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{{Short description|Type UB I submarine of the German Imperial Navy}}
{{other ships|German submarine U-4}}
{{other ships|German submarine U-4}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
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|id=UB+4
|id=UB+4
|type=1sub
|type=1sub
|accessdate= 19 February 2009
|access-date= 19 February 2009
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
|Ship builder=[[Germaniawerft]], [[Kiel]]<ref name=Tarrant-172>Tarrant, p. 172.</ref>
|Ship builder=[[Germaniawerft]], [[Kiel]]<ref name=Tarrant-172>Tarrant, p. 172.</ref>
|Ship yard number=242<ref name=UB-4 />
|Ship yard number=242<ref name=UB-4 />
|Ship laid down=3 November 1914<ref name=UB-4 />
|Ship laid down=3 November 1914<ref name=UB-4 />
|Ship launched=March 1915<ref name=Miramar>{{csr|register=MSI|id=6104975|shipname=UB-4|accessdate=5 March 2009
|Ship launched=March 1915<ref name=Miramar>{{csr|register=MSI|id=6104975|shipname=UB-4|access-date=5 March 2009
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
|Ship commissioned=23 March 1915<ref name=UB-4 />
|Ship commissioned=23 March 1915<ref name=UB-4 />
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship struck=
|Ship struck=
|Ship fate=sunk by British [[Q-ship]], 15 August 1915<ref name=UB-4 />
|Ship fate=Sunk by British [[Q-ship]], 15 August 1915<ref name=Mess-129 />
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
⚫
}}
⚫
{{Infobox service record
⚫
|is_ship=yes
⚫
|is_multi=yes
⚫
|partof=
*[[German Imperial Navy]]
* [[Flanders Flotilla]], (April–August 1915)
⚫
|codes=
⚫
|commanders=Karl Gross<ref name=UB-4 /><ref group=Note name=Grossnote>Karl Gross' name is also spelled as ''Karl Groß'' in some sources.</ref>
⚫
|operations=14 patrols<ref name=UB-4 />
⚫
|victories=4 ships sunk for a total of {{GRT|10,942}}<ref name=UB-4 />
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Header caption=<ref>Gröner, pp. 22-23.</ref>
|Header caption=<ref>Gröner, pp. 22-23.</ref>
|Ship class=[[German Type UB I submarine]]
|Ship class=[[Type UB I submarine]]
|Ship displacement=
|Ship displacement=
*{{convert|127|t|LT|abbr=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|127|t|LT|abbr=on|lk=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|142|t|LT|abbr=on}} submerged
*{{convert|142|t|LT|abbr=on}} submerged
|Ship length={{convert|28.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}} ([[o/a]])
|Ship length={{convert|28.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}} ([[o/a]])
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*1 × {{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[machine gun]]
*1 × {{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[machine gun]]
|Ship notes=33-second diving time
|Ship notes=33-second diving time
⚫
}}
⚫
{{Infobox service record
⚫
|is_ship=yes
⚫
|is_multi=yes
⚫
|partof=
* [[Flanders U-boat flotillas|Flanders Flotilla]]
* 12 April – 15 August 1915
⚫
|codes=
⚫
|commanders=*''Oblt.'' Karl Gross<ref name=UB-4 /><ref group=Note name=Grossnote>Karl Gross' name is also spelled as ''Karl Groß'' in some sources.</ref>
* 23 March – 15 August 1915
⚫
|operations=14 patrols<ref name=UB-4 />
⚫
|victories=*4 merchant ships sunk <br />({{GRT|10,942}})<ref name=UB-4 />
}}
}}
|}
|}


'''Seiner Majestät<ref>German: "His Majesty's"</ref> ''UB-4''''' was a German [[German Type UB I submarine|Type UB I]] [[submarine]] ([[U-boat]]) in the [[German Imperial Navy]] ({{lang-de|Kaiserliche Marine}}) during World War I. She was sunk by a British [[Q-ship]] disguised as a [[smack (ship)|fishing smack]] in August 1915.
'''Seiner Majestät<ref>German: "His Majesty's"</ref> ''UB-4''''' was a German [[Type UB I submarine|Type UB I]] [[submarine]] ([[U-boat]]) in the [[German Imperial Navy]] ({{lang-de|Kaiserliche Marine}}) during World War I. She was sunk by a British [[Q-ship]] disguised as a [[smack (ship)|fishing smack]] in August 1915.


