Shuttle Loop: Difference between revisions
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The first installation of a Shuttle Loop dates back to 1977 when King Kobra opened at [[Kings Dominion]].<ref name="Kings Dominion" /><ref name="Jolly Roger Amusement Park" /> Two other rides were also installed that year: White Lightnin' at [[Carowinds]] and Tidal Wave at [[California's Great America|Marriott's Great America (California)]].<ref name=Carowinds /><ref name="California's Great America" /> Tidal Wave at [[Six Flags Great America|Marriott's Great America (Illinois)]] opened in 1978 and was the last to feature the weight drop launch system.<ref name="Six Flags Great America" /><ref name="Shuttle Loop by propulsion" /> Also that year, [[Knott's Berry Farm]] opened [[Montezooma's Revenge]] and [[Six Flags AstroWorld]] opened Greezed Lightnin' as the first installations to feature the flywheel launch system.<ref name="Shuttle Loop by propulsion" /><ref name="Knott's Berry Farm" /><ref name=AstroWorld /> A number of installations followed across the world. |
The first installation of a Shuttle Loop dates back to 1977 when King Kobra opened at [[Kings Dominion]].<ref name="Kings Dominion" /><ref name="Jolly Roger Amusement Park" /> Two other rides were also installed that year: White Lightnin' at [[Carowinds]] and Tidal Wave at [[California's Great America|Marriott's Great America (California)]].<ref name=Carowinds /><ref name="California's Great America" /> Tidal Wave at [[Six Flags Great America|Marriott's Great America (Illinois)]] opened in 1978 and was the last to feature the weight drop launch system.<ref name="Six Flags Great America" /><ref name="Shuttle Loop by propulsion" /> Also that year, [[Knott's Berry Farm]] opened [[Montezooma's Revenge]] and [[Six Flags AstroWorld]] opened Greezed Lightnin' as the first installations to feature the flywheel launch system.<ref name="Shuttle Loop by propulsion" /><ref name="Knott's Berry Farm" /><ref name=AstroWorld /> A number of installations followed across the world. |
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Twenty-two theme parks have operated Shuttle Loops, with half of the twelve original installations being relocated at some time. {{As of|2013|9}}, only |
Twenty-two theme parks have operated Shuttle Loops, with half of the twelve original installations being relocated at some time. {{As of|2013|9}}, only five installations are operating, with another one in storage.<ref name="Knott's Berry Farm" /><ref name="Gold Reef City" /><ref name="Hopi Hari" /><ref name="Nagashima Spa Land" /><ref name="Cliff's">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=unknown|location= Cliff's Amusement Park|rcdb_number=10698|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> The remaining Shuttle Loops were either demolished or used for replacement parts on other installations.<ref name="Kentucky Kingdom" /><ref name="Oyama Yuenchi" /><ref name="Six Flags Discovery Kingdom" /><ref name=Toshimaen /><ref name="Yokohama Dreamland" /> |
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==Notable installations== |
==Notable installations== |
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* The original King Kobra from [[Kings Dominion]] is the most traveled shuttle loop, having operated at [[Kings Dominion]], Jolly Roger Amusement Park, [[Alton Towers]] and [[Hopi Hari]].<ref name="Hopi Hari" /> |
* The original King Kobra from [[Kings Dominion]] is the most traveled shuttle loop, having operated at [[Kings Dominion]], Jolly Roger Amusement Park, [[Alton Towers]] and [[Hopi Hari]].<ref name="Hopi Hari" /> |
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* [[Montezooma's Revenge]] at [[Knott's Berry Farm]] is the longest running shuttle loop that is still in its original location. All of the shuttle loops that were installed before it have either been moved or destroyed. Following the closure of Kentucky Kingdom's Greezed Lightnin' in 2009, "Zooma" became the only operating shuttle loop in the United States until |
* [[Montezooma's Revenge]] at [[Knott's Berry Farm]] is the longest running shuttle loop that is still in its original location. All of the shuttle loops that were installed before it have either been moved or destroyed. Following the closure of Kentucky Kingdom's Greezed Lightnin' in 2009, "Zooma" became the only operating shuttle loop in the United States until Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World's Shuttle Loop.<ref name=RCDBlist>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Roller Coaster Search Results|Model=Shuttle Loop|rcdb_number=http://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&page=1&order=-10|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}</ref> The ride was closed in 2022 for a major refurbishment to open in 2023.<ref>https://www.ocregister.com/2023/05/16/knotts-berry-farm-delays-relaunch-of-montezooma-coaster/</ref> As of February 2024, the project has halted due to unknown construction issues and the ride is SBNO. |
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* Shuttle Loop at [[Nagashima Spa Land]] is the only remaining Shuttle Loop operating in Asia.<ref name=RCDBlist/> |
* [[Shuttle Loop (Nagashima Spa Land)|Shuttle Loop]] at [[Nagashima Spa Land]] is the only remaining Shuttle Loop operating in Asia.<ref name=RCDBlist/> |
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* The first European Shuttle Loop, Sirocco, was installed in 1982 at [[Walibi Belgium|Walibi Wavre]] in [[Belgium]]. In 1999, the ride was partially enclosed to reduce noise and was renamed Turbine. Turbine closed in 2008 and reopened in 2013 with a new train from [[Gerstlauer]] and a new name, Psyké Underground. The ride is now completely enclosed making it the first indoor shuttle loop. |
* The first European Shuttle Loop, Sirocco, was installed in 1982 at [[Walibi Belgium|Walibi Wavre]] in [[Belgium]]. In 1999, the ride was partially enclosed to reduce noise and was renamed Turbine. Turbine closed in 2008 and reopened in 2013 with a new train from [[Gerstlauer]] and a new name, Psyké Underground. The ride is now completely enclosed making it the first indoor shuttle loop. In late 2024 or early 2025 the ride will be closed and will be reopened late 2025 with the new theming with the log flume and the new coaster speed boats. They already have changed the train and are working on the new zone Dock World. The new name will be renamed after an old one Turbine and it will stay completely enclosed. |
