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{{Short description|United States Army general and inventor}}
{{Short description|United States Army general and inventor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Use American English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Chief Signal Officer, U.S. Army
|name = George Owen Squier
|name = George Owen Squier
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|03|21}}<ref name=Kennelly>[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/squier-george-o.pdf "Biographical Memoir of George Owen Squier 1865–1934"], by Arthur E. Kennelly, [[National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]], Biographical Memoirs Volume XX, presented to the Academy at the Annual Meeting, 1938. Retrieved Apr 1, 2010.</ref>
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|03|21}}<ref name=Kennelly>[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/squier-george-o.pdf "Biographical Memoir of George Owen Squier 1865–1934"], by Arthur E. Kennelly, [[National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]], Biographical Memoirs Volume XX, presented to the Academy at the Annual Meeting, 1938. Retrieved Apr 1, 2010.</ref>
|death_date = {{death date and age|1934|03|24|1865|03|21}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1934|03|24|1865|03|21}}
|birth_place = [[Dryden, Michigan]], US
|birth_place = [[Dryden, Michigan]], U.S.
|death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], US
|death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|placeofburial = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|placeofburial = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|image = George Owen Squier.jpg
|image = George Owen Squier.jpg
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|branch = [[File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|25px]] [[United States Army]]
|branch = [[File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|25px]] [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears = 1887–1923
|serviceyears = 1887–1923
|rank = [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|30px]] [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
|rank = [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|30px]] [[Major general (United States)|Major general]]
|commands = [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|Chief Signal Officer]]
|commands = [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|Chief Signal Officer]]
|unit =
|unit =
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}}
}}


'''George Owen Squier''' (March 21, 1865 – March 24, 1934) was a soldier, scientist, and inventor<ref name=Amazon>{{Cite book |title=George Owen Squier: U.s. Army Major General, Inventor |quote=During the 1920s and '30s, Major General George Owen Squier was one of the most famous men in America and abroad, as a scientist, soldier, military ...|isbn=978-0786476350 |last1=Clark |first1=Paul W. |last2=Lyons|first2=Laurence A.|year=2014|publisher=McFarland }}</ref> best known for what today is called [[Muzak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=George Owen Squier Invents Muzak
[[Major General]] '''George Owen Squier''' (March 21, 1865 – March 24, 1934) was born in [[Dryden, Michigan]], United States.<ref name=Kennelly /> He graduated from the [[United States Military Academy]] in the Class of 1887 and received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 1893.
⚫
|url=http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=3821 |quote=In 1922 American Army Signal Corps officer and inventor Major General George Owen Squier of Washington, D. C. created "Wired Radio," a service that ...}}</ref><ref name=Areas.work>{{cite web |title=The rise of elevator Muzak began with this Michigan inventor |date=13 September 2017 |url=http://www.michiganradio.org/post/rise-elevator-muzak-began-michigan-inventor |quote=Major General George Owen Squier. The name may not be familiar, but his work in the fields of aeronautics and radio communications ...}}</ref>

He was famous both in the United States and in Europe as a soldier, a scientist and as an inventor.<ref name=Amazon>{{Cite book |title=George Owen Squier: U.s. Army Major General, Inventor
|quote=During the 1920s and '30s, Major General George Owen Squier was one of the most famous men in America and abroad, as a scientist, soldier, military ...|isbn=978-0786476350
|last1=Clark
|first1=Paul W.
|last2=Lyons|first2=Laurence A.|year=2014}}</ref> He is known for what today is called [[Muzak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=George Owen Squier Invents Muzak
|url=http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=3821
⚫
|quote=In 1922 American Army Signal Corps officer and inventor Major General George Owen Squier of Washington, D. C. created "Wired Radio," a service that ...}}</ref><ref name=Areas.work>{{cite web |title=The rise of elevator Muzak began with this Michigan inventor
|date=13 September 2017
|url=http://www.michiganradio.org/post/rise-elevator-muzak-began-michigan-inventor
|quote=Major General George Owen Squier. The name may not be familiar, but his work in the fields of aeronautics and radio communications ...}}</ref>