''UB-4'' was ordered in October 1914 and was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the [[Germaniawerft]] shipyard in [[Kiel]] in November. ''UB-4'' was a little more than {{convert|28|m}} in length and [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] between {{convert|127|and|142|t|LT}}, depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She carried two [[torpedo]]es for her two bow [[torpedo tube]]s and was also armed with a deck-mounted [[machine gun]]. ''UB-4'' was broken into sections and shipped by rail to [[Antwerp]] for reassembly. She was [[launch (ship)|launch]]ed and [[commission (ship)|commission]]ed as SM ''UB-4'' in March 1915.<ref group=Note>"SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" ({{lang-en|His Majesty's}}) and combined with the ''U'' for ''Unterseeboot'' would be translated as ''His Majesty's Submarine''.</ref>
''UB-4'' was ordered in October 1914 and was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the [[Germaniawerft]] shipyard in [[Kiel]] in November. ''UB-4'' was a little more than {{convert|28|m}} in length and [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] between {{convert|127|and|142|t|LT}}, depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She carried two [[torpedo]]es for her two bow [[torpedo tube]]s and was also armed with a deck-mounted [[machine gun]]. ''UB-4'' was broken into sections and shipped by rail to [[Antwerp]] for reassembly. She was [[launch (ship)|launch]]ed and [[commission (ship)|commission]]ed as SM ''UB-4'' in March 1915.<ref group=Note>"SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" ({{lang-en|His Majesty's}}) and combined with the ''U'' for ''Unterseeboot'' would be translated as ''His Majesty's Submarine''.</ref>
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== Design and construction ==
== Design and construction ==
After the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]]'s rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I, the [[German Imperial Navy]] found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow environment off [[Flanders]].<!-- advance, caught w/o equipment --><ref name=Miller-46>Miller, pp. 46–47.</ref><ref name=Karau-48>Karau, p. 48.</ref><!-- nature of waters off Flanders --> Project 34, a design effort begun in mid-August 1914,<ref name=Karau-48 /> produced the [[German Type UB I submarine|Type UB I]] design: a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled. Constrained by railroad size limitations, the UB I design called for a boat about {{convert|28|m|ft}} long and displacing about {{convert|125|t|LT}} with two [[torpedo tube]]s.<ref name=Miller-46 /><ref group=Note>A further refinement of the design—replacing the torpedo tubes with [[mine (naval)|mine]] chutes but changing little else—evolved into the [[German Type UC I submarine|Type UC I]] coastal [[minelayer|minelaying]] submarine. See: Miller, p. 458.</ref> ''UB-4'' was part of the initial allotment of eight submarines—numbered {{SMU|UB-1||2}} to {{SMU|UB-8||2}}—ordered on 15 October from [[Germaniawerft]] of [[Kiel]], just shy of two months after planning for the class began.<ref name=Miller-46 /><ref name=Williamson>Williamson, p. 12.</ref>
After the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]]'s rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I, the [[German Imperial Navy]] found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow environment off [[Flanders]].<!-- advance, caught w/o equipment --><ref name=Miller-46>Miller, pp. 46–47.</ref><ref name=Karau-48>Karau, p. 48.</ref><!-- nature of waters off Flanders --> Project 34, a design effort begun in mid-August 1914,<ref name=Karau-48 /> produced the [[Type UB I submarine|Type UB I]] design: a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled. Constrained by railroad size limitations, the UB I design called for a boat about {{convert|28|m|ft}} long and displacing about {{convert|125|t|LT}} with two [[torpedo tube]]s.<ref name=Miller-46 /><ref group=Note>A further refinement of the design—replacing the torpedo tubes with [[mine (naval)|mine]] chutes but changing little else—evolved into the [[German Type UC I submarine|Type UC I]] coastal [[minelayer|minelaying]] submarine. See: Miller, p. 458.</ref> ''UB-4'' was part of the initial allotment of eight submarines—numbered {{SMU|UB-1||2}} to {{SMU|UB-8||2}}—ordered on 15 October from [[Germaniawerft]] of [[Kiel]], just shy of two months after planning for the class began.<ref name=Miller-46 /><ref name=Williamson>Williamson, p. 12.</ref>


''UB-4'' was [[keel laying|laid down]] by Germaniawerft in Kiel on 3 November.<ref name=UB-4 /> As built, ''UB-4'' was {{convert|28.10|m|ftin}} long, {{convert|3.15|m|ftin}} [[beam (nautical)|abeam]], and had a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|3.03|m|ft|0}}. She had a single {{convert|44|kW|bhp|order=flip|adj=on}} [[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft|Daimler]] 4-cylinder [[diesel engine]] for surface travel, and a single {{convert|89|kW|shp|order=flip|adj=on}} [[Siemens-Schuckert]] [[electric motor]] for underwater travel, both attached to a single [[propeller shaft (ship)|propeller shaft]]. Her top speeds were {{convert|6.47|kn}}, surfaced, and {{convert|5.51|kn}}, submerged.<ref name=Tarrant-172 /> At more moderate speeds, she could sail up to {{convert|1,650|nmi|lk=in}} on the surface before refueling, and up to {{convert|45|nmi}} submerged before recharging her batteries. Like all boats of the class, ''UB-4'' was rated to a diving depth of {{convert|50|m|ft}}, and could completely submerge in 33 seconds.
''UB-4'' was [[keel laying|laid down]] by Germaniawerft in Kiel on 3 November.<ref name=UB-4 /> As built, ''UB-4'' was {{convert|28.10|m|ftin}} long, {{convert|3.15|m|ftin}} [[beam (nautical)|abeam]], and had a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|3.03|m|ft|0}}. She had a single {{convert|44|kW|bhp|order=flip|adj=on}} [[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft|Daimler]] 4-cylinder [[diesel engine]] for surface travel, and a single {{convert|89|kW|shp|order=flip|adj=on}} [[Siemens-Schuckert]] [[electric motor]] for underwater travel, both attached to a single [[propeller shaft (ship)|propeller shaft]]. Her top speeds were {{convert|6.47|kn}}, surfaced, and {{convert|5.51|kn}}, submerged.<ref name=Tarrant-172 /> At more moderate speeds, she could sail up to {{convert|1,650|nmi|lk=in}} on the surface before refueling, and up to {{convert|45|nmi}} submerged before recharging her batteries. Like all boats of the class, ''UB-4'' was rated to a diving depth of {{convert|50|m|ft}}, and could completely submerge in 33 seconds.
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|id=99
|id=99
|type=1comm
|type=1comm
|accessdate=5 March 2009
|access-date=5 March 2009
}}</ref><ref group=Note>Gross was in the Navy's April 1905 cadet class with 36 other future U-boat captains, including [[Hermann von Fischel]], [[Carl-Siegfried Ritter von Georg]], [[Kurt Hartwig]], and [[Hans von Mellenthin]]. See: {{cite Uboat.net
}}</ref><ref group=Note>Gross was in the Navy's April 1905 cadet class with 36 other future U-boat captains, including [[Hermann von Fischel]], [[Carl-Siegfried Ritter von Georg]], [[Kurt Hartwig]], and [[Hans von Mellenthin]]. See: {{cite Uboat.net
|name=Crew 4/05
|name=Crew 4/05
|id=4%2F05
|id=4%2F05
|type=1crew
|type=1crew
|accessdate=5 March 2009
|access-date=5 March 2009
}}</ref> ''UB-4'' soon joined the other UB I boats then comprising the [[Flanders Flotilla]] ({{lang-de|U-boote des Marinekorps U-Flotille Flandern}}), which had been organized on 29 March.<ref name=Karau-49 /> When ''UB-4'' joined the flotilla, Germany was in the midst of its first submarine offensive, begun in February. During this campaign, enemy vessels in the German-defined war zone ({{lang-de|Kriegsgebiet}}), which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom (including the [[English Channel]]), were to be sunk. Vessels of neutral countries were not to be attacked unless they definitively could be identified as enemy vessels operating under a [[false flag]].<ref name=Tarrant-14>Tarrant, p. 14.</ref>
}}</ref> ''UB-4'' soon joined the other UB I boats then comprising the [[Flanders Flotilla]] ({{lang-de|U-boote des Marinekorps U-Flotille Flandern}}), which had been organized on 29 March.<ref name=Karau-49 /> When ''UB-4'' joined the flotilla, Germany was in the midst of its first submarine offensive, begun in February. During this campaign, enemy vessels in the German-defined war zone ({{lang-de|Kriegsgebiet}}), which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom (including the [[English Channel]]), were to be sunk. Vessels of neutral countries were not to be attacked unless they definitively could be identified as enemy vessels operating under a [[false flag]].<ref name=Tarrant-14>Tarrant, p. 14.</ref>


