Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning: Difference between revisions

The Right Honourable
The Earl Canning
KG GCB KCSI PC
The Right Honourable The Earl Canning KG GCB KCSI PC
	Portrait by John Jabez Edwin Mayall, c. 1855
Governor-General of India
	In office; 28 February 1856 – 31 October 1858
Monarch	Victoria
Preceded by	The Marquess of Dalhousie
Succeeded by	The Earl of Elgin
Viceroy of India
	In office; 1 November 1858 – 21 March 1862
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Viscount Palmerston; The Earl of Derby
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	The Earl of Elgin
First Commissioner of Woods and Forests
	In office; 2 March 1846 – 30 June 1846
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	Sir Robert Peel, Bt
Preceded by	The Earl of Lincoln
Succeeded by	Viscount Morpeth
Postmaster General
	In office; 5 January 1853 – 30 January 1855
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Earl of Aberdeen
Preceded by	The Earl of Hardwicke
Succeeded by	The Duke of Argyll
Personal details
Born	14 December 1812; Brompton, London
Died	17 June 1862 (aged 49); Grosvenor Square, London
Political party	Conservative ; Peelite
Spouse	Hon. Charlotte Stuart (m. 1835; died 1861)
Parent(s)	George Canning ; Joan Canning, 1st Viscountess Canning
Alma mater	Christ Church, Oxford

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Charles John Canning, 1st Earl Canning, KG, GCB, KCSI, PC (14 December 1812 – 17 June 1862), also known as the Viscount Canning and Clemency Canning, was a British statesman and Governor-General of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857^[1] and the first Viceroy of India after the transfer of power from the East India Company to the Crown of Queen Victoria in 1858 after the rebellion was crushed.^[2]

Canning is credited for ensuring that the administration and most departments of the government functioned normally during the rebellion and took major administrative decisions even during the peak of the Rebellion in 1857, including establishing the first three modern Universities in India, the University of Calcutta, University of Madras and University of Bombay based on Wood's despatch.^[3]^[4]^[5] Canning passed the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 which was drafted by his predecessor Lord Dalhousie before the rebellion.^[6]^[7] He also passed the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856.^[8]

After the rebellion he presided over a smooth transfer and reorganisation of government from the East India company to the crown,^[9] the Indian Penal Code was drafted in 1860 based on the code drafted by Macaulay and came into force in 1862.^[10] Canning met the rebellion '"with firmness, confidence, magnanimity and calm" as per his biographer, Sir George Dunbar.^[11] Canning was very firm during the rebellion but after that he focused on reconciliation and reconstruction rather than retribution and issued a clemency proclamation.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Background

Born at Gloucester Lodge, Brompton, near London,^[15] Canning was the youngest child of George and Joan Canning. His mother was the daughter of Major-General John Scott. Meanwhile, his father was a Tory Member of Parliament who had been a member of the ministries of William Pitt the Younger and the Duke of Portland (most notably having been Foreign Secretary from 1807 to 1809), but as of Charles's birth was out of government due to personal and policy differences with several leading figures. Over Charles's youth, his father returned to government and held several senior posts, including a second stint as Foreign Secretary 1822-27 and Prime Minister for a few months before his untimely death from illness in 1827. His mother was granted a viscountcy in her own right, becoming the 1st Viscountess Canning, largely in tribute to her late husband.

Charles Canning was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1833, as first class in classics and second class in mathematics.^[16]

Political career

In 1836 he entered Parliament, being returned as member for the town of Warwick in the Conservative interest. He did not, however, sit long in the House of Commons; for, on the death of his mother in 1837, he succeeded to the peerage and entered the House of Lords. His first official appointment was that of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in the administration formed by Sir Robert Peel in 1841, his chief being the Earl of Aberdeen. This post he held till January 1846; and from January to July of that year, when the Peel administration was broken up, Lord Canning filled the post of First Commissioner of Woods and Forests.^[17]

He served on the Royal Commission on the British Museum (1847–49).^[18] He declined to accept office under the Earl of Derby; but on the formation of the coalition ministry under the Earl of Aberdeen in January 1853, he received the appointment of Postmaster General. In this office, he showed not only a large capacity for hard work but also general administrative ability and much zeal for the improvement of the service. He retained his post under Lord Palmerston's ministry until July 1855, when, in consequence of the departure of Lord Dalhousie and a vacancy in the governor-generalship of India, he was selected by Lord Palmerston to succeed to that great position. This appointment appears to have been made rather on the ground of his father's great services than from any proof as yet given of special personal fitness on the part of Lord Canning. The new governor sailed from England in December 1855 and entered upon the duties of his office in India at the close of February 1856.^[19]

