover deferred by a day |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/reactivation-chandrayaan3-vikram-lander-pragyan-rover-scheduled-tomorrow-101695376476590.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |date=22 September 2023}}</ref> As of 28 September 2023, the rover still had not woken<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Hope Fades for India's Historic Moon Lander After It Fails to 'Wake Up' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hope-fades-for-india-s-historic-moon-lander-after-it-fails-to-wake-up-/7288217.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> and no updates have been provided by ISRO since. The Pragyan rover is presumed to be dead.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 98: / Line 69: @@
 * [[Luna-Glob]], Russian lunar program
 * [[Rover (space exploration)]]
+* [[Lunar rover]]
+* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
 {{div col end}}
@@ Line 108: / Line 81: @@
 {{Moon spacecraft}}
 {{Solar System probes}}
-{{Orbital launches in 2019}}
 {{Orbital launches in 2023}}
 [[Category:Lunar rovers]]
 [[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
-[[Category:Space probes launched in 2019]]
 [[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
-[[Category:2019 in India]]
 [[Category:ISRO space probes]]
 [[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]]
 [[Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon]]
-[[Category:Space probes decommissioned in 2019]]
-[[Category:2019 on the Moon]]
 [[Category:2023 on the Moon]]
 [[Category:Space probes launched in 2023]]
-[[Category:2023 in India]]
+[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2023]]

v t e ← 2022 Orbital launches in 2023 2024 →
January	ION SCV-007 & 008 (Astrocast × 4), Orbiter SN1† (Unicorn-2G†, Unicorn-2H†), Vigoride-5, ICEYE × 3, Lynk Tower 03, Lynk Tower 04, ÑuSat × 4, Flock 4y × 36, KSF3 × 4, Gama Alpha, Lemur-2 × 6, Milspace-2 1, MilSpace-2 2, Platform 2, SpaceBEE × 12, Shijian 23 AMAN†, CIRCE 1†, CIRCE 2†, ForgeStar-0†, Prometheus 2A†, Prometheus 2B†, STORK-6† OneWeb L16 (40 satellites) Apstar 6E Yaogan 37, Shiyan 22A, Shiyan 22B Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D 34, Jilin-1 Hongwai-01A × 2, Jilin-1 Mofang-02A × 3 LDPE-3A, USA-342 / CBAS-2 USA-343 / GPS III-06 Starlink G2-4 (51 satellites) Hawk × 3 IGS-Radar 7 Starlink G5-2 (56 satellites) Starlink G2-6 (49 satellites), ION SCV-009
February	Starlink G5-3 (53 satellites) Elektro-L №4 Amazonas Nexus Progress MS-22 Starlink G5-4 (55 satellites) Starlink G2-5 (51 satellites) Inmarsat-6 F2 ChinaSat 26 Soyuz MS-23 Starlink G6-1 (21 satellites)
March	SpaceX Crew-6 Starlink G2-7 (51 satellites) Nahid-1† ALOS-3† OneWeb L17 (40 satellites) Olymp-K №2 / Luch-5X SpaceX CRS-27 Shiyan 19 Capella 9, Capella 10 Gaofen 13-02 Starlink G2-8 (52 satellites) SES-18, SES-19 Kosmos 2567 / Bars-M 4L BlackSky 18, BlackSky 19 Starlink G5-5 (56 satellites) OneWeb L18 (36 satellites) Ofeq-13 Kosmos 2568 / EO MKA №4 Starlink G5-10 (56 satellites) PIESAT-1A 01, PIESAT-1B × 3 Yaogan 34-04
April	SDA Transport Layer Tranche 0 × 8, SDA Tracking Layer Tranche 0 × 2 Intelsat 40e / TEMPO JUICE ION SCV-010 (Kepler-20, Kepler-21), Vigoride-6, Hawk × 3, İMECE, ÑuSat × 4, Brokkr-1, DEWA SAT-2, LacunaSat-2F, Lemur-2 × 3, Sateliot_0 / Platform 3, TAIFA-1 Fengyun 3G Starlink G6-2 (21 satellites) Starlink G3-5 (46 satellites) O3b mPOWER 3, O3b mPOWER 4