==Life and military career==
==Life and military career==
[[File:Portrait of George Owen Squier.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of George Owen Squier, by Harris & Ewing, c. 1911.]]
[[File:Portrait of George Owen Squier.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Squier, by Harris & Ewing, {{circa|1911}}]]
George Squier wrote and edited many books and articles on the subject of [[radio]] and [[electricity]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kennelly|first= Arthur E. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/11861067|title=Biographical memoir of George Owen Squier, 1865–1934|oclc=11861067}}</ref> An inventor, he and Dartmouth professor Albert Cushing Crehore developed a magneto-optical streak camera "The Polarizing Photo-chronograph" in 1896 to measure the speed of projectiles both inside a cannon and directly after they left the cannon barrel. This was one of the earliest photonic programs. They also worked to develop synchronous AC telegraphic systems. His biggest contribution was that of telephone carrier [[multiplexing]] in 1910 for which he was elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1919.
Squier was born in [[Dryden, Michigan]].<ref name=Kennelly /> He graduated from the [[United States Military Academy]] in the Class of 1887 and received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 1893. He wrote and edited many books and articles on the subject of [[radio]] and [[electricity]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kennelly|first= Arthur E. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/11861067|title=Biographical memoir of George Owen Squier, 1865–1934|oclc=11861067}}</ref> An inventor, he and Dartmouth professor Albert Cushing Crehore developed a magneto-optical streak camera "The Polarizing Photo-chronograph" in 1896 to measure the speed of projectiles both inside a cannon and directly after they left the cannon barrel. This was one of the earliest photonic programs. They also worked to develop synchronous AC telegraphic systems. His biggest contribution was that of telephone carrier [[multiplexing]] in 1910 for which he was elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1919.<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Owen Squier |url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000963.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> He was also an elected member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+O.+Squier&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>


As [[executive officer]] to the Chief Signal Officer, U.S. [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|Signal Corps]] in 1907, Squier was instrumental in the establishment of the [[Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps]], the first organizational ancestor of the [[US Air Force]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis, Jr.|first=Henry Blaine|title=Generals in Khaki|publisher=Pentland Press, Inc.|year= 1998|isbn= 978-1571970886|oclc=40298151|page=346}}</ref> He also was the first military passenger in an airplane on September 12, 1908 and, working with the [[Wright Brothers]], was responsible for the purchase of the first airplanes by the [[United States Army|US Army]] in 1909.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
As [[executive officer]] to the Chief Signal Officer, [[U.S. Signal Corps]] in 1907, Squier was instrumental in the establishment of the [[Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps]], the first organizational ancestor of the [[U.S. Air Force]].<ref name="Davis">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Henry Blaine Jr.|title=Generals in Khaki|publisher=Pentland Press, Inc.|year= 1998|isbn= 978-1571970886|oclc=40298151|page=346}}</ref> He also was the first military passenger in an airplane on September 12, 1908, and, working with the [[Wright Brothers]], was responsible for the purchase of the first airplanes by the [[United States Army|US Army]] in 1909.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}


From May 1916 to February 1917, he was Chief of the [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps]], the first successor of the Aeronautical Division, before being promoted to [[major general]] and appointed Chief Signal Officer during [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis, Jr.|first=Henry Blaine|title=Generals in Khaki|publisher=Pentland Press, Inc.|year= 1998|isbn= 978-1571970886|oclc=40298151|page=346 }}</ref>
From May 1916 to February 1917, he was Chief of the [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps]], the first successor of the Aeronautical Division, before being promoted to [[major general]] and appointed Chief Signal Officer during [[World War I]].<ref name="Davis"/>


In 1922, he created Wired Radio, a service which piped [[music]] to businesses and subscribers over wires.<ref name=Amazon/> In 1934, he changed the service's name to '[[Muzak Holdings|Muzak]]'.
In 1922, he created Wired Radio, a service which piped [[music]] to businesses and subscribers over wires.<ref name=Amazon/> In 1934, he changed the service's name to '[[Muzak Holdings|Muzak]]'.


Asked how to say his name, he told ''The [[Literary Digest]]'' it was pronounced like the word ''square''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles Earle |last=Funk |author-link=Charles Earle Funk |title= What's the name, please? A guide to the correct pronunciation of current prominent names |location=New York |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |year=1936 |oclc=1463642}}</ref>
Asked how to say his name, he told ''[[The Literary Digest]]'' it was pronounced like the word ''square''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles Earle |last=Funk |author-link=Charles Earle Funk |title= What's the name, please? A guide to the correct pronunciation of current prominent names |location=New York |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |year=1936 |oclc=1463642}}</ref>


He was a member of the [[Sons of the American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American Revolution |publisher=Press of A. H. Kellogg |url=https://archive.org/details/anationalregist00revogoog |quote=Sons of the American Revolution, ... George Owen Squier, U.S. Army (4257). |author1=Sons of the American Revolution |author2=Louis Henry Cornish |author3=Alonzo Howard Clark |year=1902}}</ref>
He was a member of the [[Sons of the American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book
|title=A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American Revolution
|publisher=Press of A. H. Kellogg
|url=https://archive.org/details/anationalregist00revogoog
|quote=Sons of the American Revolution, ... George Owen Squier, U.S. Army (4257).
|author1=Sons of the American Revolution
|author2=Louis Henry Cornish
|author3=Alonzo Howard Clark |year=1902}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
He died in Washington, D.C., at [[George Washington University Hospital|George Washington Hospital]]<ref>Associated Press, "Former Leader of Air Service Dies", ''San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, 25 March 1934, Vol. 40, p. 1.</ref> on March 24, 1934<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis, Jr.|first=Henry Blaine|title=Generals in Khaki|publisher=Pentland Press, Inc.|year= 1998
He died in Washington, D.C., at [[George Washington University Hospital|George Washington Hospital]]<ref>Associated Press, "Former Leader of Air Service Dies", ''San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, 25 March 1934, Vol. 40, p. 1.</ref> on March 24, 1934<ref name="Davis"/> of [[pneumonia]], and was buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZzcXVpZXISBmdlb3JnZQ--/ Burial Detail: Squier, George O] – ANC Explorer</ref>
|isbn= 978-1571970886|oclc=40298151|page= 346}}</ref> of [[pneumonia]], and was buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZzcXVpZXISBmdlb3JnZQ--/ Burial Detail: Squier, George O] – ANC Explorer</ref>