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911, "In the year following his accession to office, the deep-seated discontent of the people broke out in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fears were entertained, and even the friends of the Governor-General to some extent shared them, that he was not equal to the crisis. But the fears proved groundless. He had a clear eye for the gravity of the situation, a calm judgment, and a prompt, swift hand to do what was really necessary. ... He carried the Indian empire safely through the stress of the storm, and, what was perhaps a harder task still, he dealt wisely with the enormous difficulties arising at the close of such a war. ... The name of Clemency Canning, which was applied to him during the heated animosities of the moment, has since become a title of honour."^[19] He was derisively called "Clemency" on account of a Resolution dated 31 July 1857, which distinguished between sepoys from regiments which had mutinied and killed their officers and European civilians, and those Indian soldiers who had disbanded and dispersed to their villages, without being involved in violence. While subsequently regarded as a humane and sensible measure, the Resolution made Canning unpopular at a time when British popular opinion favoured collective and indiscriminate reprisals.^[20]^[13]

The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 continues, "While rebellion was raging in Oudh he issued a proclamation declaring the lands of the province forfeited, and this step gave rise to much angry controversy. A secret despatch, couched in arrogant and offensive terms, was addressed to Canning by Lord Ellenborough, then a member of the Derby administration, which would have justified the Governor-General in immediately resigning. But from a strong sense of duty, he continued at his post, and ere long the general condemnation of the despatch was so strong that the writer felt it necessary to retire from office. Lord Canning replied to the despatch, calmly and in a statesman-like manner explaining and vindicating his censured policy" and in 1858 he was rewarded by being made the first Viceroy of India.^[19]

The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 adds, "In April 1859 he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his great services during the rebellion. He was also made an extra civil grand cross of the Order of the Bath, and in May of the same year he was raised to the dignity of an Earl, as Earl Canning. ...By the strain of anxiety and hard work his health and strength were seriously impaired, while the death of his wife was also a great shock to him; in the hope that rest in his native land might restore him, he left India, reaching England in April 1862. But it was too late. He died in London on 17 June. About a month before his death he was created a Knight of the Garter. As he died without issue the titles became extinct."^[19]

Prior to the rebellion, Canning and his wife, Charlotte, had desired to produce a photographic survey of Indian people, primarily for their own edification. This project was transformed into an official government study as a consequence of the rebellion, after which it was seen as useful documentation in the effort to learn more about native communities and thereby better understand them. It was eventually published as an eight-volume work, The People of India, between 1868 and 1875.^[21]

Places named after Canning

Canning Town in London
Fort Canning Hill, a hill in Singapore, is named after Viscount Charles Canning, although many people mistakenly believe that it is named after his father, George Canning,
Canning Street [ Kolkata]
Canning Street in Kemptown, Brighton is named after Viscount Canning
Cannington, a neighbourhood in Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, India, now known as Civil Lines
Canning, South 24 Parganas in West Bengal, India
University of Lucknow, India, was formerly named Canning College
Canning Street in Melbourne, Australia
Rua Canning in Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

References

^ Raman, Praveen (2017). Canning. Praveenraman.
^ "Proclamation by the Queen in Council to the Princes, Chiefs and people of India". British Library. 1 November 1858. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ Edward Thompson; Edward T. & G.T. Garratt (1999). History of British Rule in India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 472–. ISBN 978-81-7156-804-8. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ Sheshalatha Reddy (15 October 2013). Mapping the Nation: An Anthology of Indian Poetry in English, 18701920. Anthem Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-1-78308-075-5. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ Augustine Kanjamala (21 August 2014). The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-1-62032-315-1. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ Mohammad Arshad; Hafiz Habibur Rahman (1966). History of Indo-Pakistan. Ideal Publications. p. 316. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Nusantara. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1972. p. 233. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Alan Lester; Kate Boehme; Peter Mitchell (7 January 2021). Ruling the World: Freedom, Civilisation and Liberalism in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–. ISBN 978-1-108-42620-6. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia (10 v.). Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1983. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-85229-400-0. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ O. P. Singh Bhatia (1968). History of India, 1857 to 1916. S. Amardeep Publishers. pp. 27–28. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Sir George Dunbar (1939). A History of India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Nicholson & Watson, limited. p. 528. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Deborah Cherry (7 September 2015). The Afterlives of Monuments. Taylor & Francis. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-317-70450-8. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b Helen Rappaport (2003). Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-1-85109-355-7. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 245–. ISBN 978-0-313-29366-5. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Charles John Canning, Earl Canning". Community Trees. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 185.
^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 185–186.
^ The Life of Sir Anthony Panizzi, Volume 1, by Louis Alexander Fagan, p257
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chisholm 1911, p. 186.
^ Michael Maclagan (1962). "Clemency" Canning: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856-1862. Macmillan. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997). Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-521-58937-6. Retrieved 26 November 2011.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Canning, Charles John". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 185–186.