May	ViaSat-3.1 Starlink G5-6 (56 satellites) TROPICS 05, TROPICS 06 Tianzhou 6 Starlink G2-9 (51 satellites) BeiDou-3 G4 Starlink G6-3 (22 satellites) Iridium 9 (5 satellites), OneWeb L19 (15 satellites), JoeySat Axiom Mission 2 Progress MS-23 TROPICS 03, TROPICS 07 Kondor-FKA №1 Arabsat 7B (BADR-8) NVS-01 Shenzhou 16 Malligyong-1† Starlink G2-10 (52 satellites)
June	Starlink G6-4 (22 satellites) SpaceX CRS-28 (Maya-5, Maya-6) Shiyan 24A, Shiyan 24B Starlink G5-11 (52 satellites) ION SCV-011 (Unicorn-2I), Orbiter SN3, Blackjack Aces × 4, ICEYE × 4, ÑuSat × 4, GEISAT, Lemur-2 × 3, MISR-A, MISR-B, SpaceBEE × 12, Tiger-4, XVI Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 8, Jilin-1 Gaofen-06A × 30, Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A × 2 SATRIA Shiyan 25 Starlink G5-7 (47 satellites) USA-345 / Orion 11 Starlink G5-12 (56 satellites) Meteor-M №2-3
July	Euclid Syracuse 4B Starlink G5-13 (48 satellites) Starlink G6-5 (22 satellites) Chandrayaan-3 (Vikram, Pragyan) Starlink G5-15 (54 satellites) Lemur-2 × 2 Starlink G6-15 (15 satellites) Starlink G6-6 (22 satellites) Yaogan 36-05 (3 satellites) Starlink G6-7 (22 satellites) Jupiter-3 / EchoStar-24
August	Cygnus NG-19 Fengyun 3F Galaxy-37 Starlink G6-8 (22 satellites) Kosmos 2569 / GLONASS-K2 13L Starlink G6-20 (15 satellites) S-SAR 02 / Huanjing-2F Luna 25 Starlink G6-9 (22 satellites) Starlink G6-10 (22 satellites) Gaofen 12-04 Starlink G7-1 (21 satellites) Progress MS-24 Malligyong-1 F2† Acadia 1 Jilin-1 Kuanfu-02A SpaceX Crew-7 Starlink G6-11 (22 satellites) Yaogan 39-01 (3 satellites)
September	Starlink G6-13 (22 satellites) Aditya-L1 SDA Transport Layer Tranche 0 × 11, SDA Tracking Layer Tranche 0 × 2 Starlink G6-12 (21 satellites) Yaogan 33-03 XRISM, SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2) Starlink G6-14 (22 satellites) Yaogan 40 (3 satellites) USA-346 / Silentbarker 1, USA-347 / Silentbarker 2, USA-348 / Silentbarker 3 Starlink G7-2 (21 satellites) Soyuz MS-24 Starlink G6-16 (22 satellites) Yaogan 39-02 (3 satellites) Acadia 2† Starlink G6-17 (22 satellites) Jilin-1 Gaofen-04B† Starlink G6-18 (22 satellites) Starlink G7-3 (21 satellites) Yaogan 33-04 Starlink G6-19 (22 satellites)
October	Yaogan 39-03 (3 satellites) Starlink G6-21 (22 satellites) KuiperSat-1, KuiperSat-2 THEOS-2, MACSAT Starlink G7-4 (21 satellites) Psyche Starlink G6-22 (22 satellites) Starlink G6-23 (22 satellites) Starlink G7-5 (21 satellites) Starlink G6-24 (23 satellites) Yaogan 39-04 (3 satellites) Shenzhou 17 Kosmos 2570 / Lotos-S1 №7 (Kosmos 2571) Starlink G7-6 (22 satellites) Starlink G6-25 (23 satellites)
November	TJS-10 Starlink G6-26 (23 satellites) Starlink G6-27 (23 satellites) ChinaSat 6E SpaceX CRS-29 ION SCV-015 (Lemur-2 NANAZ, OSW Cazorla, Unicorn-2J, Unicorn-2K), Aether-1, Aether-2, FalconSAT-X, ICEYE × 4, Pelican-1, B1B2 Barry, Flock-4q × 36, Lemur-2 × 10, PEARL-1C, PEARL-1H, Platform 5, STORK-7 / Aman-1 O3b mPOWER 5, O3b mPOWER 6 Haiyang-3A Starlink G6-28 (23 satellites) Starlink G7-7 (22 satellites) Malligyong-1 F3 Starlink G6-29 (23 satellites) Kosmos 2572 / Razdan 1 Starlink G6-30 (23 satellites)
December	Progress MS-25 ION SCV-012 (Unicorn × 3), EIRSAT-1, Hayasat-1 Starlink G6-31 (23 satellites) Starlink G6-33 (23 satellites) Starlink G7-8 (22 satellites) Yaogan 39-05 (3 satellites) Reusable Experimental Spacecraft Yaogan 41 Starlink G6-34 (23 satellites) Kosmos 2573 / Bars-M 5L Starlink G6-32 (23 satellites) SARah-2, SARah-3 Shiyan 24C-01, Shiyan 24C-02, Shiyan 24C-03 BeiDou-3 M25, BeiDou-3 M26 Kosmos 2574 / Razbeg No.1 USA-349 / X-37B OTV-7 Starlink G6-36 (23 satellites)
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).