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* The [[keelboat]] discipline has been dropped, meaning that both women's ([[Elliott 6m]]) and men's ([[Star (sailboat)|the Star]]) are not part of the program. This is the first time the Olympics have not featured a keelboat.
* The [[keelboat]] discipline has been dropped, meaning that both women's ([[Elliott 6m]]) and men's ([[Star (sailboat)|the Star]]) are not part of the program. This is the first time the Olympics have not featured a keelboat.
* The [[multihull]] discipline has been reintroduced using the [[Nacra 17]] since the Tornado was dropped for London 2012.
* The [[multihull]] discipline has been reintroduced using the [[Nacra 17]] since the Tornado was dropped for London 2012.
* A mixed gender event was introduced for the first time in Olympics Sailing. This follows to some degree the [[Sailing at the Summer Paralympics|paralympic sailing competition]] which in 2008 introduced a two-person keelboat discipline in the Skud 18 with a requirement for at least one of the two person crew to be female. Tennis and Badminton are the other olympic sports with a mixed discipline.
* A mixed gender event was introduced for the first time in Olympics Sailing. This follows to some degree the [[Sailing at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic sailing competition]] which in 2008 introduced a two-person keelboat discipline in the Skud 18 with a requirement for at least one of the two person crew to be female. Tennis and Badminton are the other Olympic sports with a mixed discipline.
* Women's skiff discipline has been added using the same equipment as the men's skiff discipline but with a slightly reduced sailplan [[49er (dinghy)|49erFX]]
* Women's skiff discipline has been added using the same equipment as the men's skiff discipline but with a slightly reduced sailplan [[49er (dinghy)|49erFX]]
* Kiteboarding was initially voted by the ISAF Council in May 2012 to replace [[RS:X (sailboard)|windsurfing]] with [[kitesurfing]] and reaffirmed that vote on 9 November 2012.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/17980607 'Kiteboarding to replace windsurfing at 2016 Rio Olympics' Article, 7 May 2012 at bbc.co.uk]</ref> The move was controversial as former gold medalist and IOC member [[Barbara Kendall]] said she would challenge the decision and that "it’s exciting for kiteboarding but tragic for windsurfing. Kiteboarding really is a sport that should be at the X-Games." However, on 10 November 2012, the delegates at the International Sailing Federation’s General Assembly voted to keep windsurfing at the 2016 Olympic Games, overturning the ISAF Council's decision which had already been partially implemented within ISAF Events and Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|title=RYA statement on ISAF 2016 events vote|url=http://www.rya.org.uk/newsevents/news/Pages/RYAstatementonISAF2016eventsvote.aspx|publisher=RYA|access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>
* Kiteboarding was initially voted by the ISAF Council in May 2012 to replace [[RS:X (sailboard)|windsurfing]] with [[kitesurfing]] and reaffirmed that vote on 9 November 2012.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/17980607 'Kiteboarding to replace windsurfing at 2016 Rio Olympics' Article, 7 May 2012 at bbc.co.uk]</ref> The move was controversial as former gold medalist and IOC member [[Barbara Kendall]] said she would challenge the decision and that "it’s exciting for kiteboarding but tragic for windsurfing. Kiteboarding really is a sport that should be at the X-Games." However, on 10 November 2012, the delegates at the International Sailing Federation’s General Assembly voted to keep windsurfing at the 2016 Olympic Games, overturning the ISAF Council's decision which had already been partially implemented within ISAF Events and Rankings.<ref>{{cite web |title=RYA statement on ISAF 2016 events vote |url=http://www.rya.org.uk/newsevents/news/Pages/RYAstatementonISAF2016eventsvote.aspx |publisher=RYA |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930070431/https://www.rya.org.uk/newsevents/news/Pages/RYAstatementonISAF2016eventsvote.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Competition incidents===
===Competition incidents===
Following the announcement of the games, water pollution became a hot topic, and a commitment to cleaning up the water was given by the hosts. This target was not fully achieved and water quality issues were frequently in the media.<ref name=reutersbac/><ref name=foxbac/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/02/sport/rio-2016-olympic-games-water-quality-sailing-rowing/ |title='Rio 2016 Olympics: Pollution threat muddies waters as Games draw near' |date=2 August 2016 |publisher=cnn.com}}</ref> World Sailing examined various options including holding the racing fully outside the bay or even moving the event to Buzios.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/26/world-sailing-polluted-olympic-venue-guanabara-bay-peter-sowrey |date=26 January 2016|title=Ex-World Sailing chief ‘voted out for trying to oust polluted Olympic venue’ |publisher=theguardian.com}}</ref> However, in the end only the Belgian sailor Evi Van Acker reported that her olympics were affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws.english/sports/1.2736623 |title='Evi Van Acker: how a dream may become a nightmare' |date=11 August 2016|publisher=deredactie.be.}}</ref> The location for sailing events was a source of concern for athletes since scientists had found [[Antimicrobial resistance|drug-resistant super bacteria]] in Guanabara Bay due to the daily dumping of hospital waste and household raw sewage into the rivers and ocean. The Brazilian federal government's [[Oswaldo Cruz Foundation]] lab also found the genes of super bacteria in a river that empties into Guanabara Bay.<ref name=reutersbac>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-superbacteria-exclusive-idUSKCN0YW2E8|title=Exclusive: Studies find 'super bacteria' in Rio's Olympic venues, top beaches|date=11 June 2016|quote=The findings from two unpublished academic studies seen by Reuters concern Rio's most popular spots for tourists and greatly increase the areas known to be infected by the microbes normally found only in hospitals.|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=foxbac>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/06/11/scientists-reportedly-find-super-bacteria-in-several-rio-olympic-venues.html|title=Scientists reportedly find super bacteria in several Rio Olympic venues|date=11 June 2016|publisher=Fox News|quote=A 2014 study had already shown the presence of super bacteria off one of the beaches in Guanabara Bay, where sailing and wind-surfing events are going to be held. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has already declared super bacteria an urgent public health crisis.}}</ref>
Following the announcement of the games, water pollution became a hot topic, and a commitment to cleaning up the water was given by the hosts. This target was not fully achieved and water quality issues were frequently in the media.<ref name=reutersbac/><ref name=foxbac/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/02/sport/rio-2016-olympic-games-water-quality-sailing-rowing/ |title='Rio 2016 Olympics: Pollution threat muddies waters as Games draw near' |date=2 August 2016 |publisher=cnn.com}}</ref> World Sailing examined various options including holding the racing fully outside the bay or even moving the event to Buzios.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/26/world-sailing-polluted-olympic-venue-guanabara-bay-peter-sowrey |date=26 January 2016 |title=Ex-World Sailing chief 'voted out for trying to oust polluted Olympic venue' |publisher=theguardian.com}}</ref> However, in the end only the Belgian sailor [[Evi Van Acker]] reported that her Olympics were affected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws.english/sports/1.2736623 |title='Evi Van Acker: how a dream may become a nightmare' |date=11 August 2016 |publisher=deredactie.be.}}</ref> The German sailor [[Erik Heil]] was also infected by multi-resistant germs during an Olympic test event in Rio.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/28/german-sailor-erik-heil-infections-polluted-water-rio-2016-olympics |title=German sailor blames infections on water at Rio 2016 Olympic test event |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2015-08-28 |accessdate=2016-01-03}}</ref> The location for sailing events was a source of concern for athletes since scientists had found [[Antimicrobial resistance|drug-resistant super bacteria]] in Guanabara Bay due to the daily dumping of hospital waste and household raw sewage into the rivers and ocean. The Brazilian federal government's [[Oswaldo Cruz Foundation]] lab also found the genes of super bacteria in a river that empties into Guanabara Bay.<ref name=reutersbac>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-superbacteria-exclusive-idUSKCN0YW2E8 |title=Exclusive: Studies find 'super bacteria' in Rio's Olympic venues, top beaches |date=11 June 2016 |quote=The findings from two unpublished academic studies seen by Reuters concern Rio's most popular spots for tourists and greatly increase the areas known to be infected by the microbes normally found only in hospitals. |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=foxbac>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/06/11/scientists-reportedly-find-super-bacteria-in-several-rio-olympic-venues.html |title=Scientists reportedly find super bacteria in several Rio Olympic venues |date=11 June 2016 |publisher=Fox News |quote=A 2014 study had already shown the presence of super bacteria off one of the beaches in Guanabara Bay, where sailing and wind-surfing events are going to be held. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has already declared super bacteria an urgent public health crisis.}}</ref>