''UB-4'' kicked off operations for the new flotilla when she departed on her first patrol on 9 April. The following day, she sank the first ship credited to the Flanders Flotilla. The 5,940-ton British-flagged {{SS|Harpalyce||2}}, which had been [[charter (ship)|charter]]ed by the [[American Commission for Relief in Belgium]], was headed for [[Norfolk, Virginia]], United States, in [[ballast (ship)|ballast]] after delivering relief supplies to [[Rotterdam]].<ref name=harpa>{{cite Uboat.net
''UB-4'' kicked off operations for the new flotilla when she departed on her first patrol on 9 April. The following day, she sank the first ship credited to the Flanders Flotilla. The 5,940 GRT British-flagged {{SS|Harpalyce||2}}, which had been [[charter (ship)|charter]]ed by the [[American Commission for Relief in Belgium]], was headed for [[Norfolk, Virginia]], United States, in [[ballast (ship)|ballast]] after delivering relief supplies to [[Rotterdam]].<ref name=harpa>{{cite Uboat.net
|name=Harpalyce
|name=Harpalyce
|id=2725
|id=2725
|type=1ship
|type=1ship
|accessdate=5 March 2009
|access-date=5 March 2009
}}</ref> ''UB-4'' came upon the steamer between [[Harwich]] and the [[Hook of Holland]] and pulled to within about {{convert|100|yards|m}}.<ref name=gunner>{{cite journal | last = Perkins | first = Hugh |title=The gunner and the U-boat | journal = Sea Classics |date=September 2008 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4442/is_200809/ai_n28081405?tag=content;col1 | location = [[Canoga Park, California]] | publisher = Challenge Publications | oclc = 60621086
}}</ref> ''UB-4'' came upon the steamer between [[Harwich]] and the [[Hook of Holland]] and pulled to within about {{convert|100|yards|m}}.<ref name=gunner>{{cite journal | last = Perkins | first = Hugh |title=The gunner and the U-boat | journal = Sea Classics |date=September 2008 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4442/is_200809/ai_n28081405?tag=content;col1 | location = [[Canoga Park, California]] | publisher = Challenge Publications | oclc = 60621086
|accessdate=5 March 2009
|access-date=5 March 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=NYT-harpa>{{cite news |title=Relief flag flying as Harpalyce sunk |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/04/12/100148803.pdf | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 12 April 1915
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=NYT-harpa>{{cite news |title=Relief flag flying as Harpalyce sunk |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/04/12/100148803.pdf | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 12 April 1915
|accessdate=5 March 2009 | format=PDF}}</ref><!-- distance from ship --> Despite the fact that the ship had a pass of [[safe-conduct]] from Germany, was marked with the words "Belgian Relief" on her side, and was flying a [[white flag]] with the same wording, Gross torpedoed the vessel without warning.<ref name=gunner /> ''Harpalyce'' sank in about five minutes, which allowed no time to launch any of the [[lifeboat (ship)|lifeboat]]s. The Dutch steamers ''Elisabeth'' and ''Constance'', and the American steamer ''Ruby'' picked up survivors. [[Herbert Hoover]], head of the relief committee, reported that his organization's charter of the ship ended after delivery of the cargo in Rotterdam, but expressed disbelief that the ship could have been the victim of a torpedo attack, given the "distinct assurance" that ships engaged in the relief effort "would not be molested".<ref name=NYT-harpa /> ''Harpalyce''{{'}}s [[captain (nautical)|master]] and 14 others from the 44-man crew died in the attack.<ref name=gunner /> ''Harpalyce'' was the largest ship sunk by ''UB-4'' during her career.<ref name=UB4-ships />
|access-date=5 March 2009 }}</ref><!-- distance from ship --> Despite the fact that the ship had a pass of [[safe-conduct]] from Germany, was marked with the words "Belgian Relief" on her side, and was flying a [[white flag]] with the same wording, Gross torpedoed the vessel without warning.<ref name=gunner /> ''Harpalyce'' sank in about five minutes, which allowed no time to launch any of the [[lifeboat (ship)|lifeboat]]s. The Dutch steamers ''Elisabeth'' and ''Constance'', and the American steamer ''Ruby'' picked up survivors. [[Herbert Hoover]], head of the relief committee, reported that his organization's charter of the ship ended after delivery of the cargo in Rotterdam, but expressed disbelief that the ship could have been the victim of a torpedo attack, given the "distinct assurance" that ships engaged in the relief effort "would not be molested".<ref name=NYT-harpa /> ''Harpalyce''{{'}}s [[captain (nautical)|master]] and 14 others from the 44-man crew died in the attack.<ref name=gunner /> ''Harpalyce'' was the largest ship sunk by ''UB-4'' during her career.<ref name=UB4-ships />