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* The shuttle loop, Greezed Lightnin', that operated at [[Kentucky Kingdom]] from 2003 to 2009 was composed of the two Tidal Wave Shuttle Loops from the Marriott's Great America parks in California and Illinois.<ref name="Kentucky Kingdom" /> |
* The shuttle loop, Greezed Lightnin', that operated at [[Kentucky Kingdom]] from 2003 to 2009 was composed of the two Tidal Wave Shuttle Loops from the Marriott's Great America parks in California and Illinois.<ref name="Kentucky Kingdom" /> |
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* The final new installation was Shuttle Loop at Oyama Yuenchi in 1990.<ref name="Oyama Yuenchi" /> |
* The final new installation was Shuttle Loop at Oyama Yuenchi in 1990.<ref name="Oyama Yuenchi" /> |
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* [[Kennywood]] in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania|PA]] included Laser Loop, a shuttle loop coaster opened in 1980 before being closed and relocated in 1990. |
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==Ride== |
==Ride== |
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===Mechanics=== |
===Mechanics=== |
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Anton Schwarzkopf designed the Shuttle Loop in the late 1970s. He filed a patent for the concept in 1978 which was approved the following year.<ref name=Patent>{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 4165695 | status = patent | title = Amusement ride with vertical track loop | gdate = August 28, 1979 | fdate = January 24, 1978 | inventor = Schwarzkopf, Anton | assign1 = Husar, Francis S. | assign2 = Reece, Randolph A.}}</ref> The patent describes two launch systems, both of which were implemented in various roller coasters:<ref name="Schwarzkopf Coaster Net 1" /><ref name="Schwarzkopf Coaster Net 2" /><ref name=Patent /> |
Anton Schwarzkopf designed the Shuttle Loop in the late 1970s. He filed a patent for the concept in 1978 which was approved the following year.<ref name=Patent>{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 4165695 | status = patent | title = Amusement ride with vertical track loop | gdate = August 28, 1979 | fdate = January 24, 1978 | inventor = Schwarzkopf, Anton | assign1 = Husar, Francis S. | assign2 = Reece, Randolph A.}}</ref> The patent describes two launch systems, both of which were implemented in various roller coasters:<ref name="Schwarzkopf Coaster Net 1" /><ref name="Schwarzkopf Coaster Net 2" /><ref name=Patent /> |
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* '''Weight drop''' – a number of the early installations in 1977 and 1978 featured a weight drop launch system.<ref name="Shuttle Loop by propulsion" /> This system involved a catch car attaching itself to the train, which was attached to the weight via a cable. When the launch was triggered, the {{Convert|40|t|adj=on}} weight was dropped down a shaft pulling the cable and catch car which in turn pushed the train down the launch track.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzZHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Coasters 101: An Engineer's Guide to Roller Coaster Design|last=Weisenberger|first=Nick|year=2013|isbn=9781468013559|pages=49–50|oclc=927712635}}</ref><ref name=RCDB>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|rcdb_number=8192|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
* '''Weight drop''' – a number of the early installations in 1977 and 1978 featured a weight drop launch system.<ref name="Shuttle Loop by propulsion" /> This system involved a catch car attaching itself to the train, which was attached to the weight via a cable. When the launch was triggered, the {{Convert|40|t|adj=on}} weight was dropped down a shaft pulling the cable and catch car which in turn pushed the train down the launch track.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzZHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Coasters 101: An Engineer's Guide to Roller Coaster Design|last=Weisenberger|first=Nick|year=2013|isbn=9781468013559|pages=49–50|publisher=Nick Weisenberger |oclc=927712635}}</ref><ref name=RCDB>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|rcdb_number=8192|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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* '''Flywheel''' - from 1978, all of the new installations featured a [[flywheel]] launch system.<ref name="Shuttle Loop by propulsion">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Roller Coaster Search Results|location=Shuttle Loop|rcdb_number=http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> This system consists of a {{Convert|6|t|adj=on}} [[flywheel]] which is spun at over 1000 [[revolutions per minute]]. This flywheel engages a drive system, through a system of multiple clutches, that is attached to a cable that in-turn propels the train forward.<ref name=RCDB/> |
* '''Flywheel''' - from 1978, all of the new installations featured a [[flywheel]] launch system.<ref name="Shuttle Loop by propulsion">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Roller Coaster Search Results|location=Shuttle Loop|rcdb_number=http://www.rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&mo=8192&order=18|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> This system consists of a {{Convert|6|t|adj=on}} [[flywheel]] which is spun at over 1000 [[revolutions per minute]]. This flywheel engages a drive system, through a system of multiple clutches, that is attached to a cable that in-turn propels the train forward.<ref name=RCDB/> |