Just before the games the launch ramp collapsed but no one was injured.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/rio-2016-olympic-sailing-ramp-collapses-athletes-village-chief-fired-unsafe-fire-a7165951.html 'Rio 2016: Olympic sailing ramp collapses...' Article, 1 August 2016, at independent.co.uk]</ref>
Just before the games the launch ramp collapsed but no one was injured.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/rio-2016-olympic-sailing-ramp-collapses-athletes-village-chief-fired-unsafe-fire-a7165951.html 'Rio 2016: Olympic sailing ramp collapses...' Article, 1 August 2016, at independent.co.uk]</ref>
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|470<br>{{DetailsLink|Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 470}}
|470<br>{{DetailsLink|Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 470}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|CRO|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Šime Fantela]]<br>[[Igor Marenić]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|CRO|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Šime Fantela]]<br>[[Igor Marenić]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Mathew Belcher]]<br>[[William Ryan (sailor)|William Ryan]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Mathew Belcher]]<br>[[Will Ryan (sailor)|Will Ryan]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|GRE|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Panagiotis Mantis]]<br>[[Pavlos Kagialis]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|GRE|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Panagiotis Mantis]]<br>[[Pavlos Kagialis]]
|-valign="top"
|-valign="top"
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|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|BRA|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Martine Grael]]<br>[[Kahena Kunze]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|BRA|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Martine Grael]]<br>[[Kahena Kunze]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|NZL|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Alex Maloney]]<br>[[Molly Meech]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|NZL|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Alex Maloney]]<br>[[Molly Meech]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|DEN|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Jena Mai Hansen]]<br>[[Katja Salskov-Iversen]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|DEN|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Jena Hansen]]<br>[[Katja Salskov-Iversen]]
|}
|}