External links

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Edward Bolton King Sir Charles Greville	Member of Parliament for Warwick 1836–1837 With: Edward Bolton King	Succeeded by Edward Bolton King William Collins
Political offices
Preceded by Viscount Leveson	Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1841–1846	Succeeded by George Smythe
Preceded by Earl of Lincoln	First Commissioner of Woods and Forests 1846	Succeeded by Viscount Morpeth
Preceded by The Earl of Hardwicke	Postmaster General 1853–1855	Succeeded by The Duke of Argyll
Government offices
Preceded by The Earl of Dalhousie	Governor-General of India 1856–1862	Succeeded by The Earl of Elgin
New creation	Viceroy of India 1858–1862	Succeeded by The Earl of Elgin
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Earl Canning 1859–1862	Extinct
Preceded by Joan Canning	Viscount Canning 1837–1862	Extinct

[1] Raman, Praveen (2017). Canning. Praveenraman.

[2] "Proclamation by the Queen in Council to the Princes, Chiefs and people of India". British Library. 1 November 1858. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018.

[ThompsonGarratt1999-3] Edward Thompson; Edward T. & G.T. Garratt (1999). History of British Rule in India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 472–. ISBN 978-81-7156-804-8. Retrieved 9 December 2018.

[Reddy2013-4] Sheshalatha Reddy (15 October 2013). Mapping the Nation: An Anthology of Indian Poetry in English, 18701920. Anthem Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-1-78308-075-5. Retrieved 9 December 2018.

[Kanjamala2014-5] Augustine Kanjamala (21 August 2014). The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-1-62032-315-1. Retrieved 9 December 2018.

[ArshadRahman1966-6] Mohammad Arshad; Hafiz Habibur Rahman (1966). History of Indo-Pakistan. Ideal Publications. p. 316. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[7] Nusantara. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1972. p. 233. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[LesterBoehme2021-8] Alan Lester; Kate Boehme; Peter Mitchell (7 January 2021). Ruling the World: Freedom, Civilisation and Liberalism in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–. ISBN 978-1-108-42620-6. Retrieved 5 July 2021.

[9] The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia (10 v.). Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1983. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-85229-400-0. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[Bhatia1968-10] O. P. Singh Bhatia (1968). History of India, 1857 to 1916. S. Amardeep Publishers. pp. 27–28. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[Dunbar1939-11] Sir George Dunbar (1939). A History of India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Nicholson & Watson, limited. p. 528. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[Cherry2015-12] Deborah Cherry (7 September 2015). The Afterlives of Monuments. Taylor & Francis. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-317-70450-8. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[Rappaport2003-13] Helen Rappaport (2003). Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-1-85109-355-7. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[OlsonShadle1996-14] James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 245–. ISBN 978-0-313-29366-5. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[15] "Charles John Canning, Earl Canning". Community Trees. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2012.

[FOOTNOTEChisholm1911185-16] Chisholm 1911, p. 185.

[FOOTNOTEChisholm1911185–186-17] Chisholm 1911, pp. 185–186.

[18] The Life of Sir Anthony Panizzi, Volume 1, by Louis Alexander Fagan, p257

[FOOTNOTEChisholm1911186-19] Chisholm 1911, p. 186.