''UB-4''{{'}}s followed up the sinking of ''Harpalyce'' by sinking the Greek ship ''Ellispontos'', a steamer of {{GRT|2,989|disp=long}}. ''Ellispontos'' was en route to [[Montevideo]] from [[Amsterdam]] when sunk by Gross and ''UB-4'' on 17 April.<ref name=ellis>{{cite Uboat.net
''UB-4''{{'}}s followed up the sinking of ''Harpalyce'' by sinking the Greek ship ''Ellispontos'', a steamer of {{GRT|2,989|disp=long}}. ''Ellispontos'' was en route to [[Montevideo]] from [[Amsterdam]] when sunk by Gross and ''UB-4'' on 17 April.<ref name=ellis>{{cite Uboat.net
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|id=1907
|id=1907
|type=1ship
|type=1ship
|accessdate=5 March 2009
|access-date=5 March 2009
}}</ref> Although German U-boats sank over 100,000 tons of shipping in each of May and June,<!-- May figures --><ref name=Tarrant-18>Tarrant, p. 18.</ref><ref name=Tarrant-21>Tarrant, p. 21.</ref><!-- June figures --> ''UB-4'' did not contribute to those totals.<ref name=UB4-ships /> She did add one ship to the 98,000-ton tally for July when she sank the Belgian ship ''Princesse Marie Jose'' and her load of coal on 29 July.<!-- July tally --><ref name=Tarrant-21 /><ref name=princess>{{cite Uboat.net
}}</ref> Although German U-boats sank over 100,000 tons of shipping in each of May and June,<!-- May figures --><ref name=Tarrant-18>Tarrant, p. 18.</ref><ref name=Tarrant-21>Tarrant, p. 21.</ref><!-- June figures --> ''UB-4'' did not contribute to those totals.<ref name=UB4-ships /> She did add one ship to the 98,000-ton tally for July when she sank the Belgian ship ''Princesse Marie Jose'' and her load of coal on 29 July.<!-- July tally --><ref name=Tarrant-21 /><ref name=princess>{{cite Uboat.net
|name=Princesse Marie Jose
|name=Princesse Marie Jose
|id=427
|id=427
|type=1ship
|type=1ship
|accessdate=5 March 2009
|access-date=5 March 2009
}}</ref><!-- Belgian ship details --> The 1,954-ton steamer had sailed from [[Dunston, Tyne and Wear|Dunston]] and was headed to [[Bordeaux]] when sunk {{convert|1.5|nmi}} from the Shipwash Lightship off [[Harwich]].<ref name=princess />
}}</ref><!-- Belgian ship details --> The 1,954 GRT steamer had sailed from [[Dunston, Tyne and Wear|Dunston]] and was headed to [[Bordeaux]] when sunk {{convert|1.5|nmi}} from the Shipwash Lightship off [[Harwich]].<ref name=princess />


