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{{Short description|German psychiatrist (1876–1948)}}
{{Expand German|Hermann Paul Nitsche|date=April 2012}}
[[File:Hermann Paul Nitsche.jpg|thumb|Paul Nitsche]]
{{Expand German|topic=bio|Hermann Paul Nitsche|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Paul Nitsche
| birth_name = Hermann Paul Nitsche
| birth_date = {{birth date|1876|11|25}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1948|03|25|1876|11|25}}
| image = Hermann Paul Nitsche.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = Pfuhlsborn, [[German Empire]]
| death_place = Münchner Platz Prison, [[Dresden]], [[Allied-occupied Germany]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Capital punishment|Death]]
| conviction_status = [[Executed]]
| conviction = [[Crimes against humanity]]
| death_cause = [[Execution by guillotine]]
| party = [[Nazi Party]]
| beginyear = 1940
| endyear = 1945
| victims = Tens of thousands
| motive = [[Nazism]]
| targets = Mentally ill and intellectually disabled people
}}
[[File:Pirna Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb|House 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, as a memorial]]
[[File:Pirna Sonnenstein.jpg|thumb|House 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, as a memorial]]


'''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (November 25, 1876 – March 25, 1948) was a [[Germany|German]] [[psychiatrist]] known for his expert endorsement of the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich's]] [[euthanasia]] authorization and who later headed the Medical Office of the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]].
'''Hermann Paul Nitsche''' (November 25, 1876 – March 25, 1948) was a German [[psychiatrist]] known for his expert endorsement of the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich's]] [[euthanasia]] authorization and who later headed the Medical Office of the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]].


Paul Nitsche was born on November 25, 1876 in [[Colditz]]. His father Hermann Nitsche was a psychiatrist.<ref name=Böhm>{{cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-„Euthanasie“ |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293-302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1}}</ref> He attended elementary school in [[Pirna]] (German: ''Volksschule'') from 1882 to 1887.<ref name=Böhm/>
Nitsche was born in 1876 in [[Colditz]], [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]. His father, Hermann Nitsche, was a psychiatrist.<ref name="Böhm">{{cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B. |date=2012 |title=Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie" |journal=Der Nervenarzt |publisher=Springer-Verlag |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1 |pmid=22399059|s2cid=32985121 }}</ref> He attended elementary school in [[Pirna]] (German: ''Volksschule'') from 1882 to 1887.<ref name="Böhm"/> Nitsche was condemned to death for [[crimes against humanity]] for killing over one thousand people, and guillotined in March 1948 in Dresden.


==Career==
Nitsche received his medical license in 1901 and a professorship in 1925. Nitsche did not join the [[Nazi Party]] until May 1933.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=71}} He was a strong supporter of eugenics and euthanasia{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=71}} and was present at the gassing demonstration at what would become the [[Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre|Brandenburg euthanasia center]] in either December 1939 or January 1940.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=75}} He was driven not so much by [[Nazism and race|Nazi racial ideology]] as by his own support of racial science and his vision of "progressive medicine". Being well established, Nitsche was no longer motivated by the prospect of career advancement but was rather ideologically committed when he later joined [[Action T4]].
Nitsche received his medical license in 1901 and a professorship in 1925. Nitsche did not join the [[Nazi Party]] until May 1933.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=71}} He was a strong supporter of eugenics and euthanasia{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=71}} and was present at the gassing demonstration at what would become the [[Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre|Brandenburg euthanasia center]] in either December 1939 or January 1940.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=75}} He was driven not so much by [[Nazism and race|Nazi racial ideology]] as by his own support of racial science and his vision of "progressive medicine". Being well established, Nitsche was no longer motivated by the prospect of career advancement but was rather ideologically committed when he later joined [[Action T4]].