[Maclagan1962-20] Michael Maclagan (1962). "Clemency" Canning: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856-1862. Macmillan. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[21] Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997). Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-521-58937-6. Retrieved 26 November 2011.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
 | name                = The Earl Canning
-| honorific-suffix    = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|GCB|KSI|PC}}
+| honorific-suffix    = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|GCB|KCSI|PC}}
-| image               = Lord Viscount Canning.jpg
+| image               = Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning.jpg
 | imagesize           =
-| caption             =
+| caption             = Portrait by [[John Jabez Edwin Mayall]], {{circa|1855}}
 | order1              = [[Governor-General of India]]
 | term_start1         = 28 February 1856
-| term_end1           = 21 March 1862
+| term_end1           = 31 October 1858
 | monarch1            = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
 | order2              = [[Viceroy of India]]
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 | death_date          = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1862|06|17|1812|12|24}}
 | death_place         = [[Grosvenor Square]], London
-| nationality         = British
 | party               = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] <br /> [[Peelite]]
 | alma_mater          = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
@@ Line 46: / Line 45: @@
 | parents             = [[George Canning]] <br /> [[Joan Canning, 1st Viscountess Canning]]
 }}
-'''Charles  Canning, 1st Earl Canning''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|GCB|KSI|PC}} (14 December 1812&nbsp;– 17 June 1862), also known as '''The Viscount Canning''' and  '''Clemency Canning''', was a British statesman and [[Governor-General of India]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Canning|last=Raman|first=Praveen|publisher=Praveenraman|year=2017}}</ref> and the first Viceroy of India after the transfer of power from the [[East India Company]] to the Crown of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1858 after the rebellion was crushed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/proclamation-by-the-queen-in-council-to-the-princes-chiefs-and-people-of-india | title=Proclamation by the Queen in Council to the Princes, Chiefs and people of India | publisher=British Library | date=1 November 1858 | access-date=9 December 2018}}</ref>
+'''Charles  John Canning, 1st Earl Canning''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KG|GCB|KCSI|PC}} (14 December 1812&nbsp;– 17 June 1862), also known as '''the Viscount Canning''' and  '''Clemency Canning''', was a British statesman and [[Governor-General of India]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Canning|last=Raman|first=Praveen|publisher=Praveenraman|year=2017}}</ref> and the first Viceroy of India after the transfer of power from the [[East India Company]] to the Crown of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1858 after the rebellion was crushed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/proclamation-by-the-queen-in-council-to-the-princes-chiefs-and-people-of-india | title=Proclamation by the Queen in Council to the Princes, Chiefs and people of India | publisher=British Library | date=1 November 1858 | access-date=9 December 2018 | archive-date=5 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005050059/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/proclamation-by-the-queen-in-council-to-the-princes-chiefs-and-people-of-india | url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Canning is credited for ensuring that the administration and most departments of the government functioned normally during the  rebellion and took major administrative decisions even during the peak of the Rebellion in 1857, including establishing the first three modern Universities in India, the [[University of Calcutta]], [[University of Madras]] and [[University of Bombay]] based on [[Wood's despatch]].<ref name="ThompsonGarratt1999">{{cite book|author1=Edward Thompson|author2=Edward T. & G.T. Garratt|title=History of British Rule in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQFdw9DcmT4C&pg=PA472|access-date=9 December 2018|year=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-804-8|pages=472–}}</ref><ref name="Reddy2013">{{cite book|author=Sheshalatha Reddy|title=Mapping the Nation: An Anthology of Indian Poetry in English, 18701920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rM1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PR28|access-date=9 December 2018|date=15 October 2013|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-075-5|pages=28–}}</ref><ref name="Kanjamala2014">{{cite book|author=Augustine Kanjamala|title=The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NweQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|access-date=9 December 2018|date=21 August 2014|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-62032-315-1|pages=76–}}</ref> Canning passed the [[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856]] which was drafted by his predecessor  [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] before the rebellion.<ref name="ArshadRahman1966">{{cite book|author1=Mohammad Arshad|author2=Hafiz Habibur Rahman|title=History of Indo-Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfTfw4P6UukC|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1966|publisher=Ideal Publications|page=316}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nusantara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw8dAQAAMAAJ|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1972|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.|page=233}}</ref> He also passed the [[General Service Enlistment Act|General Service Enlistment Act of 1856]].<ref name="LesterBoehme2021">{{cite book|author1=Alan Lester|author2=Kate Boehme|author3=Peter Mitchell|title=Ruling the World: Freedom, Civilisation and Liberalism in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyoNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|accessdate=5 July 2021|date=7 January 2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-42620-6|pages=232–}}</ref>