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| Golden Loop<br /><small>White Lightnin'</small> || [[Gold Reef City]]<br/><small>[[Carowinds]]</small> || 1989<br /><small>1977</small> || <br /><small>1988</small> || {{yes|Operating<br/><small>Relocated to Gold Reef City</small>}} || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Weight Drop || <ref name=Carowinds>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=White Lightnin'|location=Carowinds|rcdb_number=667|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Gold Reef City">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Golden Loop|location=Gold Reef City|rcdb_number=1168|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
| Golden Loop<br /><small>White Lightnin'</small> || [[Gold Reef City]]<br/><small>[[Carowinds]]</small> || 1989<br /><small>1977</small> || <br /><small>1988</small> || {{yes|Operating<br/><small>Relocated to Gold Reef City</small>}} || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Weight Drop || <ref name=Carowinds>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=White Lightnin'|location=Carowinds|rcdb_number=667|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Gold Reef City">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Golden Loop|location=Gold Reef City|rcdb_number=1168|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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| Greased Lightnin'<br /><small>Tidal Wave</small> || [[Six Flags Discovery Kingdom]]<br /><small>[[California's Great America]]</small> || 2003<br/><small>1977</small> || 2006<br/><small>2002</small> || {{no|Removed |
| Greased Lightnin'<br /><small>Tidal Wave</small> || [[Six Flags Discovery Kingdom]]<br /><small>[[California's Great America]]</small> || 2003<br/><small>1977</small> || 2006<br/><small>2002</small> || {{no|Removed<br/><small>Relocated to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom</small>}} || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Weight Drop || <ref name="California's Great America">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Greased Lightnin'|location=California's Great America|rcdb_number=75|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Six Flags Discovery Kingdom">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Greased Lightnin'|location=Six Flags Discovery Kingdom|rcdb_number=2379|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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| Greezed Lightnin'<br/><small>Viper</small><br/><small>Tidal Wave</small> || [[Kentucky Kingdom]]<br/><small>[[Six Flags Over Georgia]]</small><br/><small>[[Six Flags Great America]]</small> || 2003<br/><small>1995</small><br /><small>1978</small> || 2009<ref group="nb">Ceased operation in 2009 before removal in 2013.</ref><br/><small>2001</small><br/><small>1991</small> || {{no|Removed<br /><small>Relocated to Kentucky Kingdom</small><br/><small>Relocated to Six Flags Over Georgia</small>}} || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Weight Drop || <ref name="Six Flags Great America">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Tidal Wave|location=Six Flags Great America|rcdb_number=38|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kentucky Kingdom">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Greezed Lightnin'|location=Kentucky Kingdom|rcdb_number=2216|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Six Flags Over Georgia">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Viper|location=Six Flags Over Georgia|rcdb_number=39|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
| Greezed Lightnin'<br/><small>Viper</small><br/><small>Tidal Wave</small> || [[Kentucky Kingdom]]<br/><small>[[Six Flags Over Georgia]]</small><br/><small>[[Six Flags Great America]]</small> || 2003<br/><small>1995</small><br /><small>1978</small> || 2009<ref group="nb">Ceased operation in 2009 before removal in 2013.</ref><br/><small>2001</small><br/><small>1991</small> || {{no|Removed<ref group="nb" name="partrelocation">The track was used as replacement parts for the Kentucky Kingdom installation during the 2005/2006 off season.</ref><ref name="Kentucky Kingdom"/><br /><small>Relocated to Kentucky Kingdom</small><br/><small>Relocated to Six Flags Over Georgia</small>}} || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Weight Drop || <ref name="Six Flags Great America">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Tidal Wave|location=Six Flags Great America|rcdb_number=38|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kentucky Kingdom">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Greezed Lightnin'|location=Kentucky Kingdom|rcdb_number=2216|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Six Flags Over Georgia">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Viper|location=Six Flags Over Georgia|rcdb_number=39|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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| Katapul<br/><small>Thunder Looper</small><br/><small>King Kobra</small><br/><small>King Kobra</small> || [[Hopi Hari]]<br/><small>[[Alton Towers]]</small><br/><small>[[Jolly Roger Amusement Park]]</small><br /><small>[[Kings Dominion]]</small> || 1999<br/><small>1990</small><br/><small>1987</small><br/><small>1977</small> || <br/><small>1996</small><br /><small>1989</small><br/><small>1986</small> || {{yes|Operating<br/><small>Relocated to Hopi Hari</small><br/><small>Relocated to Alton Towers</small><br/><small>Relocated to Jolly Roger Amusement Park</small>}} || {{Convert|722|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|53|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Weight Drop || <ref name="Kings Dominion">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=King Kobra|location=Kings Dominion|rcdb_number=637|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Jolly Roger Amusement Park">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=King Kobra|location=Jolly Roger Amusement Park|rcdb_number=638|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hopi Hari">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Katapul|location=Hopi Hari|rcdb_number=1152|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Alton Towers">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Thunderlooper|location=Alton Towers|rcdb_number=798|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