==Awards==
==Awards==
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==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:USS General G.O. Squier (AP-130).jpg|thumb|right|USS General G.O. Squier (AP-130)]]
[[File:USS General G.O. Squier (AP-130).jpg|thumb|right|USS ''General G.O. Squier'' (AP-130)]]
In 1943, the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] named [[troopship]] {{USS|General G. O. Squier|AP-130}} in his honor. It was the lead ship of its class, which was known as {{Sclass|General G. O. Squier|transport ship|4}} of transport ships.
In 1943, the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] named [[troopship]] {{USS|General G. O. Squier|AP-130}} in his honor. It was the lead ship of its class, which was known as {{Sclass|General G. O. Squier|transport ship|4}} of transport ships.


[[General Squier Park]], a historic district and [[waterpark]] in his hometown of [[Dryden, Michigan]], is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapeercountyweb.org/parks.htm|title=Lapeer County Parks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422133604/http://www.lapeercountyweb.org/parks.htm|archive-date=2012-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/8355.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601091642/http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/8355.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }}</ref>
[[General Squier Park]], a historic district and [[waterpark]] in his hometown of [[Dryden, Michigan]], is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapeercountyweb.org/parks.htm|title=Lapeer County Parks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422133604/http://www.lapeercountyweb.org/parks.htm|archive-date=2012-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/8355.htm |title=MI State Historic Preservation Objects |access-date=2011-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601091642/http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/8355.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }}</ref>


==Publications==
==Publications==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|George Owen Squier}}
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/3180*.html George O. Squier (Cullum's Register entry)]
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/3180*.html George O. Squier (Cullum's Register entry)]
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/westpoint/history_5b3.html Smithsonian West Point: George Squier]
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/westpoint/history_5b3.html Smithsonian West Point: George Squier]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041009192732/http://www.nas.edu/history/members/squier.html National Academy of Science]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041009192732/http://www.nas.edu/history/members/squier.html National Academy of Science]
* [http://signal.army.mil/OLD/history/08_squier.html United States Army Signal Center]
* [http://signal.army.mil/OLD/history/08_squier.html United States Army Signal Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419011745/http://signal.army.mil/OLD/history/08_squier.html |date=2014-04-19 }}
* [https://generalsquier.org About Major General George Owen Squier]
* [https://generalsquier.org About Major General George Owen Squier]


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[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:American communications businesspeople]]
[[Category:American telecommunications industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century American inventors]]
[[Category:20th-century American inventors]]
[[Category:19th-century United States Army personnel]]
[[Category:History of aviation]]
[[Category:History of aviation]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Spanish–American War]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
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[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Chief Signal Officer, U.S. Army]]
[[Category:Chief Signal Officer, U.S. Army]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in the United States]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Michigan]]
[[Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

Latest revision as of 11:00, 30 May 2024

George Owen Squier
Major General George Owen Squier
Born(1865-03-21)March 21, 1865[1]
Dryden, Michigan, U.S.
DiedMarch 24, 1934(1934-03-24) (aged 69)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Buried
Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service1887–1923
Rank Major general
CommandsChief Signal Officer
Battles/warsSpanish–American War
World War I
AwardsDistinguished Service Medal
Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Order of the Crown of Italy
Legion of Honor
Elliott Cresson Medal
John Scott Medal
Franklin Medal
Other workbusinessman, scientist

George Owen Squier (March 21, 1865 – March 24, 1934) was a soldier, scientist, and inventor[2] best known for what today is called Muzak.[3][4]

Life and military career

[edit]
Portrait of Squier, by Harris & Ewing, c. 1911

Squier was born in Dryden, Michigan.[1] He graduated from the United States Military Academy in the Class of 1887 and received a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1893. He wrote and edited many books and articles on the subject of radio and electricity.[5] An inventor, he and Dartmouth professor Albert Cushing Crehore developed a magneto-optical streak camera "The Polarizing Photo-chronograph" in 1896 to measure the speed of projectiles both inside a cannon and directly after they left the cannon barrel. This was one of the earliest photonic programs. They also worked to develop synchronous AC telegraphic systems. His biggest contribution was that of telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910 for which he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1919.[6] He was also an elected member of the American Philosophical Society.[7]