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|-valign="top"
|-valign="top"
|Nacra 17<br>{{DetailsLink|Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Nacra 17}}
|Nacra 17<br>{{DetailsLink|Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Nacra 17}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|ARG|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Santiago Lange]]<br />[[Cecilia Carranza Saroli]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|ARG|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Santiago Lange]]<br />[[Cecilia Carranza]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Jason Waterhouse]]<br />[[Lisa Darmanin]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Jason Waterhouse]]<br />[[Lisa Darmanin (sailor)|Lisa Darmanin]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|AUT|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Thomas Zajac]]<br />[[Tanja Frank]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|{{flagIOCteam|AUT|2016 Summer}}<br />[[Thomas Zajac]]<br />[[Tanja Frank]]
|}
|}
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
{{Commons category|Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.rio2016.com/en/the-games/olympic/sports/sailing |title=The Olympic Games: Sailing (Rio2016.com) |access-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812051709/http://www.rio2016.com/en/the-games/olympic/sports/sailing |archive-date=12 August 2012 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.rio2016.com/en/the-games/olympic/sports/sailing |title=The Olympic Games: Sailing (Rio2016.com) |access-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812051709/http://www.rio2016.com/en/the-games/olympic/sports/sailing |archive-date=12 August 2012 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/sailing |title=Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics (Rio2016.com) |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826074231/https://www.rio2016.com/en/sailing |archive-date=26 August 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/sailing |title=Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics (Rio2016.com) |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826074231/https://www.rio2016.com/en/sailing |archive-date=26 August 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all}}
* {{SR/Olympics sport at games}}
* {{SR/Olympics sport at games}}
* [http://www.olympic.org/multimedia-player/all-photos/2008/election-cities/imageriomarina/ Rio: Marina da Glória – Olympic and Paralympic Sailing Venue (Olympic.org)]
* [http://www.olympic.org/multimedia-player/all-photos/2008/election-cities/imageriomarina/ Rio: Marina da Glória – Olympic and Paralympic Sailing Venue (Olympic.org)]

Revision as of 03:19, 31 May 2024

See also: Sailing at the 2016 Summer Paralympics

Sailing
at the Games of the XXXI Olympiad
VenuesMarina da Gloria
Dates8–18 August 2016
No. of events10
Competitors380 (217 male, 163 female) from 68 nations
← 2012
2020 →
Sailing at the
2016 Summer Olympics
Qualification
Events
RS:Xmenwomen
Lasermen
Laser Radialwomen
Finnmen
470menwomen
49ermen
49erFXwomen
Nacra17mixed

Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was held from 8–18 August at Marina da Gloria in Guanabara Bay. The sailing classes had two changes from the 2012 Summer Olympics events. There were 10 events.