| Katapul<br/><small>Thunder Looper</small><br/><small>King Kobra</small><br/><small>King Kobra</small> || [[Hopi Hari]]<br/><small>[[Alton Towers]]</small><br/><small>[[Jolly Roger Amusement Park]]</small><br /><small>[[Kings Dominion]]</small> || 1999<br/><small>1990</small><br/><small>1987</small><br/><small>1977</small> || <br/><small>1996</small><br /><small>1989</small><br/><small>1986</small> || {{yes|Operating<br/><small>Relocated to Hopi Hari</small><br/><small>Relocated to Alton Towers</small><br/><small>Relocated to Jolly Roger Amusement Park</small>}} || {{Convert|722|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|53|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Weight Drop || <ref name="Kings Dominion">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=King Kobra|location=Kings Dominion|rcdb_number=637|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Jolly Roger Amusement Park">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=King Kobra|location=Jolly Roger Amusement Park|rcdb_number=638|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hopi Hari">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Katapul|location=Hopi Hari|rcdb_number=1152|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Alton Towers">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Thunderlooper|location=Alton Towers|rcdb_number=798|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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| [[Montezooma's Revenge]] || [[Knott's Berry Farm]] || 1978 || || {{no| |
| [[Montezooma's Revenge]] || [[Knott's Berry Farm]] || 1978 || || {{no|Undergoing Refurbishment}} || {{Convert|800|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|148|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|55|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name="Knott's Berry Farm">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Montezooma's Revenge|location=Knott's Berry Farm|rcdb_number=292|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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| [[Shuttle Loop (Nagashima Spa Land)|Shuttle Loop]] || [[Nagashima Spa Land]] || 1980 || || {{yes|Operating}} || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name="Nagashima Spa Land">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|location=Nagashima Spa Land|rcdb_number=1177|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
| [[Shuttle Loop (Nagashima Spa Land)|Shuttle Loop]] || [[Nagashima Spa Land]] || 1980 || || {{yes|Operating}} || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name="Nagashima Spa Land">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|location=Nagashima Spa Land|rcdb_number=1177|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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| Shuttle Loop || [[Toshimaen]] || 1980 || 2008 || {{no|Removed}} || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name="Toshimaen">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|location=Toshimaen|rcdb_number=1205|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
| Shuttle Loop || [[Toshimaen]] || 1980 || 2008 || {{no|Removed}}<ref group="nb">Was set to be relocated to Attractiepark Rotterdam in 2018, but was later cancelled.</ref> || {{Convert|863|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|57|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name="Toshimaen">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|location=Toshimaen|rcdb_number=1205|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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| Shuttle Loop || Ōyama Yūenchi || |
| Shuttle Loop || Ōyama Yūenchi || 1980 || 2005 || {{no|Removed}} || {{N/A|Unknown}} || {{N/A|Unknown}} || {{N/A|Unknown}} || Flywheel || <ref name="Oyama Yuenchi">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|location=Oyama Yuenchi|rcdb_number=2876|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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| Shuttle Loop || [[Yokohama Dreamland]] || 1979 || 2002 || {{no|Removed}} || {{Convert|920|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} ||{{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|56|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name="Yokohama Dreamland">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|location=Yokohama Dreamland|rcdb_number=1294|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=April 1, 1979|title=話題の絶叫機登場 西独製を三精が横浜ドリームに導入 日本初、往復宙返り|language=ja|trans-title=Hot thrill ride debut,Sansei delivers BRD product to Yokohama Dream,Japan's first shuttle and loop|agency=Game Machine|url=https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19790401p.pdf|access-date=2021-10-30}}</ref> |
| Shuttle Loop || [[Yokohama Dreamland]] || 1979 || 2002 || {{no|Removed}} || {{Convert|920|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} ||{{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|56|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name="Yokohama Dreamland">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Shuttle Loop|location=Yokohama Dreamland|rcdb_number=1294|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=April 1, 1979|title=話題の絶叫機登場 西独製を三精が横浜ドリームに導入 日本初、往復宙返り|language=ja|trans-title=Hot thrill ride debut,Sansei delivers BRD product to Yokohama Dream,Japan's first shuttle and loop|agency=Game Machine|url=https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19790401p.pdf|access-date=2021-10-30}}</ref> |