=== Sinking ===
=== Sinking ===
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|date=August 15, 1915
|date=August 15, 1915
|place=Off the coast of [[Great Yarmouth]], England
|place=Off the coast of [[Great Yarmouth]], England
|coordinates=
|coordinates={{coord|52|42|N|2|18|E|scale:5000000}}
|result=British victory
|result=British victory
|combatant1={{navy|German Empire}}
|combatant1={{navy|German Empire}}
|combatant2={{navy|United Kingdom}}
|combatant2={{navy|United Kingdom}}
|commander1=[[Karl Gross]]
|commander1=[[Karl Gross (German commander)|Karl Gross]]{{KIA}}
|commander2=Ernest Martin Jehan
|commander2=Ernest Martin Jehan
|strength1= UB-4, 14 crewmembers
|strength1= UB-4, 14 crewmembers
Line 137: Line 139:
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox North Sea 1914-1918}}
{{Campaignbox North Sea 1914-1918}}
On 14 August, the 59-ton British [[smack (ship)|fishing smack]] ''Bona Fide'' was stopped by a U-boat, boarded, and sunk with explosives {{convert|35|nmi}} [[east-northeast]] of [[Lowestoft]].<ref name=FVWWI>{{cite web
On 14 August, the 59 GRT British [[smack (ship)|fishing smack]] ''Bona Fide'' was stopped by a U-boat, boarded, and sunk with explosives {{convert|35|nmi}} [[east-northeast]] of [[Lowestoft]].<ref name=FVWWI>{{cite web
| last = | first = |title=British fishing vessels lost at sea due to enemy action: 1914, 1915, 1916 in date order |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1LossesBrFV1914-16.htm | work = World War 1 at Sea | publisher = Naval-History.net | date = 9 January 2009
| last = | first = |title=British fishing vessels lost at sea due to enemy action: 1914, 1915, 1916 in date order |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1LossesBrFV1914-16.htm | work = World War 1 at Sea | publisher = Naval-History.net | date = 9 January 2009
|accessdate=5 March 2009
|access-date=5 March 2009
}} The information on the website is extracted from {{cite book |title=British Vessels Lost at Sea: 1914–1918 | publisher = [[His Majesty's Stationery Office]] | year = 1919
}} The information on the website is extracted from {{cite book |title=British Vessels Lost at Sea: 1914–1918 | publisher = [[His Majesty's Stationery Office]] | year = 1919
}}</ref> According to the website Uboat.net, this attack was likely by ''UB-4'', because she was operating in the area on her fourteenth patrol.<ref name=bona>{{cite Uboat.net
}}</ref> According to the website Uboat.net, this attack was likely by ''UB-4'', because she was operating in the area on her fourteenth patrol.<ref name=bona>{{cite Uboat.net
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|id=853
|id=853
|type=1ship
|type=1ship
|accessdate=5 March 2009
|access-date=5 March 2009
}}</ref> Regardless of the identity of ''Bona Fide''{{'}}s attacker, ''UB-4'' did approach a group of smacks in the vicinity the next day, but unbeknownst to ''UB-4''{{'}}s commander, Gross, one of the fishing vessels was actually a British decoy ship.<ref name=gunner /><ref group=Note>Perkins reports the date of the encounter as Sunday, 16 August 1915, but 16 August 1915 was actually a Monday. Messimer (p. 129), Gibson and Prendergast (pp. 50–51), and Uboat.net ({{cite Uboat.net
}}</ref> Regardless of the identity of ''Bona Fide''{{'}}s attacker, ''UB-4'' did approach a group of smacks in the vicinity the next day, but unbeknownst to ''UB-4''{{'}}s commander, Gross, one of the fishing vessels was actually a British decoy ship.<ref name=gunner /><ref group=Note>Perkins reports the date of the encounter as Sunday, 16 August 1915, but 16 August 1915 was actually a Monday. Messimer (p. 129), Gibson and Prendergast (pp. 50–51), and Uboat.net ({{cite Uboat.net
|name=UB 4
|name=UB 4
|id=UB+4
|id=UB+4
|type=1sub
|type=1sub
|accessdate= 19 February 2009
|access-date= 19 February 2009
}}) all report the date of the encounter as 15 August 1915.</ref>
}}) all report the date of the encounter as 15 August 1915.</ref>


The decoy or [[Q-ship]] was His Majesty's Armed Smack {{ship|HM Armed Smack|Inverlyon||2}}, a smack that had been outfitted with a concealed [[QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss|3-pounder]] (47&nbsp;mm) gun. Around 20:20, ''UB-4'' drew within {{convert|30|yards|m}} of ''Inverlyon'' and Gross, on the [[conning tower]] of ''UB-4'', shouted out commands to ''Inverlyon''{{'}}s crew in German. After waiting until the right moment, Ernest Jehan, a [[Royal Navy]] gunner in command of ''Inverlyon'', ordered the [[White Ensign]] raised and gave the command to open fire. A burst of three rounds from the 3-pounder scored hits on the conning tower, the second destroying part of the bridge and sending Gross into the water. ''UB-4'', with no one at the helm, drifted behind ''Inverlyon'', and when clear, the 3-pounder fired another six shots into the hull of ''UB-4'' at [[point blank]] range. All the while small arms fire from ''Inverlyon''{{'}}s crew peppered the submarine. The U-boat began going down by the bow, becoming nearly vertical before disappearing below the surface. A member of ''Inverlyon''{{'}}s crew attempted the rescue of one crewman from ''UB-4'', but was unable to reach him before he went under, meeting the same fate as the other thirteen crewmen.<ref name=gunner />
The decoy or [[Q-ship]] was His Majesty's Armed Smack {{ship|HM Armed Smack|Inverlyon||2}}, a smack that had been outfitted with a concealed [[QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss|3-pounder]] (47&nbsp;mm) gun. Around 20:20, ''UB-4'' drew within {{convert|30|yards|m}} of ''Inverlyon'' and Gross, on the [[conning tower]] of ''UB-4'', shouted out commands to ''Inverlyon''{{'}}s crew in German. After waiting until the right moment, Ernest Jehan, a [[Royal Navy]] gunner in command of ''Inverlyon'', ordered the [[White Ensign]] raised and gave the command to open fire. A burst of three rounds from the 3-pounder scored hits on the conning tower, the second destroying part of the bridge and sending Gross into the water. ''UB-4'', with no one at the helm, drifted behind ''Inverlyon'', and when clear, the 3-pounder fired another six shots into the hull of ''UB-4'' at [[point blank]] range. All the while small arms fire from ''Inverlyon''{{'}}s crew peppered the submarine. The U-boat began going down by the bow, becoming nearly vertical before disappearing below the surface. A member of ''Inverlyon''{{'}}s crew attempted the rescue of one crewman from ''UB-4'', but was unable to reach him before he went under, meeting the same fate as the other thirteen crewmen.<ref name=gunner />