+Canning is credited for ensuring that the administration and most departments of the government functioned normally during the  rebellion and took major administrative decisions even during the peak of the Rebellion in 1857, including establishing the first three modern Universities in India, the [[University of Calcutta]], [[University of Madras]] and [[University of Bombay]] based on [[Wood's despatch]].<ref name="ThompsonGarratt1999">{{cite book|author1=Edward Thompson|author2=Edward T. & G.T. Garratt|title=History of British Rule in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQFdw9DcmT4C&pg=PA472|access-date=9 December 2018|year=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-804-8|pages=472–}}</ref><ref name="Reddy2013">{{cite book|author=Sheshalatha Reddy|title=Mapping the Nation: An Anthology of Indian Poetry in English, 18701920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rM1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PR28|access-date=9 December 2018|date=15 October 2013|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-075-5|pages=28–}}</ref><ref name="Kanjamala2014">{{cite book|author=Augustine Kanjamala|title=The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NweQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|access-date=9 December 2018|date=21 August 2014|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-62032-315-1|pages=76–}}</ref> Canning passed the [[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856]] which was drafted by his predecessor  [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] before the rebellion.<ref name="ArshadRahman1966">{{cite book|author1=Mohammad Arshad|author2=Hafiz Habibur Rahman|title=History of Indo-Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfTfw4P6UukC|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1966|publisher=Ideal Publications|page=316}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nusantara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw8dAQAAMAAJ|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1972|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.|page=233}}</ref> He also passed the [[General Service Enlistment Act|General Service Enlistment Act of 1856]].<ref name="LesterBoehme2021">{{cite book|author1=Alan Lester|author2=Kate Boehme|author3=Peter Mitchell|title=Ruling the World: Freedom, Civilisation and Liberalism in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyoNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|access-date=5 July 2021|date=7 January 2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-42620-6|pages=232–}}</ref>
-After the rebellion he presided over a smooth transfer and reorganisation of government from the East India company to the crown,<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia (10 v.)|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia09chic_1|url-access=registration|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1983|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-400-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia09chic_1/page/512 512]}}</ref>  the [[Indian Penal Code]] was drafted in 1860 based on the code drafted by [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Macaulay]] and came into force in 1862.<ref name="Bhatia1968">{{cite book|author=O. P. Singh Bhatia|title=History of India, 1857 to 1916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iCepUjdnL8C|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1968|publisher=S. Amardeep Publishers|pages=27–28}}</ref> Canning met the rebellion '"with firmness, confidence, magnanimity and calm" as per his biographer.<ref name="Dunbar1939">{{cite book|author=Sir George Dunbar|title=A History of India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4hCAAAAIAAJ|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1939|publisher=Nicholson & Watson, limited|page=528}}</ref> Canning was very firm during the rebellion but after that he focused on reconciliation and reconstruction rather than retribution and issued a clemency proclamation.<ref name="Cherry2015">{{cite book|author=Deborah Cherry|title=The Afterlives of Monuments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FT-DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|access-date=10 December 2018|date=7 September 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-70450-8|pages=60–}}</ref><ref name="Rappaport2003">{{cite book|author=Helen Rappaport|author-link=Helen Rappaport|title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLGhimIiFPoC&pg=PA201|access-date=10 December 2018|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-355-7|pages=201–}}</ref><ref name="OlsonShadle1996">{{cite book|author1=James Stuart Olson|author2=Robert Shadle|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA245|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29366-5|pages=245–}}</ref>
+After the rebellion he presided over a smooth transfer and reorganisation of government from the East India company to the crown,<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia (10 v.)|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia09chic_1|url-access=registration|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1983|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-400-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia09chic_1/page/512 512]}}</ref>  the [[Indian Penal Code]] was drafted in 1860 based on the code drafted by [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Macaulay]] and came into force in 1862.<ref name="Bhatia1968">{{cite book|author=O. P. Singh Bhatia|title=History of India, 1857 to 1916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iCepUjdnL8C|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1968|publisher=S. Amardeep Publishers|pages=27–28}}</ref> Canning met the rebellion '"with firmness, confidence, magnanimity and calm" as per his biographer, Sir George Dunbar.<ref name="Dunbar1939">{{cite book|author=Sir George Dunbar|title=A History of India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4hCAAAAIAAJ|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1939|publisher=Nicholson & Watson, limited|page=528}}</ref> Canning was very firm during the rebellion but after that he focused on reconciliation and reconstruction rather than retribution and issued a clemency proclamation.<ref name="Cherry2015">{{cite book|author=Deborah Cherry|title=The Afterlives of Monuments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FT-DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|access-date=10 December 2018|date=7 September 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-70450-8|pages=60–}}</ref><ref name="Rappaport2003">{{cite book|author=Helen Rappaport|author-link=Helen Rappaport|title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLGhimIiFPoC&pg=PA201|access-date=10 December 2018|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-355-7|pages=201–}}</ref><ref name="OlsonShadle1996">{{cite book|author1=James Stuart Olson|author2=Robert Shadle|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA245|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29366-5|pages=245–}}</ref>
 ==Background==
 [[File:Charles John Canning by Richard Beard, 1840s.jpg|thumb|left|[[Daguerreotype]], c. 1845]]