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| {{N/A|Unknown}}<ref group="nb" name="mackenzie">Coaster has been in storage near MacKenzie Park (track) and Larson Manufacturing (trains, flywheel and hardware) since 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amusementtoday.com/historic-greezed-lightnin-moving-to-cliffs-amusement-park/|title=Historic Greezed Lightnin' moving to Cliffs Amusement Park|date=4 May 2012 |publisher=[[Amusement Today]]|access-date=January 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=33.610636,-101.834203&spn=0.003192,0.002951&t=h&q=unknown%4033.610636,-101.834203/ | title=Map coordinates 33.610636,-101.834203 | publisher=Google Maps | access-date=January 22, 2014}}</ref><br/><small>Greezed Lightnin'</small> || [[Joyland Amusement Park]]<br/><small>[[Six Flags AstroWorld]]</small> || 2012<br/><small>2006</small><br/><small>1978</small> ||<br/><small>2012</small><br/><small>2005</small> || {{No|Scrapped<br/><small>Ownership transferred to [[Cliff's Amusement Park]]</small><br/><small>Relocated to Joyland Amusement Park</small>}} || {{Convert|849|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|60|mph|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name=AstroWorld>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Greezed Lightnin'|location=Six Flags AstroWorld|rcdb_number=55|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Joyland Amusement Park">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=unknown|location=Joyland Amusement Park|rcdb_number=3514|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>Rides4u.com http://www.rides4u.com/view/2056</ref> |
| {{N/A|Unknown}}<ref group="nb" name="mackenzie">Coaster has been in storage near MacKenzie Park (track) and Larson Manufacturing (trains, flywheel and hardware) since 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amusementtoday.com/historic-greezed-lightnin-moving-to-cliffs-amusement-park/|title=Historic Greezed Lightnin' moving to Cliffs Amusement Park|date=4 May 2012 |publisher=[[Amusement Today]]|access-date=January 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=33.610636,-101.834203&spn=0.003192,0.002951&t=h&q=unknown%4033.610636,-101.834203/ | title=Map coordinates 33.610636,-101.834203 | publisher=Google Maps | access-date=January 22, 2014}}</ref><br/><small>Greezed Lightnin'</small> || [[Joyland Amusement Park]]<br/><small>[[Six Flags AstroWorld]]</small> || 2012<br/><small>2006</small><br/><small>1978</small> ||<br/><small>2012</small><br/><small>2005</small> || {{No|Scrapped<br/><small>Ownership transferred to [[Cliff's Amusement Park]]</small><br/><small>Relocated to Joyland Amusement Park</small>}} || {{Convert|849|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|138|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|60|mph|disp=or|abbr=on}} || Flywheel || <ref name=AstroWorld>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Greezed Lightnin'|location=Six Flags AstroWorld|rcdb_number=55|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Joyland Amusement Park">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=unknown|location=Joyland Amusement Park|rcdb_number=3514|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>Rides4u.com http://www.rides4u.com/view/2056</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{N/A|[[Cascabel (roller coaster)|Unknown]]<br/><small>Cascabel 2.0<br/><small>Cascabel<br/><small>Laser Loop</small>}} || [[Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World]]<br/><small>[[La Feria Chapultepec Magico]]<br/>[[Kennywood]]</small> || TBA<br/><small>1994<br/>1980</small> || <br/>2019<br/><small>1990</small> || {{no|In Storage<br/>Relocated to Niagara Amusement Park<br/><small>Relocated to La Feria Chapultepec Mágico</small>}} || {{Convert|876|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|139|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|54|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || FlyWheel || <ref name="Niagara">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Unknown|location=Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World|rcdb_number=19900|accessdate=4 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="La Feria Chapultepec Magico">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Cascabel|location=La Feria Chapultepec Magico|rcdb_number=353|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Kennywood>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Laser Loop|location=Kennywood|rcdb_number=352|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
| {{N/A|[[Cascabel (roller coaster)|Unknown]]<br/><small>Cascabel 2.0</small><br/><small>Cascabel</small><br/><small>Laser Loop</small>}} || [[Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World]]<br/><small>[[La Feria Chapultepec Magico]]<br/>[[Kennywood]]</small> || TBA<br/><small>1994<br/>1980</small> || <br/>2019<br/><small>1990</small> || {{no|In Storage<br/>Relocated to Niagara Amusement Park<br/><small>Relocated to La Feria Chapultepec Mágico</small>}} || {{Convert|876|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|139|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|54|mph|km/h|disp=or|abbr=on}} || FlyWheel || <ref name="Niagara">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Unknown|location=Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World|rcdb_number=19900|accessdate=4 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="La Feria Chapultepec Magico">{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Cascabel|location=La Feria Chapultepec Magico|rcdb_number=353|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Kennywood>{{Cite RCDB|coaster_name=Laser Loop|location=Kennywood|rcdb_number=352|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> |
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|} |
|} |
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==Incidents== |
==Incidents== |
||
[[File:Montezoomas Revenge (Knotts Berry Farm).jpg|thumb|Montezooma's Revenge at Knott's Berry Farm]] |
[[File:Montezoomas Revenge (Knotts Berry Farm).jpg|thumb|Montezooma's Revenge at Knott's Berry Farm]] |
||
⚫ | A 20-year-old woman died on September 1, 2001, one day after riding Montezooma's Revenge, the Shuttle Loop at Knott's Berry Farm. She suffered a ruptured middle cerebral artery, and an autopsy revealed a pre-existing condition. The ride was closed for several days while an investigation was conducted. Though state investigators concluded that the ride did not contribute to her death, a wrongful death lawsuit was later filed by her family in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anton|first=Mike| |
||