Übersicht

Equipment and event changes

  • The RS:X, Laser, Laser Radial, Finn, 470, and 49er all return for 2016.
  • The keelboat discipline has been dropped, meaning that both women's (Elliott 6m) and men's (the Star) are not part of the program. This is the first time the Olympics have not featured a keelboat.
  • The multihull discipline has been reintroduced using the Nacra 17 since the Tornado was dropped for London 2012.
  • A mixed gender event was introduced for the first time in Olympics Sailing. This follows to some degree the Paralympic sailing competition which in 2008 introduced a two-person keelboat discipline in the Skud 18 with a requirement for at least one of the two person crew to be female. Tennis and Badminton are the other Olympic sports with a mixed discipline.
  • Women's skiff discipline has been added using the same equipment as the men's skiff discipline but with a slightly reduced sailplan 49erFX
  • Kiteboarding was initially voted by the ISAF Council in May 2012 to replace windsurfing with kitesurfing and reaffirmed that vote on 9 November 2012.[1] The move was controversial as former gold medalist and IOC member Barbara Kendall said she would challenge the decision and that "it’s exciting for kiteboarding but tragic for windsurfing. Kiteboarding really is a sport that should be at the X-Games." However, on 10 November 2012, the delegates at the International Sailing Federation’s General Assembly voted to keep windsurfing at the 2016 Olympic Games, overturning the ISAF Council's decision which had already been partially implemented within ISAF Events and Rankings.[2]

Competition incidents

Following the announcement of the games, water pollution became a hot topic, and a commitment to cleaning up the water was given by the hosts. This target was not fully achieved and water quality issues were frequently in the media.[3][4][5] World Sailing examined various options including holding the racing fully outside the bay or even moving the event to Buzios.[6] However, in the end only the Belgian sailor Evi Van Acker reported that her Olympics were affected.[7] The German sailor Erik Heil was also infected by multi-resistant germs during an Olympic test event in Rio.[8] The location for sailing events was a source of concern for athletes since scientists had found drug-resistant super bacteria in Guanabara Bay due to the daily dumping of hospital waste and household raw sewage into the rivers and ocean. The Brazilian federal government's Oswaldo Cruz Foundation lab also found the genes of super bacteria in a river that empties into Guanabara Bay.[3][4]

Just before the games the launch ramp collapsed but no one was injured.[9]

Competition format

Qualification

Further information: Sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Qualification

A total of 380 athletes competed in the sailing competitions of the Games. The qualification period began at the 2014 ISAF Sailing World Championships in September 2014. As hosts, Brazil was guaranteed one quota place in each of the ten events.[10]

Classes (equipment)

Class Typ Event Sailors Trapeze Mainsail Jib/Genoa Spinnaker First OG Olympics so far
RS:X Sailboard women 1 - + - - 2008 3
RS:X Sailboard men 1 - + - - 2008 3
Laser Radial Dinghy women 1 - + - - 2008 3
Laser Dinghy men 1 - + - - 1996 6
Finn Dinghy men 1 - + - - 1952 17
470 Dinghy women 2 1 + + + 1988 8
470 Dinghy men 2 1 + + + 1976 11
49er Skiff men 2 2 + + + 2000 5
49erFX Skiff women 2 2 + + + 2016 1
Nacra 17 Multihull mixed 2 2 + + + 2016 1

Scoring

Racing at the 2016 Olympics was fleet racing where all competitors started and sailed the course together. They were scored according to the low-point system, where first place is scored 1, second place is scored 2, etc. There was a series of preliminary races followed by the final Medal Race. The RS:X, 49er, 49erFX, and Nacra 17 classes had 12 preliminary races, other classes have 10.

At the end of the preliminary races, the top ten boats in each class (i.e. those with the lowest total scores) advanced to the Medal Race. Each boat might exclude one race from their total. The Medal Race could not be excluded from the series score and counts double. The boat with the lowest overall total after all races was the winner.[11] Any ties in the final rankings were broken in favour of the competitor/crew finishing higher in the Medal Race.[12]

Competition schedule

The competition started on 8 August and finished on 18 August.[13]

● Preliminary race ● Medal race
Date →
Event ↓		 Mon 8 Tue 9 Wed 10 Thu 11 Fri 12 Sat 13 Sun 14 Mon 15 Tue 16 Wed 17 Thu 18
Men's RS:X ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●● ●
Women's RS:X ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●● ●
Men's Laser ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●
Women's Laser Radial ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●
Men's Finn ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●
Mixed Nacra 17 ●● ●●●● ●●● ●●● ●
Men's 470 ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●
Women's 470 ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●
Men's 49er ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●● ●
Women's 49erFX ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●● ●