-Born at Gloucester Lodge, [[Brompton, London|Brompton]], near London,<ref>{{cite web|title=Charles John Canning, Earl Canning|url=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I93908&tree=Nixon|work=Community Trees|access-date=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715031345/https://histfam.familysearch.org//getperson.php?personID=I93908&tree=Nixon|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Canning was the youngest child of [[George Canning]] and [[Joan Canning, 1st Viscountess Canning|Joan, Viscountess Canning]], daughter of [[Major-General John Scott]], his father was Prime Minister for a few months in 1827. He was educated at [[Christ Church, Oxford]], where he graduated B.A. in 1833, as first class in [[classics]] and second class in mathematics.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=185}}
+Born at Gloucester Lodge, [[Brompton, London|Brompton]], near London,<ref>{{cite web|title=Charles John Canning, Earl Canning|url=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I93908&tree=Nixon|work=Community Trees|access-date=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715031345/https://histfam.familysearch.org//getperson.php?personID=I93908&tree=Nixon|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Canning was the youngest child of [[George Canning|George]] and [[Joan Canning, 1st Viscountess Canning|Joan Canning]]. His mother was the daughter of [[Major-General John Scott]]. Meanwhile, his father was a [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] Member of Parliament who had been a member of the ministries of [[William Pitt the Younger]] and the [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland|Duke of Portland]] (most notably having been [[Foreign Secretary]] from 1807 to 1809), but as of Charles's birth was out of government due to personal and policy differences with several leading figures. Over Charles's youth, his father returned to government and held several senior posts, including a second stint as Foreign Secretary 1822-27 and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] for a few months before his untimely death from illness in 1827. His mother was granted a viscountcy in her own right, becoming the 1st Viscountess Canning, largely in tribute to her late husband.
+Charles Canning was educated at [[Christ Church, Oxford]], where he graduated B.A. in 1833, as first class in [[classics]] and second class in mathematics.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=185}}
 ==Political career==
@@ Line 63: / Line 64: @@
 He served on the [[Royal Commission on the British Museum]] (1847–49).<ref>''The Life of Sir Anthony Panizzi'', Volume 1, by Louis Alexander Fagan, p257</ref> He declined to accept office under the [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Earl of Derby]]; but on the formation of the coalition ministry under the Earl of Aberdeen in January 1853, he received the appointment of [[United Kingdom Postmaster General|Postmaster General]]. In this office, he showed not only a large capacity for hard work but also general administrative ability and much zeal for the improvement of the service. He retained his post under [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston's]] ministry until July 1855, when, in consequence of the departure of [[James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] and a vacancy in the governor-generalship of India, he was selected by Lord Palmerston to succeed to that great position. This appointment appears to have been made rather on the ground of his father's great services than from any proof as yet given of special personal fitness on the part of Lord Canning. The new governor sailed from England in December 1855 and entered upon the duties of his office in India at the close of February 1856.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=186}}
-In the year following his accession to office, the deep-seated discontent of the people broke out in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Fears were entertained, and even the friends of the Governor-General to some extent shared them, that he was not equal to the crisis. But the fears proved groundless. He had a clear eye for the gravity of the situation, a calm judgment, and a prompt, swift hand to do what was really necessary. He carried the Indian empire safely through the stress of the storm, and, what was perhaps a harder task still, he dealt wisely with the enormous difficulties arising at the close of such a war. The name of Clemency Canning, which was applied to him during the heated animosities of the moment, has since become a title of honour.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=186}} He was derisively called "Clemency" on account of a Resolution dated 31 July 1857, which distinguished between sepoys from regiments which had mutinied and killed their officers and European civilians, and those Indian soldiers who had disbanded and dispersed to their villages, without being involved in violence. While subsequently regarded as a humane and sensible measure, the Resolution made Canning unpopular at a time when British popular opinion favoured collective and indiscriminate reprisals.<ref name="Maclagan1962">{{cite book|author=Michael Maclagan|title="Clemency" Canning: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856-1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpEetwEACAAJ|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1962|publisher=Macmillan}}</ref><ref name="Rappaport2003" />
+According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] of 1911, "In the year following his accession to office, the deep-seated discontent of the people broke out in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Fears were entertained, and even the friends of the Governor-General to some extent shared them, that he was not equal to the crisis. But the fears proved groundless. He had a clear eye for the gravity of the situation, a calm judgment, and a prompt, swift hand to do what was really necessary. ... He carried the Indian empire safely through the stress of the storm, and, what was perhaps a harder task still, he dealt wisely with the enormous difficulties arising at the close of such a war. ... The name of Clemency Canning, which was applied to him during the heated animosities of the moment, has since become a title of honour."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=186}} He was derisively called "Clemency" on account of a Resolution dated 31 July 1857, which distinguished between sepoys from regiments which had mutinied and killed their officers and European civilians, and those Indian soldiers who had disbanded and dispersed to their villages, without being involved in violence. While subsequently regarded as a humane and sensible measure, the Resolution made Canning unpopular at a time when British popular opinion favoured collective and indiscriminate reprisals.<ref name="Maclagan1962">{{cite book|author=Michael Maclagan|title="Clemency" Canning: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856-1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpEetwEACAAJ|access-date=10 December 2018|year=1962|publisher=Macmillan}}</ref><ref name="Rappaport2003" />