As ''UB-4'' went down, her hulk fouled the ''Inverlyon''{{'}}s nets—which had been deployed to keep up the appearance of a real fishing boat—essentially anchoring ''Inverlyon'' in place. The Q-ship's crew, not having a [[radio|wireless set]] on board, sent word of the encounter with another smack, and followed up by releasing [[messenger pigeon]]s the following morning, requesting instructions on what to do with ''UB-4''. The thought of salvaging the snagged U-boat was rejected, so the nets were cut, freeing ''UB-4'' to sink to the bottom.<ref name=gunner /> ''UB-4''{{'}}s wreck lies at position {{coord|52|43|N|2|18|E|display=inline,title}}.<ref name=Mess-129>Messimer, p. 129</ref> Jehan was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for the sinking of ''UB-4'', and the crewmen of ''Inverlyon'' split the submarine bounty paid by the [[Admiralty]].<ref name=gunner /><ref group=Note>There is no mention of the amount of the bounty for sinking ''UB-4'', but the Admiralty bounties were typically £5 per crewman on the submarine, or £70 in the case of ''UB-4''. See: Messimer, pp. 158, 170, 222, for examples of the £5 per capita bounty.</ref>
As ''UB-4'' went down, her hulk fouled the ''Inverlyon''{{'}}s nets—which had been deployed to keep up the appearance of a real fishing boat—essentially anchoring ''Inverlyon'' in place. The Q-ship's crew, not having a [[radio|wireless set]] on board, sent word of the encounter with another smack, and followed up by releasing [[messenger pigeon]]s the following morning, requesting instructions on what to do with ''UB-4''. The thought of salvaging the snagged U-boat was rejected, so the nets were cut, freeing ''UB-4'' to sink to the bottom.<ref name=gunner /> ''UB-4''{{'}}s wreck lies at position {{coord|52|43|N|2|18|E|display=inline,title}}.<ref name=Mess-129>Messimer, p. 129</ref> Jehan was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for the sinking of ''UB-4'', and the crewmen of ''Inverlyon'' split the submarine bounty paid by the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]].<ref name=gunner /><ref group=Note>There is no mention of the amount of the bounty for sinking ''UB-4'', but the Admiralty bounties were typically £5 per crewman on the submarine, or £70 in the case of ''UB-4''. See: Messimer, pp. 158, 170, 222, for examples of the £5 per capita bounty.</ref>


== Summary of raiding history ==
== Summary of raiding history ==
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! Date
! Date
! Name
! Name
! Nationality
! Nationality
! <ref group=Note name=tonnage>Tonnages are in [[gross register tons]]</ref> Tonnage
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|-
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|isbn=3-8132-0713-7
|isbn=3-8132-0713-7
|language=German
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|ref=harv
}}
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*{{cite book
*{{cite book
|last1=Gröner
|last1=Gröner
|first1=Erich
|first1=Erich
|author-link1=
|author-mask1=
|last2=Jung
|last2=Jung
|first2=Dieter
|first2=Dieter
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|last-author-amp=
|last3=Maass
|last3=Maass
|first3=Martin
|first3=Martin
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|title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels
|title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels
|volume=2
|volume=2
|work=German Warships 1815–1945
|series=German Warships 1815–1945
|location=London
|location=London
|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|isbn=0-85177-593-4
|isbn=0-85177-593-4
|ref=CITEREFGröner1991
|ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991
}}
}}
* {{cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Robert, ed. |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921 | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]] | publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]] | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-87021-907-8 | oclc = 12119866 }}
* {{cite book | editor1-last=Gardiner | editor1-first=Robert | editor2-last=Gray | editor2-first=Randal |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]] | publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]] | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-87021-907-8 | oclc = 12119866 }}
* {{Gibson}}
* {{Gibson}}
* {{cite book | last = Karau | first = Mark D. |title=Wielding the Dagger: the MarineKorps Flandern and the German War Effort, 1914–1918 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | publisher = [[Praeger Publishing|Praeger]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-313-32475-8 | oclc = 51204317 }}
* {{cite book | last = Karau | first = Mark D. |title=Wielding the Dagger: the MarineKorps Flandern and the German War Effort, 1914–1918 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | publisher = [[Praeger Publishing|Praeger]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-313-32475-8 | oclc = 51204317 }}
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[[Category:U-boats sunk by British warships]]
[[Category:U-boats sunk by British warships]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea]]
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]
[[Category:Submarines lost with all hands]]

Latest revision as of 15:12, 1 June 2024

For other ships with the same name, see German submarine U-4.
UB-4 sometime in 1915
UB-4 sometime in 1915
History
German Empire
NameUB-4
Ordered15 November 1914[2]
BuilderGermaniawerft, Kiel[4]
Yard number242[2]
Laid down3 November 1914[2]
LaunchedMarch 1915[1]
Commissioned23 March 1915[2]
FateSunk by British Q-ship, 15 August 1915[3]
General characteristics [5]
Class and typeType UB I submarine
Displacement
  • 127 t (125 long tons) surfaced
  • 142 t (140 long tons) submerged
Length28.10 m (92 ft 2 in) (o/a)
Beam3.15 m (10 ft 4 in)
Draught3.03 m (9 ft 11 in)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 6.47 knots (11.98 km/h; 7.45 mph) surfaced
  • 5.51 knots (10.20 km/h; 6.34 mph) submerged
Range
  • 1,650 nmi (3,060 km; 1,900 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) surfaced
  • 45 nmi (83 km; 52 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph)
Test depth50 metres (160 ft)
Complement14
Armament
Notes33-second diving time
Service record
Part of:
Commanders:
  • Oblt. Karl Gross[2][Note 1]
  • 23 March – 15 August 1915
Operations: 14 patrols[2]
Victories: 4 merchant ships sunk
(10,942 GRT)[2]

Seiner Majestät[6] UB-4 was a German Type UB I submarine (U-boat) in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. She was sunk by a British Q-ship disguised as a fishing smack in August 1915.