On August 27, 1997, the Sirocco at Walibi Wavre failed to launch at the correct speed. The train went to the loop very slowly and up the spike, to roll backwards. During the backwards passage of the loop, the train halted at the uppermost point, causing the train to get stuck hanging upside-down. The passengers were hanging heads-down for one hour and twenty minutes, only held in place with lap bar restraints. The train was pulled back further down the track with help of the local fire station brigade.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.lesoir.be/walibi-les-tests-incriminent-un-incident-et-l-inertie-s_t-19970828-Z0E4MA.html | title=Recherche }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=StarParc|title=Walibi Belgium – Incident Sirocco 27 août 1997 – Archive|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-c1iZuUWxA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/x-c1iZuUWxA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-19}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
On August 27, 1997, the Sirocco at Walibi Wavre failed to launch at the correct speed. The train went to the loop very slowly and up the spike, to roll backwards. During the backwards passage of the loop, the train halted at the uppermost point, causing the train to get stuck hanging upside-down. The passengers were hanging heads-down for one hour and twenty minutes, only held in place with lap bar restraints. The train was pulled back further down the track with help of the local fire station brigade.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.lesoir.be/walibi-les-tests-incriminent-un-incident-et-l-inertie-s_t-19970828-Z0E4MA.html | title=Recherche }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=StarParc|title=Walibi Belgium – Incident Sirocco 27 août 1997 – Archive|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-c1iZuUWxA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/x-c1iZuUWxA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-19}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
||
⚫ | A 20-year-old woman died on September 1, 2001, one day after riding Montezooma's Revenge, the Shuttle Loop at Knott's Berry Farm. She suffered a ruptured middle cerebral artery, and an autopsy revealed a pre-existing condition. The ride was closed for several days while an investigation was conducted. Though state investigators concluded that the ride did not contribute to her death, a wrongful death lawsuit was later filed by her family in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anton |first=Mike |date=8 August 2002 |title=Knott's Sued in Death of Woman |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/aug/08/local/me-knotts8 |access-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2006 |title=Court upholds dismissal of coaster lawsuit |newspaper=Orange County Register |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/million-64765-percent-court.html |access-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> |
||
==Notes== |
==Notes== |
Revision as of 10:19, 2 June 2024
Shuttle Loop | |
---|---|
Kentucky Kingdom's Greezed Lightnin' before it closed in 2009 | |
Status | Discontinued |
First manufactured | 1977 |
No. of installations | 12 |
Manufacturer | Anton Schwarzkopf |
Designer | Werner Stengel & Reinhold Spieldiener |
Capacity | 1,300 riders per hour |
Vehicle type | Roller coaster train |
Vehicles | 1 |
Riders per vehicle | 28 |
Rows | 14 |
Riders per row | 2 |
Inversions | 1 (traversed 2 times, forward and backward) |
Shuttle Loop at RCDB |
Shuttle Loop is a type of steel launched shuttle roller coaster designed by Reinhold Spieldiener of Intamin and manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf.[1] A total of 12 installations were produced between 1977 and 1982. These 12 installations have been located in a total of 22 different amusement parks.
History
The first installation of a Shuttle Loop dates back to 1977 when King Kobra opened at Kings Dominion.[2][3] Two other rides were also installed that year: White Lightnin' at Carowinds and Tidal Wave at Marriott's Great America (California).[4][5] Tidal Wave at Marriott's Great America (Illinois) opened in 1978 and was the last to feature the weight drop launch system.[6][7] Also that year, Knott's Berry Farm opened Montezooma's Revenge and Six Flags AstroWorld opened Greezed Lightnin' as the first installations to feature the flywheel launch system.[7][8][9] A number of installations followed across the world.
Twenty-two theme parks have operated Shuttle Loops, with half of the twelve original installations being relocated at some time. As of September 2013[update], only five installations are operating, with another one in storage.[8][10][11][12][13] The remaining Shuttle Loops were either demolished or used for replacement parts on other installations.[14][15][16][17][18]
Notable installations
- The original King Kobra from Kings Dominion is the most traveled shuttle loop, having operated at Kings Dominion, Jolly Roger Amusement Park, Alton Towers and Hopi Hari.[11]
- Montezooma's Revenge at Knott's Berry Farm is the longest running shuttle loop that is still in its original location. All of the shuttle loops that were installed before it have either been moved or destroyed. Following the closure of Kentucky Kingdom's Greezed Lightnin' in 2009, "Zooma" became the only operating shuttle loop in the United States until Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World's Shuttle Loop.[19] The ride was closed in 2022 for a major refurbishment to open in 2023.[20] As of February 2024, the project has halted due to unknown construction issues and the ride is SBNO.
- Shuttle Loop at Nagashima Spa Land is the only remaining Shuttle Loop operating in Asia.[19]
- The first European Shuttle Loop, Sirocco, was installed in 1982 at Walibi Wavre in Belgium. In 1999, the ride was partially enclosed to reduce noise and was renamed Turbine. Turbine closed in 2008 and reopened in 2013 with a new train from Gerstlauer and a new name, Psyké Underground. The ride is now completely enclosed making it the first indoor shuttle loop. In late 2024 or early 2025 the ride will be closed and will be reopened late 2025 with the new theming with the log flume and the new coaster speed boats. They already have changed the train and are working on the new zone Dock World. The new name will be renamed after an old one Turbine and it will stay completely enclosed.