 [[File:Lord Canning, Viceroy and Governor General of India, from March 1856 to March 1862.jpg|thumb|India, 1860]]
 [[File:The arrival of Lord Canning at Lahore.jpg|thumb|The arrival of Lord Canning at Lahore]]
-While rebellion was raging in [[Oudh]] he issued a proclamation declaring the lands of the province forfeited, and this step gave rise to much angry controversy. A secret despatch, couched in arrogant and offensive terms, was addressed to Canning by [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], then a member of the Derby administration, which would have justified the Governor-General in immediately resigning. But from a strong sense of duty, he continued at his post, and ere long the general condemnation of the despatch was so strong that the writer felt it necessary to retire from office. Lord Canning replied to the despatch, calmly and in a statesman-like manner explaining and vindicating his censured policy, and in 1858 he was rewarded by being made the first [[Viceroy of India]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=186}}
+The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' of 1911 continues, "While rebellion was raging in [[Oudh]] he issued a proclamation declaring the lands of the province forfeited, and this step gave rise to much angry controversy. A secret despatch, couched in arrogant and offensive terms, was addressed to Canning by [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], then a member of the Derby administration, which would have justified the Governor-General in immediately resigning. But from a strong sense of duty, he continued at his post, and ere long the general condemnation of the despatch was so strong that the writer felt it necessary to retire from office. Lord Canning replied to the despatch, calmly and in a statesman-like manner explaining and vindicating his censured policy" and in 1858 he was rewarded by being made the first [[Viceroy of India]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=186}}
-[[File:Charles John Canning (H. Hering NPG x25261).jpg|thumb|Charles Canning by H Hering]]
+[[File:Charles John Canning (H. Hering NPG x25261).jpg|thumb|Charles Canning by [[Henry Hering|H. Hering]]]]
 [[File:-The Countess Canning, Calcutta- MET DP146071.jpg|thumb|Charlotte Canning, painting in [[Calcutta]], 1861, by H Hering]]
-In April 1859 he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his great services during the rebellion. He was also made an extra civil grand cross of the [[Order of the Bath]], and in May of the same year he was raised to the dignity of an [[Earl]], as '''Earl Canning'''. By the strain of anxiety and hard work his health and strength were seriously impaired, while the death of his wife was also a great shock to him; in the hope that rest in his native land might restore him, he left India, reaching England in April 1862. But it was too late. He died in London on 17 June. About a month before his death he was created a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]]. As he died without issue the titles became extinct.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=186}}
+The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' of 1911 adds, "In April 1859 he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his great services during the rebellion. He was also made an extra civil grand cross of the [[Order of the Bath]], and in May of the same year he was raised to the dignity of an [[Earl]], as '''Earl Canning'''. ...By the strain of anxiety and hard work his health and strength were seriously impaired, while the death of his wife was also a great shock to him; in the hope that rest in his native land might restore him, he left India, reaching England in April 1862. But it was too late. He died in London on 17 June. About a month before his death he was created a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]]. As he died without issue the titles became extinct."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=186}}
 Prior to the rebellion, Canning and his wife, Charlotte, had desired to produce a photographic survey of Indian people, primarily for their own edification. This project was transformed into an official government study as a consequence of the rebellion, after which it was seen as useful documentation in the effort to learn more about native communities and thereby better understand them. It was eventually published as an eight-volume work, ''[[The People of India]]'', between 1868 and 1875.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ideologies of the Raj |first=Thomas R. |last=Metcalf |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |page=117 |isbn=978-0-521-58937-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRcMoGSkRtIC |access-date=26 November 2011}}</ref>
@@ Line 78: / Line 79: @@
 ==Places named after Canning==
 * [[Canning Town]] in London
-* [[Fort Canning Hill]], a hill in Singapore, is named after Viscount Charles Canning, although many people mistakenly believe that it is named after his father, George Canning.
+* [[Fort Canning Hill]], a hill in Singapore, is named after Viscount Charles Canning, although many people mistakenly believe that it is named after his father, George Canning,
-* Canning Street in [[Kemptown, Brighton|Kemptown]], [[Brighton]] is named after Viscount Canning.
+* Canning Street [ Kolkata]
+* Canning Street in [[Kemptown, Brighton]] is named after Viscount Canning
-*Cannington, a neighbourhood in Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, now known as Civil Lines.
+*Cannington, a neighbourhood in Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, India, now known as Civil Lines
-* [[Canning, South 24 Parganas]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
+* [[Canning, South 24 Parganas]] in [[West Bengal]], India
+* [[University of Lucknow]], India, was formerly named Canning College
+* Canning Street in Melbourne, Australia
+* Rua Canning in Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 ==See also==
 * [[Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning]]
-* [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]] in West Bengal.
+* [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]] in West Bengal
 ==References==
@@ Line 128: / Line 133: @@
 {{s-end}}
-{{Authority control}}
+{{Authority control}}{{Viceroys of India}}{{Indian Independence Movement}}
-{{Indian Independence Movement}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Canning, Charles John Canning, 1st Earl}}
@@ Line 153: / Line 156: @@
 [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
 [[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]
+[[Category:Canning family (political)]]
+[[Category:British people of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Deutschland Vereinigte Staaten Niederlande
Menschen	Deutsche Biographie
Other	SNAC IdRef