UB-4 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in November. UB-4 was a little more than 28 metres (92 ft) in length and displaced between 127 and 142 tonnes (125 and 140 long tons), depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck-mounted machine gun. UB-4 was broken into sections and shipped by rail to Antwerp for reassembly. She was launched and commissioned as SM UB-4 in March 1915.[Note 2]

UB-4 conducted the first sortie of the Flanders Flotilla in April, during which she sank the Belgian Relief ship Harpalyce, the first ship credited to the flotilla. She sank three more ships from mid-April to mid-August. On 15 August, UB-4 surfaced near the British Q-ship Inverlyon and was sunk by gunfire from the sailing vessel. None of UB-4's 14 crewmen survived the attack.

Design and construction

[edit]

After the German Army's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I, the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow environment off Flanders.[7][8] Project 34, a design effort begun in mid-August 1914,[8] produced the Type UB I design: a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled. Constrained by railroad size limitations, the UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres (92 ft) long and displacing about 125 tonnes (123 long tons) with two torpedo tubes.[7][Note 3] UB-4 was part of the initial allotment of eight submarines—numbered UB-1 to UB-8—ordered on 15 October from Germaniawerft of Kiel, just shy of two months after planning for the class began.[7][9]

UB-4 was laid down by Germaniawerft in Kiel on 3 November.[2] As built, UB-4 was 28.10 metres (92 ft 2 in) long, 3.15 metres (10 ft 4 in) abeam, and had a draft of 3.03 metres (10 ft). She had a single 59-brake-horsepower (44 kW) Daimler 4-cylinder diesel engine for surface travel, and a single 119-shaft-horsepower (89 kW) Siemens-Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel, both attached to a single propeller shaft. Her top speeds were 6.47 knots (11.98 km/h; 7.45 mph), surfaced, and 5.51 knots (10.20 km/h; 6.34 mph), submerged.[4] At more moderate speeds, she could sail up to 1,650 nautical miles (3,060 km; 1,900 mi) on the surface before refueling, and up to 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) submerged before recharging her batteries. Like all boats of the class, UB-4 was rated to a diving depth of 50 metres (160 ft), and could completely submerge in 33 seconds.

UB-4 was armed with two 45-centimeter (17.7 in) torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes. She was also outfitted for a single 8-millimeter (0.31 in) machine gun on deck. UB-4's standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men.[10]

After work on UB-4 was complete at the Germaniwerft yard, UB-4 was readied for rail shipment. The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a knock down kit. Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded onto eight railway flatcars.[10] In early 1915, the sections of UB-4 were shipped to Antwerp for assembly in what was typically a two- to three-week process. After UB-4 was assembled and launched sometime in March,[1] she was loaded on a barge and taken through canals to Bruges where she underwent trials.[10]

Service career

[edit]

The submarine was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB-4 on 23 March under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Karl Gross,[2][Note 1] a 29-year-old first-time U-boat commander.[11][Note 4] UB-4 soon joined the other UB I boats then comprising the Flanders Flotilla (German: U-boote des Marinekorps U-Flotille Flandern), which had been organized on 29 March.[10] When UB-4 joined the flotilla, Germany was in the midst of its first submarine offensive, begun in February. During this campaign, enemy vessels in the German-defined war zone (German: Kriegsgebiet), which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom (including the English Channel), were to be sunk. Vessels of neutral countries were not to be attacked unless they definitively could be identified as enemy vessels operating under a false flag.[12]

UB-4 kicked off operations for the new flotilla when she departed on her first patrol on 9 April. The following day, she sank the first ship credited to the Flanders Flotilla. The 5,940 GRT British-flagged Harpalyce, which had been chartered by the American Commission for Relief in Belgium, was headed for Norfolk, Virginia, United States, in ballast after delivering relief supplies to Rotterdam.[13] UB-4 came upon the steamer between Harwich and the Hook of Holland and pulled to within about 100 yards (91 m).[14][15] Despite the fact that the ship had a pass of safe-conduct from Germany, was marked with the words "Belgian Relief" on her side, and was flying a white flag with the same wording, Gross torpedoed the vessel without warning.[14] Harpalyce sank in about five minutes, which allowed no time to launch any of the lifeboats. The Dutch steamers Elisabeth and Constance, and the American steamer Ruby picked up survivors. Herbert Hoover, head of the relief committee, reported that his organization's charter of the ship ended after delivery of the cargo in Rotterdam, but expressed disbelief that the ship could have been the victim of a torpedo attack, given the "distinct assurance" that ships engaged in the relief effort "would not be molested".[15] Harpalyce's master and 14 others from the 44-man crew died in the attack.[14] Harpalyce was the largest ship sunk by UB-4 during her career.[16]

UB-4's followed up the sinking of Harpalyce by sinking the Greek ship Ellispontos, a steamer of 2,989 gross register tons (GRT). Ellispontos was en route to Montevideo from Amsterdam when sunk by Gross and UB-4 on 17 April.[17] Although German U-boats sank over 100,000 tons of shipping in each of May and June,[18][19] UB-4 did not contribute to those totals.[16] She did add one ship to the 98,000-ton tally for July when she sank the Belgian ship Princesse Marie Jose and her load of coal on 29 July.[19][20] The 1,954 GRT steamer had sailed from Dunston and was headed to Bordeaux when sunk 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) from the Shipwash Lightship off Harwich.[20]

Sinking

[edit]
Action of 15 August 1915
Part of U-boat Campaign of World War I
DateAugust 15, 1915
Standort
Off the coast of Great Yarmouth, England
52°42′N 2°18′E / 52.700°N 2.300°E / 52.700; 2.300
Result British victory
Belligerents
 Imperial German Navy  Royal Navy
Commanders and leaders
Karl Gross † Ernest Martin Jehan
Strength
UB-4, 14 crewmembers Inverlyon, unknown number of crew
Casualties and losses
14 KIA, UB-4 sunk none