- The shuttle loop, Greezed Lightnin', that operated at Kentucky Kingdom from 2003 to 2009 was composed of the two Tidal Wave Shuttle Loops from the Marriott's Great America parks in California and Illinois.[14]
- The final new installation was Shuttle Loop at Oyama Yuenchi in 1990.[15]
- Kennywood in Pittsburgh, PA included Laser Loop, a shuttle loop coaster opened in 1980 before being closed and relocated in 1990.
Ride
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WalibiBelgium_TurbineTrain.jpg/220px-WalibiBelgium_TurbineTrain.jpg)
Erleben Sie
The train is launched out of the station at a speed of between 53 and 60 miles per hour (85 and 97 km/h) before passing through a vertical loop and up a 138-foot-tall spike (42 m). Once the momentum of the train runs out on the 70° spike, the train begins to traverse the track backwards, returning through the loop. The train then passes back through the station and goes up another 70° steep spike, which stands at 105 feet (32 m), until it stalls again and rolls forward back into the brake run and station.[21][22]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amusement_ride_with_vertical_track_loop_-_figure_1.jpg/500px-Amusement_ride_with_vertical_track_loop_-_figure_1.jpg)
Mechanics
Anton Schwarzkopf designed the Shuttle Loop in the late 1970s. He filed a patent for the concept in 1978 which was approved the following year.[23] The patent describes two launch systems, both of which were implemented in various roller coasters:[21][22][23]
- Weight drop – a number of the early installations in 1977 and 1978 featured a weight drop launch system.[7] This system involved a catch car attaching itself to the train, which was attached to the weight via a cable. When the launch was triggered, the 40-tonne (39-long-ton; 44-short-ton) weight was dropped down a shaft pulling the cable and catch car which in turn pushed the train down the launch track.[24][25]
- Flywheel - from 1978, all of the new installations featured a flywheel launch system.[7] This system consists of a 6-tonne (5.9-long-ton; 6.6-short-ton) flywheel which is spun at over 1000 revolutions per minute. This flywheel engages a drive system, through a system of multiple clutches, that is attached to a cable that in-turn propels the train forward.[25]
Gerstlauer completed an upgrade of Walibi Belgium's installation for the 2013 season. As part of the upgrade Gerstlauer replaced the existing flywheel launch system with a new linear induction motor (LIM) launch system. The company also added a new train. The ride was then completely enclosed and relaunched as Psyké Underground. The flywheel launch system is now displayed in the queue of the ride.[26][27][28]
Installations
Name | Park | Opened | Closed | Status | Length | Height | Speed | Launch | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Golden Loop White Lightnin' |
Gold Reef City Carowinds |
1989 1977 |
1988 |
Operating Relocated to Gold Reef City |
863 ft or 263 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 57 mph or 92 km/h | Weight Drop | [4][10] |
Greased Lightnin' Tidal Wave |
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom California's Great America |
2003 1977 |
2006 2002 |
Removed Relocated to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom |
863 ft or 263 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 57 mph or 92 km/h | Weight Drop | [5][16] |
Greezed Lightnin' Viper Tidal Wave |
Kentucky Kingdom Six Flags Over Georgia Six Flags Great America |
2003 1995 1978 |
2009[nb 1] 2001 1991 |
Removed[nb 2][14] Relocated to Kentucky Kingdom Relocated to Six Flags Over Georgia |
863 ft or 263 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 57 mph or 92 km/h | Weight Drop | [6][14][29] |
Katapul Thunder Looper King Kobra King Kobra |
Hopi Hari Alton Towers Jolly Roger Amusement Park Kings Dominion |
1999 1990 1987 1977 |
1996 1989 1986 |
Operating Relocated to Hopi Hari Relocated to Alton Towers Relocated to Jolly Roger Amusement Park |
722 ft or 220 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 53 mph or 85 km/h | Weight Drop | [2][3][11][30] |
Montezooma's Revenge | Knott's Berry Farm | 1978 | Undergoing Refurbishment | 800 ft or 240 m | 148 ft or 45 m | 55 mph or 89 km/h | Flywheel | [8] | |
Shuttle Loop | Nagashima Spa Land | 1980 | Operating | 863 ft or 263 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 57 mph or 92 km/h | Flywheel | [12] | |
Shuttle Loop | Toshimaen | 1980 | 2008 | Removed[nb 3] | 863 ft or 263 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 57 mph or 92 km/h | Flywheel | [17] |
Shuttle Loop | Ōyama Yūenchi | 1980 | 2005 | Removed | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Flywheel | [15] |
Shuttle Loop | Yokohama Dreamland | 1979 | 2002 | Removed | 920 ft or 280 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 56 mph or 90 km/h | Flywheel | [18][31] |
Psyké Underground Turbine Sirocco |
Walibi Belgium | 2013 1999 1982 |
2008 1998 |
Operating | 722 ft or 220 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 53 mph or 85 km/h | LIM Flywheel Flywheel |
[26] |
Unknown[nb 4][32][33] Greezed Lightnin' |
Joyland Amusement Park Six Flags AstroWorld |
2012 2006 1978 |
2012 2005 |
Scrapped Ownership transferred to Cliff's Amusement Park Relocated to Joyland Amusement Park |
849 ft or 259 m | 138 ft or 42 m | 60 mph or 97 km/h | Flywheel | [9][34][35] |
Unknown Cascabel 2.0 Cascabel Laser Loop |
Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World La Feria Chapultepec Magico Kennywood |
TBA 1994 1980 |
2019 1990 |
In Storage Relocated to Niagara Amusement Park Relocated to La Feria Chapultepec Mágico |