==Euthanasia==
He was deputy director of the [[Sonnenstein Clinic]] from 1913 to 1918 and director of the institution 1928 to 1939. In 1940 he became deputy director of the T4 Medical Office (German: ''Medizinische Abteilung'') under [[Werner Heyde]], which had a [[front organization]] called the Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (German: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'') that handled the registration, evaluation, and selection of patients for adult euthanasia.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=73}} As the T4 program's chief physician,{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=73}} Nitsche was responsible for corresponding with [[psychiatric hospital|mental health institutions]] about registering and transferring patients to be euthanized.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=74}}
He was deputy director of the [[Sonnenstein Clinic]] from 1913 to 1918 and director of the institution 1928 to 1939. In 1940 he became deputy director of the [[Action T4]] Medical Office (German: ''Medizinische Abteilung'') under [[Werner Heyde]], which had a [[front organization]] called the Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (German: ''Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten'') that handled the registration, evaluation, and selection of patients for adult euthanasia.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=73}} As the T4 program's chief physician,{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=73}} Nitsche was responsible for corresponding with [[psychiatric hospital|mental health institutions]] about registering and transferring patients to be euthanized.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=74}}


He succeeded Heyde as head of the Medical Office in December 1941.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=70-71}}
He succeeded Heyde as head of the Medical Office in December 1941.{{sfn|Friedlander|1995|p=70-71}}


==Trial and execution==
He was arrested on March 11, 1945. His trial took place from June 16, 1947 to July 7, 1947. He was condemned to death for [[crimes against humanity]] on the basis of Allied Control Council Law No. 10 for killing over one thousand people. He attempted to justify his actions, saying they were intended to free the sick from pain. He was executed by guillotine on March 25, 1948 in Dresden.<ref name=Böhm/>
He was arrested on March 11, 1945. His trial took place from June 16, 1947, to July 7, 1947. He was condemned to death for [[crimes against humanity]] on the basis of Allied Control Council Law No. 10 for killing over one thousand people. He attempted to justify his actions, saying they were intended to free the sick from pain. He was executed by guillotine on March 25, 1948, in Dresden.<ref name="Böhm"/>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Action T4]]
*[[Action T4]]
*[[Doctors' Trial]]
*[[Doctors' Trial]]
* [[Saxon Psychiatric Museum]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
Line 23: Line 47:


== References ==
== References ==
*{{cite book |last=Friedlander |first=Henry |date=1995 |title=The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution |publisher=University of North Carolina |isbn=978-0807846759 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Friedlander |first=Henry |date=1995 |title=The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution |publisher=University of North Carolina |isbn=978-0807846759 }}
* Boris Böhm, Hagen Markwardt: ''Hermann Paul Nitsche (1876–1948) – Zur Biografie eines Reformpsychiaters und Hauptakteurs der NS-„Euthanasie“.'' In: Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten (Hrsg.): ''Nationalsozialistische Euthanasieverbrechen. Beiträge zur Aufarbeitung ihrer Geschichte in Sachsen.'' Michael Sandstein Verlag, Dresden 2004. ISBN 3-937602-32-1.
* Boris Böhm, Hagen Markwardt: ''Hermann Paul Nitsche (1876–1948) – Zur Biografie eines Reformpsychiaters und Hauptakteurs der NS-"Euthanasie".'' In: Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten (Hrsg.): ''Nationalsozialistische Euthanasieverbrechen. Beiträge zur Aufarbeitung ihrer Geschichte in Sachsen.'' Michael Sandstein Verlag, Dresden 2004. {{ISBN|3-937602-32-1}}.
* [[Ernst Klee]]: ''„Euthanasie“ im NS-Staat. Die „Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens“.'' S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1983. ISBN 3-10-039303-1.
* [[Ernst Klee]]: ''"Euthanasie" im NS-Staat. Die "Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens".'' S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1983. {{ISBN|3-10-039303-1}}.
* Ernst Klee (Hrsg.): ''Dokumente zur „Euthanasie“.'' Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-596-24327-0.
* Ernst Klee (Hrsg.): ''Dokumente zur "Euthanasie".'' Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1985, {{ISBN|3-596-24327-0}}.
* Götz Aly (Hrsg.): ''Aktion T4 1939–1945. Die „Euthanasie“-Zentrale in der Tiergartenstraße 4.'' Edition Hentrich, 2. erweiterte Auflage, Berlin, 1989. ISBN 3-926175-66-4.
* Götz Aly (Hrsg.): ''Aktion T4 1939–1945. Die "Euthanasie"-Zentrale in der Tiergartenstraße 4.'' Edition Hentrich, 2. erweiterte Auflage, Berlin, 1989. {{ISBN|3-926175-66-4}}.
* [[Joachim S. Hohmann]]: ''Der „Euthanasie“-Prozeß von Dresden 1947. Eine zeitgeschichtliche Dokumentation.'' Frankfurt a.M., 1993
* [[Joachim S. Hohmann]]: ''Der "Euthanasie"-Prozeß von Dresden 1947. Eine zeitgeschichtliche Dokumentation.'' Frankfurt a.M., 1993
* Thomas Schilter: ''Unmenschliches Ermessen. Die nationalsozialistische „Euthanasie“-Tötungsanstalt Pirna-Sonnenstein 1940/41.'' Leipzig, 1998
* Thomas Schilter: ''Unmenschliches Ermessen. Die nationalsozialistische "Euthanasie"-Tötungsanstalt Pirna-Sonnenstein 1940/41.'' Leipzig, 1998
* [[Alexander Mitscherlich]], Fred Mielke: ''Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit. Dokumente des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses.'' Frankfurt a.M., 1960
* [[Alexander Mitscherlich (psychologist)|Alexander Mitscherlich]], Fred Mielke: ''Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit. Dokumente des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses.'' Frankfurt a.M., 1960


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Action T4 personnel]]
[[Category:Aktion T4 personnel]]
[[Category:Executed Nazis]]
[[Category:Executed German mass murderers]]
[[Category:Executed people from Saxony]]
[[Category:German people convicted of crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:German eugenicists]]
[[Category:German psychiatrists]]
[[Category:German psychiatrists]]
[[Category:History of psychiatry]]
[[Category:Holocaust perpetrators]]
[[Category:Holocaust perpetrators]]
[[Category:People executed by guillotine]]
[[Category:Nazis executed by guillotine]]
[[Category:History of psychiatry]]
[[Category:Nazis executed in East Germany]]
[[Category:German people convicted of crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:People executed by East Germany by guillotine]]
[[Category:Executed German people]]
[[Category:Medical practitioners convicted of murdering their patients]]
[[Category:People executed for crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:People from Colditz]]
[[Category:People from Colditz]]
[[Category:Executed people from Saxony]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Saxony]]
[[Category:People executed for crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:Physicians in the Nazi Party]]


{{Holocaust-stub}}
{{World-War-II-bio-stub}}

Latest revision as of 07:16, 29 May 2024

Paul Nitsche
Born
Hermann Paul Nitsche

(1876-11-25)November 25, 1876
Pfuhlsborn, German Empire
DiedMarch 25, 1948(1948-03-25) (aged 71)
Münchner Platz Prison, Dresden, Allied-occupied Germany
Cause of deathExecution by guillotine
Political partyNazi Party
Criminal statusExecuted
MotiveNazism
Conviction(s)Crimes against humanity
Criminal penaltyDeath
Details
VictimsTens of thousands
Span of crimes
1940–1945
Target(s)Mentally ill and intellectually disabled people
House 16, Schloss Sonnenstein, as a memorial

Hermann Paul Nitsche (November 25, 1876 – March 25, 1948) was a German psychiatrist known for his expert endorsement of the Third Reich's euthanasia authorization and who later headed the Medical Office of the T-4 Euthanasia Program.