On 14 August, the 59 GRT British fishing smack Bona Fide was stopped by a U-boat, boarded, and sunk with explosives 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) east-northeast of Lowestoft.[21] According to the website Uboat.net, this attack was likely by UB-4, because she was operating in the area on her fourteenth patrol.[22] Regardless of the identity of Bona Fide's attacker, UB-4 did approach a group of smacks in the vicinity the next day, but unbeknownst to UB-4's commander, Gross, one of the fishing vessels was actually a British decoy ship.[14][Note 5]

The decoy or Q-ship was His Majesty's Armed Smack Inverlyon, a smack that had been outfitted with a concealed 3-pounder (47 mm) gun. Around 20:20, UB-4 drew within 30 yards (27 m) of Inverlyon and Gross, on the conning tower of UB-4, shouted out commands to Inverlyon's crew in German. After waiting until the right moment, Ernest Jehan, a Royal Navy gunner in command of Inverlyon, ordered the White Ensign raised and gave the command to open fire. A burst of three rounds from the 3-pounder scored hits on the conning tower, the second destroying part of the bridge and sending Gross into the water. UB-4, with no one at the helm, drifted behind Inverlyon, and when clear, the 3-pounder fired another six shots into the hull of UB-4 at point blank range. All the while small arms fire from Inverlyon's crew peppered the submarine. The U-boat began going down by the bow, becoming nearly vertical before disappearing below the surface. A member of Inverlyon's crew attempted the rescue of one crewman from UB-4, but was unable to reach him before he went under, meeting the same fate as the other thirteen crewmen.[14]

As UB-4 went down, her hulk fouled the Inverlyon's nets—which had been deployed to keep up the appearance of a real fishing boat—essentially anchoring Inverlyon in place. The Q-ship's crew, not having a wireless set on board, sent word of the encounter with another smack, and followed up by releasing messenger pigeons the following morning, requesting instructions on what to do with UB-4. The thought of salvaging the snagged U-boat was rejected, so the nets were cut, freeing UB-4 to sink to the bottom.[14] UB-4's wreck lies at position 52°43′N 2°18′E / 52.717°N 2.300°E / 52.717; 2.300.[3] Jehan was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for the sinking of UB-4, and the crewmen of Inverlyon split the submarine bounty paid by the Admiralty.[14][Note 6]

Summary of raiding history

[edit]
Ships sunk or damaged by SM UB-4[16]
Date Name Nationality Tonnage[Note 7] Fate
10 April 1915 Harpalyce  Vereinigtes Königreich 5,940 Sunk
17 April 1915 Ellispontos  Griechenland 2,989 Sunk
29 July 1915 Princesse Marie Jose  Belgien 1,954 Sunk
14 August 1915 Bona Fide  Vereinigtes Königreich 59 Sunk
Total: 10,942

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Karl Gross' name is also spelled as Karl Groß in some sources.
  2. ^ "SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" (English: His Majesty's) and combined with the U for Unterseeboot would be translated as His Majesty's Submarine.
  3. ^ A further refinement of the design—replacing the torpedo tubes with mine chutes but changing little else—evolved into the Type UC I coastal minelaying submarine. See: Miller, p. 458.
  4. ^ Gross was in the Navy's April 1905 cadet class with 36 other future U-boat captains, including Hermann von Fischel, Carl-Siegfried Ritter von Georg, Kurt Hartwig, and Hans von Mellenthin. See: Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI Officer Crews: Crew 4/05". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
  5. ^ Perkins reports the date of the encounter as Sunday, 16 August 1915, but 16 August 1915 was actually a Monday. Messimer (p. 129), Gibson and Prendergast (pp. 50–51), and Uboat.net (Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UB 4". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 19 February 2009.) all report the date of the encounter as 15 August 1915.
  6. ^ There is no mention of the amount of the bounty for sinking UB-4, but the Admiralty bounties were typically £5 per crewman on the submarine, or £70 in the case of UB-4. See: Messimer, pp. 158, 170, 222, for examples of the £5 per capita bounty.
  7. ^ Tonnages are in gross register tons

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "UB-4 (6104975)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UB 4". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  3. ^ a b Messimer, p. 129
  4. ^ a b Tarrant, p. 172.
  5. ^ Gröner, pp. 22-23.
  6. ^ German: "His Majesty's"
  7. ^ a b c Miller, pp. 46–47.
  8. ^ a b Karau, p. 48.
  9. ^ Williamson, p. 12.
  10. ^ a b c d Karau, p. 49.
  11. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Karl Groß". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
  12. ^ Tarrant, p. 14.
  13. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Harpalyce". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Perkins, Hugh (September 2008). "The gunner and the U-boat". Sea Classics. Canoga Park, California: Challenge Publications. OCLC 60621086. Retrieved 5 March 2009. [dead link]
  15. ^ a b "Relief flag flying as Harpalyce sunk" (PDF). The New York Times. 12 April 1915. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
  16. ^ a b c Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by UB 4". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
  17. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Ellispontos". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
  18. ^ Tarrant, p. 18.
  19. ^ a b Tarrant, p. 21.
  20. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Princesse Marie Jose". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
  21. ^ "British fishing vessels lost at sea due to enemy action: 1914, 1915, 1916 in date order". World War 1 at Sea. Naval-History.net. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009. The information on the website is extracted from British Vessels Lost at Sea: 1914–1918. His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1919.
  22. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Bona Fide". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

Bibliography

[edit]

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