As executive officer to the Chief Signal Officer, U.S. Signal Corps in 1907, Squier was instrumental in the establishment of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, the first organizational ancestor of the U.S. Air Force.[8] He also was the first military passenger in an airplane on September 12, 1908, and, working with the Wright Brothers, was responsible for the purchase of the first airplanes by the US Army in 1909.[citation needed]

From May 1916 to February 1917, he was Chief of the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, the first successor of the Aeronautical Division, before being promoted to major general and appointed Chief Signal Officer during World War I.[8]

In 1922, he created Wired Radio, a service which piped music to businesses and subscribers over wires.[2] In 1934, he changed the service's name to 'Muzak'.

Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest it was pronounced like the word square.[9]

He was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution.[10]

Death

[edit]

He died in Washington, D.C., at George Washington Hospital[11] on March 24, 1934[8] of pneumonia, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[12]

Awards

[edit]

Dates of rank

[edit]
No Insignia Cadet, United States Military Academy: 1 July 1883
No Insignia in 1886 Second Lieutenant, Regular Army: 12 June 1887
First Lieutenant, Regular Army: 30 June 1893
Captain, Volunteer Army: 1 June 1898
(Date of rank was 20 May 1898.)
Lieutenant Colonel, Volunteer Army: 20 July 1898
First Lieutenant, Regular Army: 7 December 1898
(Reverted to permanent rank.)
Captain, Volunteer Army: 17 April 1899
Captain, Regular Army: 1 July 1901
(Date of rank was 2 February 1901.)
Major, Regular Army: 2 March 1903
Lieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: 17 March 1913
Brigadier General, Temporary: 14 February 1917
Colonel, Regular Army: 12 April 1917
Major General, Temporary: 8 October 1917
Colonel, Regular Army: 14 February 1921
(Reverted to permanent rank.)
Major General, Temporary: 28 March 1921
(Date of rank was 6 October 1917.)
Major General, Retired list: 31 December 1923

Legacy

[edit]
USS General G.O. Squier (AP-130)

In 1943, the U.S. Navy named troopship USS General G. O. Squier (AP-130) in his honor. It was the lead ship of its class, which was known as General G. O. Squier class of transport ships.

General Squier Park, a historic district and waterpark in his hometown of Dryden, Michigan, is named in his honor.[13][14]

Publications

[edit]
  • Crehore, Albert Cushing; George Owen Squier (1897). The Polarizing Photo-Chronograph. London: John Wiley & Sons.
  • — (1908). "The Present Status of Military Aeronautics". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 117. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
  • — (1919). Multiplex Telephony And Telegraphy By Means Of Electric Waves Guided By Wires. Washington: Government Printing Office.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Biographical Memoir of George Owen Squier 1865–1934", by Arthur E. Kennelly, National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Biographical Memoirs Volume XX, presented to the Academy at the Annual Meeting, 1938. Retrieved Apr 1, 2010.
  2. ^ a b Clark, Paul W.; Lyons, Laurence A. (2014). George Owen Squier: U.s. Army Major General, Inventor. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786476350. During the 1920s and '30s, Major General George Owen Squier was one of the most famous men in America and abroad, as a scientist, soldier, military ...
  3. ^ "George Owen Squier Invents Muzak". In 1922 American Army Signal Corps officer and inventor Major General George Owen Squier of Washington, D. C. created "Wired Radio," a service that ...
  4. ^ "The rise of elevator Muzak began with this Michigan inventor". September 13, 2017. Major General George Owen Squier. The name may not be familiar, but his work in the fields of aeronautics and radio communications ...
  5. ^ Kennelly, Arthur E. Biographical memoir of George Owen Squier, 1865–1934. OCLC 11861067.
  6. ^ "George Owen Squier". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  7. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Pentland Press, Inc. p. 346. ISBN 978-1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
  9. ^ Funk, Charles Earle (1936). What's the name, please? A guide to the correct pronunciation of current prominent names. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. OCLC 1463642.
  10. ^ Sons of the American Revolution; Louis Henry Cornish; Alonzo Howard Clark (1902). A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American Revolution. Press of A. H. Kellogg. Sons of the American Revolution, ... George Owen Squier, U.S. Army (4257).
  11. ^ Associated Press, "Former Leader of Air Service Dies", San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, 25 March 1934, Vol. 40, p. 1.
  12. ^ Burial Detail: Squier, George O – ANC Explorer
  13. ^ "Lapeer County Parks". Archived from the original on April 22, 2012.
  14. ^ "MI State Historic Preservation Objects". Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
[edit]
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