Participation

Participating nations

Competitors

Main article: Qualified sailors

Medal summary

Medal table

Key

  *   Host nation (Brazil)

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Great Britain2103
2 Niederlande2002
3 Australien1304
4 Neuseeland1214
5 Kroatien1102
6 Frankreich1023
7 Argentinien1001
 Brasilien*1001
9 China0101
 Irland0101
 Slowenien0101
12 Dänemark0022
13 Österreich0011
 Deutschland0011
 Griechenland0011
 Russland0011
 Vereinigte Staaten0011
Totals (17 entries)10101030

Men's events

Games Gold Silver Bronze
RS:X
details 		Dorian van Rijsselberghe
 Niederlande 		Nick Dempsey
 Great Britain 		Pierre Le Coq
 Frankreich
Laser
details 		Tom Burton
 Australien 		Tonči Stipanović
 Kroatien 		Sam Meech
 Neuseeland
Finn
details 		Giles Scott
 Great Britain 		Vasilij Žbogar
 Slowenien 		Caleb Paine
 Vereinigte Staaten
470
details 		 Kroatien (CRO)
Šime Fantela
Igor Marenić 		 Australien (AUS)
Mathew Belcher
Will Ryan 		 Griechenland (GRE)
Panagiotis Mantis
Pavlos Kagialis
49er
details 		 Neuseeland (NZL)
Peter Burling
Blair Tuke 		 Australien (AUS)
Nathan Outteridge
Iain Jensen 		 Deutschland (GER)
Erik Heil
Thomas Plößel

Women's events

Games Gold Silver Bronze
RS:X
details 		Charline Picon
 Frankreich 		Chen Peina
 China 		Stefania Elfutina
 Russland
Laser Radial
details 		Marit Bouwmeester
 Niederlande 		Annalise Murphy
 Irland 		Anne-Marie Rindom
 Dänemark
470
details 		 Great Britain (GBR)
Hannah Mills
Saskia Clark 		 Neuseeland (NZL)
Jo Aleh
Polly Powrie 		 Frankreich (FRA)
Camille Lecointre
Hélène Defrance
49erFX
details 		 Brasilien (BRA)
Martine Grael
Kahena Kunze 		 Neuseeland (NZL)
Alex Maloney
Molly Meech 		 Dänemark (DEN)
Jena Hansen
Katja Salskov-Iversen

Mixed events

Games Gold Silver Bronze
Nacra 17
details 		 Argentinien (ARG)
Santiago Lange
Cecilia Carranza 		 Australien (AUS)
Jason Waterhouse
Lisa Darmanin 		 Österreich (AUT)
Thomas Zajac
Tanja Frank

References

  1. ^ 'Kiteboarding to replace windsurfing at 2016 Rio Olympics' Article, 7 May 2012 at bbc.co.uk
  2. ^ "RYA statement on ISAF 2016 events vote". RYA. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  3. ^ a b "Exclusive: Studies find 'super bacteria' in Rio's Olympic venues, top beaches". Reuters. 11 June 2016. The findings from two unpublished academic studies seen by Reuters concern Rio's most popular spots for tourists and greatly increase the areas known to be infected by the microbes normally found only in hospitals.
  4. ^ a b "Scientists reportedly find super bacteria in several Rio Olympic venues". Fox News. 11 June 2016. A 2014 study had already shown the presence of super bacteria off one of the beaches in Guanabara Bay, where sailing and wind-surfing events are going to be held. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has already declared super bacteria an urgent public health crisis.
  5. ^ "'Rio 2016 Olympics: Pollution threat muddies waters as Games draw near'". cnn.com. 2 August 2016.
  6. ^ "Ex-World Sailing chief 'voted out for trying to oust polluted Olympic venue'". theguardian.com. 26 January 2016.
  7. ^ "'Evi Van Acker: how a dream may become a nightmare'". deredactie.be. 11 August 2016.
  8. ^ "German sailor blames infections on water at Rio 2016 Olympic test event". The Guardian. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  9. ^ 'Rio 2016: Olympic sailing ramp collapses...' Article, 1 August 2016, at independent.co.uk
  10. ^ Qualification summary February 2014.
  11. ^ Competition format for Rio Olympics, 31 March 2016, at nbcolympics.com
  12. ^ Article about scoring at sailing.org/olympics/rio2016
  13. ^ "Rio 2016 Olympic Sailing Competition" at sailing.org/2016-olympic-games
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