876 ft or 267 m | 139 ft or 42 m | 54 mph or 87 km/h | FlyWheel | [36][37][38] |
Incidents
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Montezoomas_Revenge_%28Knotts_Berry_Farm%29.jpg/220px-Montezoomas_Revenge_%28Knotts_Berry_Farm%29.jpg)
On August 27, 1997, the Sirocco at Walibi Wavre failed to launch at the correct speed. The train went to the loop very slowly and up the spike, to roll backwards. During the backwards passage of the loop, the train halted at the uppermost point, causing the train to get stuck hanging upside-down. The passengers were hanging heads-down for one hour and twenty minutes, only held in place with lap bar restraints. The train was pulled back further down the track with help of the local fire station brigade.[39][40]
A 20-year-old woman died on September 1, 2001, one day after riding Montezooma's Revenge, the Shuttle Loop at Knott's Berry Farm. She suffered a ruptured middle cerebral artery, and an autopsy revealed a pre-existing condition. The ride was closed for several days while an investigation was conducted. Though state investigators concluded that the ride did not contribute to her death, a wrongful death lawsuit was later filed by her family in 2002.[41] The lawsuit was dismissed in 2006.[42]
Notes
- ^ Ceased operation in 2009 before removal in 2013.
- ^ The track was used as replacement parts for the Kentucky Kingdom installation during the 2005/2006 off season.
- ^ Was set to be relocated to Attractiepark Rotterdam in 2018, but was later cancelled.
- ^ Coaster has been in storage near MacKenzie Park (track) and Larson Manufacturing (trains, flywheel and hardware) since 2006.
References
- ^ Scheinin, Lisa (1993). "Who's Who & What's What (Part II)". RollerCoaster! Magazine. 15 (2). Chicago, Illinois: American Coaster Enthusiasts: 33. ISSN 0896-7261.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "King Kobra (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "King Kobra (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "White Lightnin' (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin' (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Tidal Wave (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results (Shuttle Loop)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b c Marden, Duane. "Montezooma's Revenge (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Greezed Lightnin' (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Golden Loop (Gold Reef City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b c Marden, Duane. "Katapul (Hopi Hari)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "unknown (Cliff's Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d Marden, Duane. "Greezed Lightnin' (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b c Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Oyama Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin' (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop (Yokohama Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
- ^ https://www.ocregister.com/2023/05/16/knotts-berry-farm-delays-relaunch-of-montezooma-coaster/
- ^ a b "Shuttle Loop 1". Schwarzkopf Coaster Net. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Shuttle Loop 2". Schwarzkopf Coaster Net. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b US patent 4165695, Schwarzkopf, Anton, "Amusement ride with vertical track loop", issued August 28, 1979, assigned to Husar, Francis S. and Reece, Randolph A.
- ^ Weisenberger, Nick (2013). Coasters 101: An Engineer's Guide to Roller Coaster Design. Nick Weisenberger. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9781468013559. OCLC 927712635.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ a b Marden, Duane. "Psyké Underground (Walibi Belgium)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ Geering, Philipp (16 May 2013). "Psyké Underground – The new Sirocco / Turbine at Walibi Belgium". Walibi Belgium (Interview). Wavre, Walloon Brabant. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ "Psyké Underground". Park World Magazine: 10. September 2013.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Viper (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Thunderlooper (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ "話題の絶叫機登場 西独製を三精が横浜ドリームに導入 日本初、往復宙返り" [Hot thrill ride debut,Sansei delivers BRD product to Yokohama Dream,Japan's first shuttle and loop] (PDF) (in Japanese). Game Machine. April 1, 1979. Retrieved 2021-10-30.
- ^ "Historic Greezed Lightnin' moving to Cliffs Amusement Park". Amusement Today. 4 May 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
- ^ "Map coordinates 33.610636,-101.834203". Google Maps. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "unknown (Joyland Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ Rides4u.com http://www.rides4u.com/view/2056
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown (Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Cascabel (La Feria Chapultepec Magico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Laser Loop (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ "Recherche".
- ^ StarParc, Walibi Belgium – Incident Sirocco 27 août 1997 – Archive, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2019-01-19
- ^ Anton, Mike (8 August 2002). "Knott's Sued in Death of Woman". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ^ "Court upholds dismissal of coaster lawsuit". Orange County Register. 24 February 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
External links
- US 4165695 Amusement ride with vertical track loop
- Shuttle Loop at the Roller Coaster DataBase