Nitsche was born in 1876 in Colditz, Saxony. His father, Hermann Nitsche, was a psychiatrist.[1] He attended elementary school in Pirna (German: Volksschule) from 1882 to 1887.[1] Nitsche was condemned to death for crimes against humanity for killing over one thousand people, and guillotined in March 1948 in Dresden.

Career

[edit]

Nitsche received his medical license in 1901 and a professorship in 1925. Nitsche did not join the Nazi Party until May 1933.[2] He was a strong supporter of eugenics and euthanasia[2] and was present at the gassing demonstration at what would become the Brandenburg euthanasia center in either December 1939 or January 1940.[3] He was driven not so much by Nazi racial ideology as by his own support of racial science and his vision of "progressive medicine". Being well established, Nitsche was no longer motivated by the prospect of career advancement but was rather ideologically committed when he later joined Action T4.

Euthanasia

[edit]

He was deputy director of the Sonnenstein Clinic from 1913 to 1918 and director of the institution 1928 to 1939. In 1940 he became deputy director of the Action T4 Medical Office (German: Medizinische Abteilung) under Werner Heyde, which had a front organization called the Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (German: Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten) that handled the registration, evaluation, and selection of patients for adult euthanasia.[4] As the T4 program's chief physician,[4] Nitsche was responsible for corresponding with mental health institutions about registering and transferring patients to be euthanized.[5]

He succeeded Heyde as head of the Medical Office in December 1941.[6]

Trial and execution

[edit]

He was arrested on March 11, 1945. His trial took place from June 16, 1947, to July 7, 1947. He was condemned to death for crimes against humanity on the basis of Allied Control Council Law No. 10 for killing over one thousand people. He attempted to justify his actions, saying they were intended to free the sick from pain. He was executed by guillotine on March 25, 1948, in Dresden.[1]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Böhm, B. (2012). "Paul Nitsche – Reformpsychiater und Hauptakteur der NS-"Euthanasie"". Der Nervenarzt. 83 (3). Springer-Verlag: 293–302. doi:10.1007/s00115-011-3389-1. PMID 22399059. S2CID 32985121.
  2. ^ a b Friedlander 1995, p. 71.
  3. ^ Friedlander 1995, p. 75.
  4. ^ a b Friedlander 1995, p. 73.
  5. ^ Friedlander 1995, p. 74.
  6. ^ Friedlander 1995, p. 70-71.

References

[edit]
  • Friedlander, Henry (1995). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. University of North Carolina. ISBN 978-0807846759.
  • Boris Böhm, Hagen Markwardt: Hermann Paul Nitsche (1876–1948) – Zur Biografie eines Reformpsychiaters und Hauptakteurs der NS-"Euthanasie". In: Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten (Hrsg.): Nationalsozialistische Euthanasieverbrechen. Beiträge zur Aufarbeitung ihrer Geschichte in Sachsen. Michael Sandstein Verlag, Dresden 2004. ISBN 3-937602-32-1.
  • Ernst Klee: "Euthanasie" im NS-Staat. Die "Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens". S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1983. ISBN 3-10-039303-1.
  • Ernst Klee (Hrsg.): Dokumente zur "Euthanasie". Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-596-24327-0.
  • Götz Aly (Hrsg.): Aktion T4 1939–1945. Die "Euthanasie"-Zentrale in der Tiergartenstraße 4. Edition Hentrich, 2. erweiterte Auflage, Berlin, 1989. ISBN 3-926175-66-4.
  • Joachim S. Hohmann: Der "Euthanasie"-Prozeß von Dresden 1947. Eine zeitgeschichtliche Dokumentation. Frankfurt a.M., 1993
  • Thomas Schilter: Unmenschliches Ermessen. Die nationalsozialistische "Euthanasie"-Tötungsanstalt Pirna-Sonnenstein 1940/41. Leipzig, 1998
  • Alexander Mitscherlich, Fred Mielke: Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit. Dokumente des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses. Frankfurt a.M., 1960
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