v t e Viceroys of India
East India Company (1773–1858)	Warren Hastings (1774–85) The Earl Cornwallis (1786–93) The Lord Teignmouth (1793–98) The Marquess Wellesley (1798–1805) The Marquess Cornwallis (1805) The Earl of Minto (1807–13) The Marquess of Hastings (1813–23) The Earl Amherst (1823–28) Lord William Bentinck (1828–35) The Earl of Auckland (1836–42) The Earl of Ellenborough (1842–44) The Viscount Hardinge (1844–48) The Marquess of Dalhousie (1848–56) The Viscount Canning (1856–58)
British Government¹ (1858–1947)	The Earl Canning (1858–62) The Earl of Elgin (1862–63) The Lord Lawrence (1864–69) The Earl of Mayo (1869–72) The Earl of Northbrook (1872–76) The Earl of Lytton (1876–80) The Marquess of Ripon (1880–84) The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1884–88) The Marquess of Lansdowne (1888–94) The Earl of Elgin (1894–99) The Lord Curzon of Kedleston (1899–1905) The Earl of Minto (1905–10) The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst (1910–16) The Lord Chelmsford (1916–21) The Earl of Reading (1921–26) The Lord Irwin (1926–31) The Earl of Willingdon (1931–36) The Marquess of Linlithgow (1936–43) The Viscount Wavell (1943–47) The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (1947)
Governors General after Indian independence²	The Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1947–48) Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (1948–50)
Governors General after Pakistani independence³	Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1947–48) Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin (1948–51) Ghulam Muhammad (1951–55) Iskander Mirza (1955–56)
¹ Following the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny. ² As representatives of George VI in his role as King of India (1947–50). ³ As representatives of George VI and then Elizabeth II in their roles as King and Queen of Pakistan, respectively.

v t e Indian independence movement
History	Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo-Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Maratha Wars First Second Third Gwalior Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo-Sikh War Second Anglo-Sikh War Sannyasi rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more
Philosophies and ideologies	Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj
Events and movements	Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-cooperation movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie-Begar movement Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi–Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Royal Air Force strikes Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Lucknow Pact
Organisations	All India Kisan Sabha All-India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Movement Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar movement Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more
Social reformers	A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B. R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J. B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddy Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda
Independence activists	Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A. K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M. N. Roy Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit‎ Mohammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Saheb P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja-ud-Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud-Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi V. O. Chidamabaram V. K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more
British leaders	Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings
Independence	Cabinet Mission Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference

Revision as of 15:55, 31 May 2024

Background

Political career

Places named after Canning

See also

References

Further reading

External links